Zacatecas
| Zacatecas Estado Libre y Soberano de Zacatecas |
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| — State — | |||
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| Motto: Labor Vincit Omnia | |||
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| Country |  Mexico |
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| Capital | Zacatecas | ||
| Municipalities | 58 | ||
| Largest City | Fresnillo | ||
| Admission | December 23, 1823[1] | ||
| Order | 10th | ||
| Government | |||
| - Governor | Amalia García Medina (PRD) |
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| - Federal Deputies | PRD: 4 PAN: 1 |
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| - Federal Senators | PRD: 2 PAN: 1 |
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| Area Ranked 10th |
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| - Total | 73,252 km2 (28,282.8 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 2,347 m (7,700 ft) | ||
| Population (2010) | |||
| - Total | 1,377,708 [1] (Ranked 25th) | ||
| - Demonym | Zacatecano | ||
| Time zone | CST (UTC-6) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC-5) | ||
| HDI | 0.8050 - High Ranked 24th |
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| ISO 3166-2 | MX-ZAC | ||
| Postal abbr. | Zac. | ||
Zacatecas (Spanish pronunciation: [θakaˈtekas] or [sakaˈtekas]) is a state of Mexico, located in the northern region. It is bounded to the northwest by Durango, to the north by Coahuila, to the east by San Luis Potosí, to the south by Aguascalientes and Guanajuato and to the southwest by Jalisco and Nayarit. The state is best known for its rich deposits of silver ore, its colonial architecture and its importance during the revolution. Zacatecas has 58 municipalities and the main economic activities are mining, agriculture and tourism. The state shares its name with its capital and chief center of population, the city of Zacatecas, Zacatecas.
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Etymology and founding
"Zacatecas" is the Nahuatl-derived name for one of the indigenous peoples who inhabited the region before the arrival of the Spanish. The name ultimately derives from the Nahuatl word for a type of grass common in the region, zacatl. The region where this grass grew was originally called Zacatlan, and its inhabitants, Zacateca, pluralized in Mexican Spanish to Zacatecas.
Besides the Zacatecas, the Caxcan, Guachichil, and Tepehuan were also reported by the Spanish to be inhabiting the region which comprises the modern state of Zacatecas.
On September 8, 1546, with the discovery of its mines, the present city of Zacatecas was founded. It was originally baptized "Minas de los Zacatecas" or "Mines of the Zacatecas". Its rich mineral wealth gave the Spanish Crown a great amount of income (the silver mines in Zacatecas and Potosi, Bolivia, were the Spanish crown's largest sources of income during colonialism), which gave the city of Zacatecas the title of "Ciudad de Nuestra Señora de los Zacatecas".
Geography
Zacatecas is located in the great central plateau of Mexico, with an average elevation of about 7,700 feet (2,300 m). The state is somewhat mountainous, being traversed in the west by lateral ranges of the Sierra Madre Occidental, and by numerous isolated ranges in other parts – Mazapil, Norillos, Guadalupe and others. There are no large rivers, only the small head-streams of the Aguanaval in the north, and of the Guazamota, Bolaños and Juchipila in the west, the last three being tributaries of the Rio Grande de Santiago. The climate is dry and mostly falls in the semi-arid steppe type, although moisture from the Pacific does influence the state in Summer, particularly western sections.
Seventy five percent of the entity has a dry and semi dry climate with a temperature of about 18 degrees Celsius and annual precipitation of 800mm. In some areas in the south area of the state, the influence of the Occidental Sierra Madre results in a pleasant sub humid climate with annual precipitation of higher than 1,000mm.
Ecology
There are forest of pines and evergreens in the sierras; in the valleys and plains there is a great abundance of mesquite, maguey, cactus, agave, pastures, huisache, and many other semi-desertic plants. An interesting tree that occurs in Zacatecas is the Elephant tree, Bursera microphylla.[2]
In the sierras there are many wild boar, white-tailed deer and hares; in the valleys and plains it is common to find coyote, badgers, quails and ducks.
