Xalapa

Xalapa
—  Municipality and City  —
Xalapa-Enríquez
Xalapa
Nickname(s): La Ciudad de las Flores
(English: The City of Flowers)
Xalapa is located in Mexico
Xalapa
Coordinates:
Country Mexico
State  Veracruz
Founded 1772
Government
 - Municipal President David Velasco Chedraui (PRI)
 - Syndic Antonio Ballesteros Grayeb
Area
 - Municipality and City 118.45 km2 (45.7 sq mi)
Population (2009 estimate)
 - Municipality and City 525,147
 - Metro 809,206
Website www.xalapa.gob.mx

Xalapa-Enríquez, commonly Xalapa or Jalapa is the capital city of the Mexican state of Veracruz and the name of the surrounding municipality. In the year 2005 census the city reported a population of 387,879 and the municipality of which it serves as municipal seat reported a population of 413,136. The municipality has an area of 118.45 km². Xalapa lies near the geographic center of the state and is the second-largest city in the state after the city of Veracruz.

Xalapa comes from the Nahuatl roots xal-li "sand" and a-pan "water place", which approximately means "spring in the sand." It is classically pronounced [ʃaˈlapan] in Nahuatl, though the final [n] is often omitted; the [ʃ] sound (like English sh) was written x in the 16th century, but does not occur in modern Spanish, and its counterpart is the [x] or [h] sound, normally written j. The spelling Xalapa (like the word México) reflects the archaic pronunciation. The full name of the city is Xalapa-Enríquez, named in honor of 19th-century Governor Juan de la Luz Enríquez. Its name is pronounced [xaˈlapa] in Spanish and /həˈlɑːpə/ in English. The city's nickname "La ciudad de las flores" (The City of Flowers), was bestowed by Alexander von Humboldt, who visited the town on 10 February 1804. However, the reference is firmly embedded in its earlier colonial history. In folklore, the Spaniards believed that Xalapa was the birthplace and home of the "Florecita", which literally means little flower.[1]

Contents

History

The Totonacas were the first people to establish themselves around the "Macuiltepetl" - a 'five-peaked' hill, which today is a park. During the 14th century, four cultures settled in the territory today known as Xalapa. Each of them built a small village: Xalitic (in the sand) was founded by the Totonacas; Techacapan (river of waste) was founded by the Chichimecas; in the northeast Tecuanapan (river of the beasts) was founded by the Toltecas and Tlalnecapan was founded by the Teochichimecas.

Eventually around 1313, the four villages grew and joined forming one big village which was given the name Xallapan.Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, fifth Aztec Emperor, invaded the territory during the second half of the 15th century; therefore all the land became part of the Aztec Empire until the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores.

In 1519 Hernán Cortés passed through Xalapa enroute to Tenochtitlan. 1555 saw the final construction of the Franciscan convent which is the second most important event in that time in Nueva España.

Charles IV of Spain elevated the status of Xalapa to town officially on 18 December of 1791.

When the Spanish arrived, Xalapa was barely populated. It rose after the conquest but the opening of the Mexico-Orizaba-Veracruz route reduced the importance of Xalapa as a transport hub, resulting in the population stagnating during the 17th century.[2] However, from 1720 Xalapa became increasingly important, due to trade with numerous retailers of the New Spain arriving to sell products and to buy products arriving from the peninsula.[2] At this time numerous resident Spanish families in the near towns settled in Xalapa, so that by 1760 the population had increased to over 1,000 inhabitants, mestizo and Spanish. The growth of Xalapa in population, culture, commerce and importance, increased dramatically in the 18th century, with the result that, in response to a request from local inhabitants Carlos IV of Spain elevated the status of Xalapa to a town on 18 December 1791.[2]

In 1772, the construction of Xalapa Cathedral began, and on 18 May 1784, José María Alfaro lifted the first air balloon in the Americas, in Xalapa. Due to the abundance of flowers growing in the region, Alexander von Humboldt, who visited the town on the 10 February 1804, christened the town as the “City of the Flowers”.[2]

