Zarzuela
Zarzuela (Spanish pronunciation: [θarˈθwela]) is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and sung scenes, the latter incorporating operatic and popular song, as well as dance. The name derives from a Royal hunting lodge, the Palacio de la Zarzuela near Madrid, where this type of entertainment was first presented to the court.
There are two main forms of zarzuela: Baroque zarzuela (c.1630–1750), the earliest style, and Romantic zarzuela (c.1850–1950), which can be further divided into two. main sub-genres of género grande and género chico although other sub-divisions exist.
Zarzuela spread to the Spanish colonies, and many Hispanic countries – notably Cuba – developed their own traditions. There is also a strong tradition in the Philippines where it is also known as zarzuelta.[1] Other regional and linguistic variants in Spain includes the Basque zartzuela and the Catalan sarsuela.
A masque-like musical theatre had existed in Spain since the time of Juan del Encina. The zarzuela genre was innovative in giving a dramatic function to the musical numbers, which were integrated into the argument of the work. Dances and choruses were incorporated as well as solo and ensemble numbers, all to orchestral accompaniment.
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Baroque zarzuela
In 1657 at the Royal Palace of El Pardo, King Philip IV of Spain, Queen Mariana and their court attended the first performance of a new comedy by Pedro Calderón de la Barca, with music by Juan Hidalgo de Polanco. El Laurel de Apolo (The Laurels of Apollo) traditionally symbolises the birth of a new musical genre which had become known as La Zarzuela. The genre was named after the Palacio de la Zarzuela, one of the King's hunting lodges, situated in a remote countryside thick with zarzas or brambles, in what is now El Pardo.
Like Calderón de la Barca's earlier El golfo de las sirenas (The Sirens' Gulf, 1657), El Laurel de Apolo mixed mythological verse drama with operatic solos, popular songs and dances. The characters in these early, baroque zarzuelas were a mixture of gods, mythological creatures and rustic or pastoral comedy characters; Antonio de Literes's popular Acis y Galatea (1708) is yet another example. Unlike some other operatic forms, there were spoken interludes, often in verse.
Italian influence
In 18th-century Bourbon Spain, Italian artistic style dominated in the arts, including Italian opera. Zarzuela, though still written to Spanish texts, changed to accommodate the Italian vogue. During the reign of King Charles III, political problems provoked a series of revolts against his Italian ministers; these were echoed in theatrical presentations. The older style zarzuela fell out of fashion, but popular Spanish tradition continued to manifest itself in shorter works, such as the single-scene tonadilla (or intermezzo) of which the finest literary exponent was Ramón de la Cruz. Musicians such as Antonio Rodríguez de Hita were proficient in the shorter style of works, though he also wrote a full-scale zarzuela with de la Cruz entitled Las segadoras de Vallecas (The Reapers of Vallecas, 1768). José Castel was one of several composers to write for the Teatro del Príncipe.
19th century
In the 1850s and 1860s a group of patriotic writers and composers led by Francisco Barbieri and Joaquín Gaztambide revived the zarzuela form, seeing in it a possible release from French and Italian cultural hegemony. The elements of the work continue to be the same: sung solos and choruses, spiced with spoken scenes, and comedic songs, ensembles and dances. Costume dramas and regional variations abound, and the librettos (though often based on French originals) are rich in Spanish idioms and popular jargon.
The zarzuelas of the day included in their librettos various regionalisms and popular slang, such as that of Madrid castizos. Often, the success of a work was due to one or more songs that the public came to know and love. Despite some modifications the basic structure of the zarzuela remained the same: dialogue scenes, songs, choruses, and comic scenes generally performed by two actor-singers. The culminating masterpieces from this period were Barbieri's Pan y toros and Gaztambide's El juramento. Another notable composer from this period was Emilio Arrieta.
Romantic zarzuela
After the Glorious Revolution of 1868, the country entered a deep crisis (especially economically), which was reflected in theatre. The public could not afford high-priced theatre tickets for grandiose productions, which led to the rise of the Teatros Variedades ("variety theatres") in Madrid, with cheap tickets for one-act plays (sainetes). This "theatre of an hour" had great success and zarzuela composers took to the new formula with alacrity. Single-act zarzuelas were classified as género chico ("little genre") whilst the longer zarzuelas of three acts, lasting up to four hours, were called género grande ("grand genre"). Zarzuela grande battled on at the Teatro de la Zarzuela de Madrid, founded by Barbieri and his friends in the 1850s. A newer theatre, the Apolo, opened in 1873. At first it attempted to present the género grande, but it soon yielded to the taste and economics of the time, and became the "temple" of the more populist género chico in the late 1870s.
Musical content from this era ranges from full-scale operatic arias (romanzas) through to popular songs, and dialogue from high poetic drama to lowlife comedy characters. There are also many types of zarzuela in between the two named genres, with a variety of musical and dramatic flavours.
Many of the greatest zarzuelas were written in the 1880s and 1890s, but the form continued to adapt to new theatrical stimuli until well into the 20th century. With the onset of the Spanish Civil War, the form rapidly declined, and the last romantic zarzuelas to hold the stage were written in the 1950s.