History
After Miguel Hidalgo issued his call to rebellion against colonial authorities in 1810, his insurgent followers marched through Zacatecas; they would return the following year, during a hasty retreat into the northern deserts after being routed by a Royalist army near Mexico City. Mexico gained independence in 1821, and Zacatecas was incorporated as a federal state three years later. Zacatecas was far removed from the capital, and the local mining barons sought to preserve their autonomy. During the civil wars between federalists and centralists in the first decade of the republic, Zacatecas and its lucrative mines were Federalist strongholds. In May 1835, the citizens of Zacatecas joined the other northern Mexican states by revolting against Antonio López de Santa Anna, who had suspended the federalist constitution and established a dictatorship the previous year. Except for Texas, Santa Anna crushed most of these rebellions, rewarding his soldiers with two days of pillage in Zacatecas, in which up to 2,000 people died. Santa Anna detached the prosperous city of Aguascalientes from Zacatecas and made it the capital of a separate state (reputedly, as a reward for a kiss from the beautiful wife of a local politician). The state was a battleground in the War of Reform, and Zacatecas, Zacatecas changed hands several times until, finally, in 1859 being captured by Liberal Gen. Jesus Gonzalez Ortega, who expelled most of the cities' clergy. During the War of the French Intervention, French soldiers briefly occupied the city.
In 1884, the Mexico Central Railway linked Zacatecas with Mexico City and Ciudad Juarez. Due to its location between northern and central Mexico, Zacatecas was a major beneficiary of newfound stability and economic modernization that came during the reign of Porfirio Diaz. With Mexico's second largest mint and many of its largest silver mines, Zacatecas played an important role in Mexico's economic growth. Its strategic and economic importance made it an important front in the Mexican Revolution. The Toma de Zacatecas by Pancho Villa's Division del Norte in July 1914 was the decisive battle of the Constitutionalist rebellion against the counter-revolution of Gen. Victoriano Huerta.
Economy
The agricultural products are cereals, sugar and maguey, the first being dependent on the rainfall, often failing altogether, the second on irrigation in the lower valleys, and the latter doing best in a dry climate on a calcareous soil with water not far beneath the surface. There is also a considerable production of peaches, apricots and grapes, the last being made into wine. A few cattle are raised, and considerable attention is given to the rearing of sheep, goats and swine. A natural product is guayule, a shrub from which rubber is extracted.
The chief industry of Zacatecas, however, is mining for silver, gold, mercury, copper, iron, zinc, lead, bismuth, antimony and salt. Its mineral wealth was discovered soon after the conquest, and some of its mines are among the most famous of Mexico, dating from 1546. One of the most productive of its silver mines, the Alvarado, has records which show a production of nearly $800,000,000 in silver between 1548 and 1867.
The state is traversed by the Mexican Central and the Mexican National railways. Its manufactures are limited chiefly to the reduction of mineral ores, the extraction of rubber from guayule, the making of sugar, rum, mezcal, pulque, woollen and cotton fabrics, and some minor industries of the capital.
Demographics
The state of Zacatecas has a population of 1,441,734 inhabitants. It has more than tripled in a century, in 1900 its population was 462,190. In the year 2008, Zacatecas had the smallest indigenous population percentage-wise in Mexico: 0.3%. Only the state of Aguascalientes has a smaller number of indigenous people, numbering 3,472; Zacatecas has 4,039 indigenous people.[3][4] It is estimated that half of the people from Zacatecas do not reside in the state. Mexico's National Population Council estimates that 600,000 natives of Zacatecas now live in the United States, a figure that is equivalent to 40 percent of the state's resident population of 1.5 million. If the base population is supplemented by the number of children and grandchildren who have been born on the Other Side, the total number of Mexicans and Mexican Americans of "zacatecano" origin living in the United States exceeds the number of people who have stayed behind.[5] [2]
Cities
The largest city in terms of population in the state of Zacatecas is Fresnillo, with a population of 183,236 (2005). It is followed by the state capital of Zacatecas with a population of 118,562 (2005). Next is Sombrerete with 61,652.
 Fresnillo |
 Zacatecas |
 Sombrerete |
 Jerez |
 Tlaltenango |
Tourist destinations
The state has touristic cities like: Zacatecas, and Sombrerete. Near Sombrerete there is a small town called La Noria, it is small but on July 27 they have a big festival celebrating the saint "San Pantaleón". There are other places like Jerez, or others such as Sierra de Organos, Sierra de Cardos, and Altavista.