Since the beginning of the 19th century, Xalapa was the scene of some important historical events, a town which relished in the movement of Mexican independence from the Spanish. Ideas greatly flowed in the town, and Xalapa was represented by many who put forward these ideas to those in Mexico City in government meetings.[2] On 20 May 1821, shortly before completing Mexican Independence on 27 September of the same year, Xalapa was attacked by the forces of Don Antonio López de Santa Anna, who, along with Don Joaquin Log, they forced Spanish captain Juan Horbregoso to submit the town.[2] Nevertheless independence was completed just months later in more amicable circumstances, although the emperor Agustín de Iturbide was not warmly received in Xalapa due to past differences.[2]

On 9 May 1824, by decree of the President of the Republic Don Guadalupe Victoria, the First Legislature of the State of Veracruz was established in Xalapa. That same year, Xalapa was declared state capital, In the 1820s Xalapa and the surrounding area was subject to a revolt when Vicente Guerrero replaced General Anastasio Bustamante. Veracruz was attacked by Isidro Barradas, who was attempting to reconquer parts of Mexico, and over 3,000 were deployed to defend the cities of Veracruz, Cordova and Orizaba for military purposes.[2] Anastacio Bustamante, betraying the confidence given to him, revolted against the legitimate government with a new plan of Xalapa, signed on the 4 December 1829. Nevertheless, the revolt was subdued.

On 29 November 1830 by decree, Xalapa was elevated to the class of city. On 1843, Don Antonio María de Rivera founded the Normal School of Xalapa, which is today a preparatory school.

During the American invasion, in 1847 General Don Antonio López de Santa Anna attempted to defeat the opposing forces at a site near Xalapa in the Battle of Cerro Gordo with an army of more than 12,000 soldiers. Mexican troops suffered many casualties, killing around 1,000 and seriously injuring 3,000 and on 18 April 1847, a bloody defeat resulted in the invaders occupying the city the following day.[2]

Battle of Cerro Gordo (1847)

Patriotism against the invaders prevailed, and Xalapeños such as Ambrosio Alcalde and Antonio García fought bravely in the defense of the city of Veracruz, but were taken prisoner by the enemy. Released, after promising not to again take arms against the North American invaders, they rejoined the fight against them only to be recaptured this time near Teocelo. They were subsequently taken to Xalapa to be sentenced to death and executed on the 24 November 1847.[2] Today these two men are remembered as martyrs for preferring to die than see the enemy take their country. A monument, taking the form of an obelisk marks the event between San Jose Church and Alcalde Market, named after Ambrosio Alcalde.[2] The North Americans were eventually driven out. Xalapa was once again attacked in November 1862 during the French invasion, when they temporarily took control of the state capital.

On 27 November 1867 the corpse of the emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, who had been executed in Querétaro, arrived at Xalapa, being deposited firstly in the neighborhood of San Jose and attended to by the priest José María y Daza, before being transferred to Veracruz the following day and then shipped back to Austria to be buried.[2] In 1885 General Juan de la Luz Enríquez, increased the power of Xalapa by moving some legislative authority from Orizaba to Xalapa, in accordance with the decree issued in June 1884 by the provisional Governor Jose Manuel Jauregui. General Enríquez, in coordination with the Swiss teacher Enrique C. Rébsamen, then founded the Normal School in Xalapa, the first school of this type in the entire country in 1886.[2]

Governor Juan de la Luz Enríquez (1836-1892) for whom the city is named.

Enríquez died in 1892, but the construction of the building of the Preparatory School and the later inauguration of other schools during the 1890s gave cultural reputation to Xalapa, and led to it becoming known as the “Athens of Veracruz”.[2]

During the regime of Enríquez, the building of the old convent of San Francisco was demolished and replaced with the Parque Juárez. In June 1890 the first locomotive for the Xalapa-Coatepec-Teocelo railroad arrived in the city. The interoceanic railroad was completed in Veracruz in 1901.[2] The public lighting system was introduced in 1904 and in 1906 a clock was installed in the centre of the city on Enríquez Street on premises which presently houses the agency of the National Lottery. On 18 May 1911, Francisco I. Madero visited Xalapa and on June 21 of the same year a minor conflict occurred between federal forces and revolutionaries.[2]

On 3 January 1920, a strong earthquake affected the city, destroying several buildings. Years later in December 1923, Xalapa fell into the power of the huertístas, commanded by Guadalupe Sánchez.[2]