Whilst Barbieri produced the greatest zarzuela grande in El barberillo de Lavapiés, the classic exponent of the género chico was his pupil Federico Chueca, whose La gran vía (composed with Joaquín Valverde Durán) was a cult success both in Spain and throughout Europe. Valverde's son "Quinito" Valverde was even more famous in his day than his father had been.
The musical heir of Chueca was José Serrano, whose short, one act género chico zarzuelas - notably La canción del olvido, Alma de dios and the much later Los claveles and La dolorosa - form a stylistic bridge to the more musically sophisticated zarzuelas of the 20th Century.
Zarzuela in Catalonia
While the zarzuela tradition flourished in Madrid and other Spanish cities, Catalonia developed its own zarzuela, with librettos in Catalan. The atmosphere, the plots, and the music were quite different from the model that triumphed in Madrid; the Catalan zarzuela was looking to attract a different public, the bourgeois classes. Catalan zarzuela was turned little by little into what is called, in Catalan, teatre líric català ("Catalan lyric theater"), with a personality of its own, and with modernista lyricists and composers.
In the final years of the 19th century, as modernisme emerged, one of the notable modernistas, and one of Felipe Pedrell's pupils, Amadeo Vives came onto the Barcelona scene. He contributed to the creation of the Orfeó Català in 1891, along with Lluís Millet. In spite of a success sustained over many years, his musical ambition took him to Madrid, where zarzuela had a higher profile. Vives became one of the most important zarzuela composers, with such masterpieces as Doňa Francisquita, La villana (both based on plays by Lope de Vega) and the through-written opera in zarzuela style Maruxa.
Twentieth century
In the first years of the 20th century, greater quality pieces were composed, such as Doña Francisquita by Amadeo Vives. Zarzuela was supported together with these works that, sometimes, were adapted to the Italian opera musical structure, thanks to the works of Pablo Sorozábal, Federico Moreno Torroba and Jacinto Guerrero. The zarzuela style continued to flourish, thanks to composers of the stature of Pablo Sorozábal – who reinvigorated it as a vehicle for socio-political comment – Federico Moreno Torroba, and Francisco Alonso.
However, the Spanish Civil War brought a decline of the genre, and after the war, its extinction was almost total. There were no new authors in the genre and the compositions are not renovated. There have been no significant new works created since the 1950s; the existing zarzuela repertoire is costly to produce, and many classics have been performed only sporadically in recent years, at least professionally. Furthermore, existing zarzuela is difficult and expensive to play, and is only seen sporadically, by seasons, during a few days.
The name of género ínfimo was given to the emerging form of entertainment known as revistas, a genre rising from the ashes of zarzuela: musical works similar to the zarzuela but lighter and bolder, with many scenes that were described at the time as verdes—"green"—containing sexual themes and racy double entendres. One masterpiece of the género ínfimo ("minimal" or "extremely low genre") is La corte de Faraón, by Vicente Lleó (based on the French operetta Madame Putiphar.) These revistas caught on with the public and the songs are still a part of popular culture.
From 1950, zarzuela was revivified by the invention of LP recordings. A series was released by the Alhambra Company to great success, many directed by the Spanish conductor Ataulfo Argenta. The best voices of the day, world-renowned opera singers such as Teresa Berganza, Manel Ausensi, and Pilar Lorengar, performed the leads, and choirs such as the Orfeón Donostiarra and Coro de Cantores de Madrid provided the chorus. After Argenta's death others such as Indalecio Cisneros and Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos continued in his footsteps. There were also recordings made conducted by the composers themselves, such as Pablo Sorozábal and Federico Moreno Torroba, using such great singers as Alfredo Kraus and Plácido Domingo. (Domingo's parents were themselves zarzuela singers, and he grew up working in their touring company in Mexico; zarzuela inspired him to pursue a singing career.)
In Cuba the afrocubanismo zarzuelas of Ernesto Lecuona (María la O; El cafetal), Eliseo Grenet (La virgen morena) and Gonzalo Roig (Cecilia Valdés, based on Cirilo Villaverde's classic novel) enjoyed a brief golden age of political and cultural fame, highlighting the plight of the mulata woman and other, mainly black, underclasses in Cuban society. The outstanding vedette who sang and acted in many of these productions was Rita Montaner. Mexico and the Philippines likewise had their own, politically conscious, zarzuela traditions. In the Philippines, the zarzuela has become known as sarsuwela. A variety called Zarzuela Ilocana is staged in the Ilocano dialect. [2]
Interest has been further renewed since the late 1970s as zarzuela, after the death of Francisco Franco, again found favor in Spain and elsewhere. Young people, in particular, enjoyed the lyrical music and the theatrical spectacle. Radio and television dedicated program slots to zarzuela, including a popular series of programs offered by TVE entitled Antología de la zarzuela ("Zarzuela Anthology"), based on lip syncs of the classic recordings of the 50s. Some years earlier, impresario Jose Tamayo had created a theatrical show by the same name that popularized zarzuela with several international tours. [3]
Recordings
From 1950 onwards, zarzuela was able to survive thanks to album recordings, an area which has only grown in subsequent years. The first series met with great success, and the majority of these earliest productions were directed by the Spaniard Ataulfo Argenta. Some of the most popular voices of the time appeared on these discs, world-recognized singers who were professional devotees of opera and recitals. Teresa Berganza, Ana María Iriarte, Carlos Munguía, and others lent their voices to the recordings. The choirs of Orfeón Donostiarra and Singers' Choir of Madrid also contributed, rounding out the overall quality of the works.