- Zacatecas: The colonial center of this city is a UNESCO World Heritage site and features elaborately decorated buildings, cobblestone streets, and wrought-iron lanterns.
- Sombrerete: Colonial city established in 1555 as a village, actually is a small city, is the fifth most important in the state, and considered the second most beautiful city in the state. The city features old and beautiful churches built in the New Spain Era, with decorated, old buildings. The municipality has touristic forests, and Sierra de Organos, world famous for filming of western movies.
- Jerez de Garcia Salinas: A city near the capital city of Zacatecas (Zacatecas City), has colonial buildings and the Santuario and Parroquial Churches, made known internationally by Lopez Velarde, a writer born in that city. It also has beautiful colonial buildings some of which are now lighted at night. Jérez was designated as a "Pueblo Mágico" in 2007 because of its customs, traditions, cuisine and its people. More than 20 years in the past (1988) it had already been designated as a National Monument.
- The Rafael Coronel museum is unique in that it holds a collection of over 5,000 masks. It is one of the largest mask collections in Mexico, with pieces from throughout the country.[6]
Government
The current governor of Zacatecas is Amalia García Medina (PRD) who will end her 6 year term in 2010 after winning the election of 2004. She became the first female governor on September 12, 2004. The state is represented by three representatives in the Mexican senate: Mejía Haro Antonio (PRD), Tomás Torres Mercado (PRD) and José Isabel Trejo Reyes (PAN). Zacatecas also has 9 representatives in the Mexican Chamber of Deputies: 9 of the Party of the Democratic Revolution, 3 of the National Action Party and 1 of the Ecologist Green Party.
Municipalities
Zacatecas is subdivided into 58 municipalities (municipios). Mazapil by far is the largest municipality in the state, occupying about 16% of the area of the state. The Municipality of Momax is the smallest one in area with only 164.538 km².
Major communities
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•Villanueva
See also List of towns in Zacatecas
Notable natives and residents
- Antonio Aguilar, singer, actor
- Pepe Aguilar, singer
- Rebecca de Alba, model
- José María Cárdenas, soccer player
- Efraín Flores, former soccer player and coach of C.D. Chivas
- Benjamin Galindo, former soccer player and coach of Cruz Azul
- Susana González, actress
- Banda Jerez, music group
- Cynthia Klitbo, actress
- Mateo Correa Magallanes, 1866–1927, saint and martyr
- Francisco Javier Gonzalez Medina, soccer player
- Florinda Meza, actress
- Don Juan de Oñate, Mexican-born conquistador of Spanish parents
- Manuel María Ponce, composer
- Sergio Santana, soccer player
- Los Temerarios, music group
- Ramón López Velarde, Mexican poet of the 19th Century, poet of "La Suave Patria"
Notes
- ↑ "La diputación provincial y el federalismo mexicano" (in Spanish). http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=i_GK_-6deKIC&pg=PA227&lpg=PA227&dq=22+De+Mayo+De+1824+durango&source=bl&ots=eyvDzsrMIz&sig=zYxzmtG7gTQgGV-WNDfHgqcG_kU&hl=es&ei=FtAxS9joN56ltgf-_ojFDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=22%20De%20Mayo%20De%201824%20durango&f=false.
- ↑ C. Michael Hogan. 2009
- ↑ John P. Schmal. 2004
- ↑ Peter Katel. 2001
- ↑ In the Shadow of the Giant: The Americanization of Modern Mexico, Rutgers University Press, 2009.
- ↑ http://www.enjoymexico.net/mexico/zacatecas-atracciones-museos-mexico.php
References
- C. Michael Hogan (2009) Elephant Tree: Bursera microphylla, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
- Peter Katel (March 6, 2001). "The New Frontier". CNN. http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101010611/fvillage.html. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
- John P. Schmal (2004). "The Hispanic Experience - Indigenous Identity in Mexico". http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/census.html. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
External links
- Portal with News and Information about Zacatecas
- Zacatecas state government
- Zacatecas travel guide from Wikitravel
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