In 1940 the water building and agricultural house were constructed, which today is occupied by the Agrarian League of Communities and Union Farmers of the State. On 11 September 1944 the Universidad de Veracruzana was established, and Dr. Manuel Suárez became the first director. On 4 September 1978 by means of decree number 325, the Local Legislature approved that the official name of the city Xalapa Enríquez should have to be written with a “X” rather than a "J".[2]

Xalapa is a thriving center for commerce and many multinational companies have branches in the city. These include Wal-Mart, Superama, Sam's Club, The Home Depot, Liverpool, Sears, Costco, Sanborns, Comercial Mexicana, C&A, Fabricas de Francia, Coppel, Garcia, Milano, Burger King, McDonald's, Domino's pizza, Pizza Hut, Subway, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Office Depot, Office Max, Oxxo, Block Buster, Hugo Boss, Pull and Bear, and Carl's Jr., etc.

Xalapa also has a number of cinemas, some of them of substantial size like the Cinepolis Museum (10 screens), Cinepolis the Americas (16 screens), and other cinemas such as Cinepolis Crystal. There are several malls in Xalapa: Plaza Crystal, Plaza Museo, Plaza Animas (L.A. Fashion), Plaza Américas, Plaza los Arcos (to open in 2010).

Many people in Xalapa are employed by the government, since it is the state capital. Xalapa is also the head one of the five regional sections of the Tribunal Electoral (a level below the Supreme Court). This area encompasses 7 states: Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz and Yucatán. The other regional seats are Mexico City, Toluca, Monterrey and Guadalajara.

Culture

Giant Olmec head, a mark of the indigenous civilizations of Xalapa.

Xalapa is known as the "Athens of Veracruz" because of the strong cultural influence of its three major universities, Universidad Veracruzana (the main public university in the State of Veracruz), Universidad de Xalapa and Universidad Anáhuac de Xalapa, which is largely a reason why General Enriquez, whose policies did much to enchance the educational system in Xalapa, is so honored in the city.

Culturally, a wide variety of events and venues are present in Xalapa like its theatres, museums, and street art. Many musicians and dancers frequently perform in the center in the nights, especially on special occasions and events of celebration or commemoration, notably the fandango.

Art has a keen following in Xalapa, and notably the gallery of Pinacoteca Diego Rivera. located near the City Hall and Parque Juárez in the downtown area of the city, has the widest collection of Diego Rivera's paintings in all of Mexico.[1]

Holidays

San José Day, Santiago Apostle Day, Immaculate Heart of Jesus Day, Conception of Maria Day, and Expo-Fair International are all celebrated in the city. An important religious holiday is on the 8 December, on the Virgin of Divine Conception Day, patron of the city. On 24 October San Rafael Guizar and Valencia are celebrated, with thousands of people from all over Mexico visiting their tomb that is in a chapel within the cathedral. The cathedral remains open all night and day during this event.

Cuisine

Xalapa is the home place of the famous Jalapeño peppers,[3]. as well as products made with maize: gorditas, tostadas, pasties, enfrijoladas, and chicken are common foods. The desserts that are consumed in the region are typically sweet such as cake and coconut candies.

Music

Xalapa is home to numerous classical music orchestras and bands. The Orquesta Sinfónica de Xalapa is the most prominent, formed on August 21, 1929.[4] Other orchestras include the Orquesta municipal de Xalapa, Banda Sinfónica del Estado, Orquesta de Música Popular de la UV, Orquesta de salsa de la UV, Orquesta de Guitarras de Xalapa, Tlen Huicani and Orquesta Sinfónica Juvenil del Estado, which is the youth symphony orchestra for Veracruz state.

Notable city landmarks

Xalapa Cathedral.

Parks and gardens

Juárez Park


Museums

    • Museo de Antropología de Xalapa
  • Museo Casa de Xalapa
    • Museo Interactivo de Xalapa
  • Museo del Transporte. Carr.
    • Hacienda del Lencero
  • Museo del Bombero.
  • Museo de la fauna.