After the death of Ataulfo Argenta, directors like Indalecio Cisneros, García Asensio, and others picked up the cause. There were even recordings which were directed by the works' original composers, as was the case with Pablo Sorozábal and Federico Moreno Torroba. In this phase, acclaimed voices participated in the newer, bigger recordings: Montserrat Caballé, Alfredo Kraus, Plácido Domingo, José Carreras and many more. In 2007, tenor Rolando Villazón released 'Gitano', a recording of zarzuela arias, accompanied by the Community of Madrid Orchestra, with Plácido Domingo conducting.
Zarzuela performances are also starting to be captured in high definition video. In March 2009, EuroArts released Amor, Vida de Mi Vida, a recording on Blu-ray disc of an August 2007 zarzuela concert by Plácido Domingo and Ana María Martínez, with the Mozarteum Orchestra of Salzburg conducted by Jesús López Cobos.[1] In April 2009, BBC/Opus Arte released a Blu-ray disc of a July 2006 performance of Federico Moreno Torroba's Luisa Fernanda with Plácido Domingo and Nancy Herrera, recorded at the Teatro Real de Madrid with Jesús López Cobos conducting.[2]
Zarzuela composers
Spanish zarzuelas (including zarzuela-style operas)
- Adiós a la bohemia (1933) Pablo Sorozábal
- Agua, azucarillos y aguardiente Federico Chueca
- La alegría de la huerta Federico Chueca
- El año pasado por agua Federico Chueca
- El asombro de Damasco Pablo Sorozábal
- Alma de Dios
- El barberillo de Lavapiés Francisco Asenjo Barbieri
- El bateo Federico Chueca
- Black, el payaso
- Bohemios (1904) Vives.
- Gigantes y cabezudos Manuel Fernandez Caballero
- La bruja
- La calesera Francisco Alonso
- La canción del olvido
- El caserío Jesús Guridi
- El chaleco blanco "The white waistcoat" (1890) Federico Chueca
- La chulapona Federico Moreno Torroba
- Los claveles José Serrano
- La corte de Faraón Vicente Lleó
- La Dogaresa Rafael Millán
- La dolorosa José Serrano
- Don Gil de Alcalá
- Don Manolito
- Doña Francisquita (1923) Vives.
- La fiesta de San Antón
- La fontana del placer José Castel
- Los gavilanes "The sparrowhawks" Jacinto Guerrero
- La generala
- Las golondrinas
- La Gran Vía Federico Chueca
- El huésped del Sevillano Jacinto Guerrero
- Jugar con fuego
- El juramento
- Katiuska
- Las Leandras
- Luisa Fernanda Torroba
- La del manojo de rosas
- Marina Emilio Arrieta
- Maruxa Amadeo Vives
- La leyenda del beso
- Me llaman la Presumida
- Molinos de viento Pablo Luna
- La montería
- El dúo de La africana, Manuel Fernández Caballero
- El niño judío Pablo Luna
- Pan y toros (1864), Francisco Asenjo Barbieri
- La parranda
- La patria chica
- La pícara molinera Pablo Luna
- La revoltosa Ruperto Chapí
- El rey que rabió
- La rosa del azafrán
- El santo de la Isidra
- El señor Joaquín
- Los sobrinos del capitán Grant
- La del Soto del Parral Reveriano Soutullo, and Juan Vert
- La tabernera del puerto Pablo Sorozábal
- La tempestad
- La tempranica Jerónimo Giménez
- La verbena de la Paloma Tomas Breton
- La viejecita
- La villana Federico Moreno Torroba
Notes
References
- Webber, Christopher. The Zarzuela Companion. Maryland, Scarecrow Press, 2002. Lib. Cong. 2002110168 / ISBN 0-8108-4447-8
- Casares Rodicio, Emilio (ed.). Diccionario de la Zarzuela. España e Hispanoamérica. (2 Vols.) Madrid, ICCMU, 2002-3
- Alier, Roger (auct.) "Zarzuela", in L. Macy (ed.). New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians Online. Accessed 4 Jul 05. (subscription access)
- Pizà, Antoni. Antoni Literes. Introducció a la seva obra (Palma de Mallorca: Edicions Documenta Balear, 2002) ISBN 84-956-9450-6
- Cincotta, Vincent J. Zarzuela-The Spanish Lyric Theatre. University of Wollongong Press, rev. ed. 2005,pp. 766 ISBN 0-864187-00-9
- History of Zarzuela at Zarzuela.net
External links
- Zarzuela.net
- Reseñas (in Spanish)
- Discography
- Compañia Profesional de Zarzuela Innova Lyrica
- Zarzuela portal (in Spanish)
- Zarzuela portal of Cors de Sarsuela de Sabadell (Spanish company), Spain (in Catalán)
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