Galleries

  • Casa de las Artesanías
  • Galería "Ramón Alba de la Canal"
  • Agora de la Ciudad
    • Pinacoteca Diego Rivera
  • Galería de Arte Contemporáneo
  • Galería del Centro Recreativo Xalapeño
  • Galeria Marie Louise Ferrari
    • Jardín de Esculturas

Theatres and auditoriums

  • Teatro del Estado
  • Sala de Conciertos de la Orquesta Sinfónica de Xalapa (to open in 2010)
  • Teatro J. J. Herrera
  • Teatro La Caja
  • Auditorio de la Escuela

Education

The Universidad Veracruzana in Xalapa is the most important in the state of Veracruz

In Xalapa, the basic education is distributed by 195 establishments of pre-school, 196 primary schools and 97 secondary schools. In addition it has 86 institutions which offer baccalaureate, as well as a technical and professional training center (CONALEP). In addition it has several institutions of further education. Of the most important is the Universidad Veracruzana which is also the most important in the state of Veracruz and attracts students not only from across Mexico but worldwide.[10] Established in 1944, the current director of the university is Dr. Patricia Arceo Briseño, a graduate of the University of Delaware [citation needed]. Furthermore, it is associated with the North American Mobility Project, a transnational academic program that links it to Georgia Southern University in the United States and Wilfrid Laurier University in Canada.[11]

Universities

Sport

Athletics at Heriberto Jara Corona Stadium in 1991.

Xalapa is home to the Halcones UV Xalapa, a very successful professional basketball team. They play in the LNBP

Xalapa also has many sporting facilities. As of 2005, the city has 25 football pitches, 95 volleyball fields, 95 basketball courts, 36 baseball fields, and 29 multiple use fields.[12] The city has 12 gymnasiums, 7 parks, and the former Heriberto Jara Corona Stadium.[12] Sportspeople of note hailing from Xalapa include Armando Fernández, an Olympic wrestler, Eulalio Ríos Alemán, a swimmer, and the athlete Luis Hernández

The city has a central bus station (CAXA) which is a nodal point for many bus companies operating in the area, including AU, Ado, Ado-GL, OCC, Auto-Tour and Buses Sierra-Texcoco. Various autobus companies are based in Xalapa including Servicio Urbano de Xalapa (SUX);[13] Auto-Transportes Banderilla (ATB);[14] the yellow and green sets of Interbus,[15] Auto-Transportes Miradores Del Mar;[16] and Transportes Rápidos de Veracruz (TRV) [17] amongst many others. There is also a bus service which exclusively takes passengers back and forth from Xalapa to Coatepec. These buses operate all over the city, with a cost per person ranging from 6,00 to 8,00 Mexican pesos, although discount is offered to the elderly and students who often pay 4,00 Mexican pesos within the urban area. There are over 100 bus routes in the city.

The taxis that operate in Xalapa are easily recognisable by their white and red paintwork. The most abundant taxis are of the Nissan Tsuru model, and typically taxi drivers do not charge based on taximeter.

The city of Xalapa is served by a small airport, El Lencero Airport,[18] located 15 minutes by road from the city. The airlines that arrive at the city include Aeromar, Aeroméxico and Mexicana.

Healthcare

The demand for medical services by the population of the municipality, is taken care of by publicly and privately owned institutions. The medical units in Xalapa provide external advisory services, general and specialized hospitalization that are equipped with laboratories for clinical medical analyses including X-rays, obstetrical, gynaecological and paediatric equipment.[19]

The public institutions of the health sector that provide services are:

In the private sector the municipality counts on important medical establishments such as :

Media

A narrow street in Xalapa, better known as Callejones.

Newspaper

Notable newspapers produced or circulated in Xalapa include www.Xalapa.MX Diario de Xalapa, Diario AZ, Diario el Portal de Xalapa, Diario la Opinión, Periodico Marcha, Periodico Al Calor Politico, Periodico Agronomica, Milenio and the Lider.

Radio

The city is served by numerous radio stations including:

FM:

AM:

Television

Television channels include:

Cable services include:

Notable people from Xalapa

Antonio López de Santa Anna, born in Xalapa, is one of the most emblematic figures in Mexican history.

Politicians

Writers

Educators

Athletes

Artists

The municipality

The Cofre de Perote hills

Xalapa is situated in eastern-central Mexico, approximately 55 miles (90 km) northwest of Veracruz city.[20] and roughly 350 kilometres from Mexico City. The municipality of Xalapa has an area of 118.45 square kilometres which comprises 0.16% of Veracruz state. It borders to the north with Banderilla, Jilotepec and Naolinco, to the east with Actopan and Zapata, to the south with Coatepec and the west with Tlalnelhuacoyan.

The city of Xalapa is located beneath the volcanic peaks of the Sierra Madre Oriental, at an elevation that oscillates from 1400 metres to 1700 metres above sea level, and is surrounded in lush tropical vegetation.[21] This mountainous area of Mexico is volcanic, and in the area surrounding the city are places such as the Naolinco volcanic field. Located north of the city, it consists of a broad area of scattered quaternary pyroclastic cones and associated basaltic lava flows.

Naolinco volcanic field, north of Xalapa city

Situated east, about 50 km (31 miles) away along Mexican Federal Highway 140 is the Cofre de Perote National Park. The park covers an area of 117 km² (28,899 acres), and consists of mainly forested mountains and hills. Its highest point of Cerro de Macuiltépetl rises 1522 metres above sea level. Other hills of prominence include the Cerro de Acalotépetl and the Cerro Colorado.

From Xalapa you can also see the Pico de Orizaba, the highest peak in Mexico (5,366m or 18,490 feet). It is also the third highest peak in North America.

Hydrographically, there are numerous streams and springs which are in the area around the city.[21] These include the rivers: Sedeño River, Carneros River, Sordo River, Santiago River, Zapotillo River, Castillo River and the Coapexpan River, 3 artificial lakes and the springs Chiltoyac, Ánimas, Xalitic, Techacapanand Tlalmecapan.[21] Jalcomulco is located 39 km (24 mi) southeast of Xalapa which has numerous natural features, such as the mouth of the Pescados River. Cascada de Texolo (Texolo Waterfall) is located 19 km (12 mi) southwest of Xalapa, in the town of Xico. It is an 80 meter (264 ft) waterfall that drops into a lush canyon, home to numerous animal species.

Climate

Xalapa, Veracruz
Climate chart ()
J F M A M J J A S O N D
 
 
42
 
22
11
 
 
38
 
23
11
 
 
46
 
27
14
 
 
61
 
27
16
 
 
121
 
28
17
 
 
328
 
26
16
 
 
203
 
25
16
 
 
171
 
26
16
 
 
270
 
26
16
 
 
105
 
25
15
 
 
67
 
24
14
 
 
50
 
23
12
average max. and min. temperatures in °C
precipitation totals in mm
source: [22]
Overlooking the Paseo de los Lagos in Xalapa

The climate in Xalapa is semi-humid, but the city is relatively cool being located in the mountains over 1400 metres above sea level. The climate can be variable, having a maximum temperature of 37.3°C and a minimum ranging from 0°C to 10 °C, but on average the temperature does not fluctuate greatly all year round with an average annual temperature of 18°C. The warmer season in Xalapa tends to fall between March and reaching a peak in May when the average high reaches 28 °C and low of 17°C. The cooler season is late December, January and February with an average low of 11°C and an average high of 22°C.

The average annual precipitation is 1509.1 mm.[23] During the cooler winter months rainfall is at a minimum, with Xalapa receiving only 42 millimetes in January and 38 millimetres in February on average. Snow however is common in winter outside the city at Perote and Ver, the former located around 35 minutes from Xalapa. Very early morning in Xalapa often has a mist, giving it a characteristic mountain atmosphere. The greatest rainfall occurs during the summer months particularly in June when on average rainfall reaches 328 millimetres and remaining relatively high until mid September.

Economy

Xalapa is often called the “Flower Garden of Mexico” [20] and flowers play an important role in the economy. Xalapa is one of the most important places for Coffee production in Mexico due to its ideal climate, and coffee beans are grown on both smallholdings and large estates in the surrounding mountains.[20] The tobacco industry also forms a part of the local economy with the process of producing cigarettes, and the growing of tropical fruits.[20] Processed foods and beverages are also produced in Xalapa.

The municipality has a total surface of 5,261,400 hectares, of which 3,457,363 hectares are seeded for agricultural production.[24] The main agricultural products in the municipality of Xalapa are maize, sugar cane, orange green chili and coffee.[24] Approximately an area of 4,500 hectares is dedicated to cattle ranching, including the rearing of pigs, horses and goat.[24] Bird-raising and avicultural farms have certain importance in Xalapa.[24] Warehouses and factories for making of footwear, clothes, books are also present in Xalapa. In the municipality as of 2005 it had 75 hotels, 223 restaurants and 25 travel agencies.[24] Employment structure in Xalapa in 2005:

Industry sector Typical professions  % of population
Primary Industry Farming, cattle ranching, hunting and fishing 4.21[24]
Secondary Industry Petroleum Mining, extraction and natural gas, manufacturing, industry, electricity, water and construction 19%[24]
Tertiary Industry Commerce, transport and communications, financial, social and administrative services 70%[24]
Unspecified - 2.9%[24]

Sister cities

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Xalapa, Mexico:History". University of Texas, Austin. http://www.utexas.edu/student/abroad/summer/xalapa.html. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 "Xalapa:Historia". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/veracruz/municipios/30087a.htm. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  3. ↑ "Xalapa:Gastronomía". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/veracruz/municipios/30087a.htm. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  4. ↑ "Orquesta Sinfónica de Xalapa:History". Orquesta Sinfónica de Xalapa. http://www.sinfonicadexalapa.com/. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  5. ↑ "Xalapa Sights:Parque Juárez". Lonely Planet. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/mexico/xalapa/sights/1000780317. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  6. ↑ "Museo Interactivo de Xalapa". Museo Interactivo de Xalapa. October 2006. http://www.mix.org.mx/. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  7. ↑ "Museo Antropología". Xalapa.net. http://www.xalapa.net/antropologia/. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  8. ↑ "Museo del Lencero". Xalapa.net. http://www.xalapa.net/lencero/default.htm. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  9. ↑ Triedo, Nicolas (February 2008). "Fin de semana en Xalapa". Guía México Desconocido 372: 42–48. http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/. 
  10. ↑ "Universidad Veracruzana". Universidad Veracruzana. http://www.uv.mx/englishuv/index.html. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  11. ↑ "Projects funded under the Program for North American Mobility in Higher Education". http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/hip/lld/lssd/iam/north_american/NA_projects.shtml. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Xalapa:Deportes". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/veracruz/municipios/30087a.htm. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  13. ↑ "Buscu tu ruta del Servicio Urbano". Sociedad Cooperativa Auto-Transportes de Camioneros del Servicio Urbano de Jalapa. http://serviciourbanojalapa.com/index.php. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  14. ↑ "Secretaria de Trabajo" (PDF). Veracruz Gobierno del Estado. http://portal.veracruz.gob.mx/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/STP/DIFUSION/BOLETINES/2008/27%20JULIO%20FIRMA%20CONVENIO%20AUTOTRANSPORTES%20BANDERILLA_JUNIO_27_2008.PDF. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  15. ↑ "Interbus". Servicio Urbana Jalapa. http://serviciourbanojalapa.com/interbus/index.php. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  16. ↑ "Informe del 12 al 18 de febrero de 2007". Gobierno de Mexico. 2007. http://aplicaciones.sefiplan.gob.mx/pgjver/contenido.asp?cla_ve1=1391. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  17. ↑ "Acervo Fotográfico Busexpress México". Busexpress México. October 2006. http://acervo-busexpress.tripod.com/id2.html. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  18. ↑ "Lenecero Airport". World Aero Data. http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=MX07467&sch=MMJA. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 "Xalapa:Salud". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/veracruz/municipios/30087a.htm. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "Xalapa". Encyclopedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299650/Xalapa#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Xalapa%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 14, 2008. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "Xalapa:Geografia". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/veracruz/municipios/30087a.htm. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  22. ↑ "CNA, Servicio Meteorológico Nacional". Smn.cna.gob.mx. http://smn.cna.gob.mx/. Retrieved 2008-10-15. 
  23. ↑ "Xalapa:Clima". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/veracruz/municipios/30087a.htm. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 "Xalapa:Economia". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/veracruz/municipios/30087a.htm. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 

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