Udmurtia
| Udmurt Republic (English) Удмуртская Республика (Russian) Удмурт Республика (Udmurt) |
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|---|---|
| - Republic - | |
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 Coat of arms of the Udmurt Republic |
 Flag of the Udmurt Republic |
| Anthem | National Anthem of the Udmurt Republic |
| Political status | |
| Country | Russia |
| Political status | Republic |
| Federal district | Volga[1] |
| Economic region | Urals[2] |
| Capital | Izhevsk |
| Official languages | Russian[3]; Udmurt[4] |
| Statistics | |
| Population (2002 Census)[5] | 1,570,316 inhabitants |
| - Rank within Russia | 29th |
| - Urban[5] | 69.7% |
| - Rural[5] | 30.3% |
| - Density | 37.3 /km2 (97 /sq mi)[6] |
| Area (as of the 2002 Census)[7] | 42,100 km2 (16,254.9 sq mi) |
| - Rank within Russia | 57th |
| Established | November 4, 1920 |
| License plates | 18 |
| ISO 3166-2:RU | RU-UD |
| Time zone | MSK/MSD (UTC+3/+4)[8] |
| Government (as of November 2008) | |
| President[9] | Alexander Volkov[10] |
| Legislature | State Council[9] |
| Constitution | Constitution of the Udmurt Republic |
| Official website | |
| http://www.udmurt.ru/en/ | |
The Udmurt Republic (Russian: Удму́ртская Pеспу́блика, Udmurtskaya respublika; Udmurt: Удмурт Республика) or Udmurtia (Удму́ртия, Udmurtiya) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). Its area is almost 42,000 km² with a population of 1,600,000. Its capital is Izhevsk.
Contents |
History
In the late Stone Age in the Ural region the Finno-Ugric language community was founded. Later Permic community separated from the Finno-Ugric community. In the end of the first millennium AD from the Permic generality Proto-Udmurts were differentiated. Originally Proto-Udmurts lived in the middle Kama River, then began to settle to the mouth of the Vyatka River.
Middle Ages
Udmurts are mentioned by Arab historians Ibn Fadlan (921) and Abu-Said al-Balchi (950) as neighbouring people of Idel river Bolgars. Thus the southern Udmurts were under the influence of the Volga Bulgaria.
By the middle of the second millennium Udmurts settled before the middle reaches of the Vyatka, where began to settle in the valley of Cheptsa River - from the mouth to the source of river. At Vyatka River Udmurts first met Old Rus people, which began to settle there since the 10th century. In addition Udmurts were contacted with Russian and Arab merchants. Russian state exerted political and cultural influence on the northern Udmurt. By the 16th century northern Udmurt almost became part of the Russian state.
During the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria of 1237 the Mongols also conquered land where most of the Udmurts lived. They had to pay annual taxes to the Khan of Kazan, who did not otherwise intervene in Udmurt tribal society.
By this time some Udmurt tribes were mixed with Tatars and these people still using Udmurt language, were called Besermaans, in Udmurt Busurmans. The Maris called Udmurts "Odo". From this name the Russians derived their second alternative name for Udmurts, Otjans (Otjaki) or Otiny. This derived later to form Votjaki. The Udmurts fought with Tatars against the Muscovite Princes up to 1552 when the Khanate of Kazan was conquered and destroyed by the Russians. The territory of modern Udmurtia was divided after 1552 between the Kazan and Vyatka Governorates (guberniyas). In 1553–1557 Udmurts rebelled against the Russians. In 1582 a new rebellion took place. The Russians had to make from Moscow an armed venture against the Udmurt rebels. A new revolt started again in 1592 together with Maris. In 1609 Udmurts took part in a rebellion and conquered in 1612 for a short period Kazan together with Tatars. The next uprising took place when Udmurts joined the Stenka Razin rebellion in 1667–1671. However, the Russians still considered Udmurts dangerous enough that it was ordered in 1697 not to sell any iron which could be used to arm the Udmurt population. The last large scale uprising took place in 1773–1774 when Udmurts joined the Yemelyan Pugachyov's rebellion.
20th century
The first industrial enterprise in what is now Udmurtia was the state-owned Votkinsk Zavod founded as a weapons arsenal on the west bank of the river Kama. In 1917, Udmurts joined the short lived Idel-Ural League which was dissolved in December 1918. On November 4, 1920 Votsk Autonomous Oblast was formed. On January 1, 1932, it was renamed Udmurt Autonomous Oblast, which was then reorganized into the Udmurt ASSR on December 28, 1934. In Stalin's Great Purge of 1937–1938 the murder of most of Udmurt's nationalist intellectuals had its effects on Udmurt society. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 many industrial factories were evacuated from Ukraine and western borderlands to Udmurtia, considerably increasing the ethnic Russian population in Udmurtia.
The Udmurt Republic in its present form has existed since September 20, 1990.
Geography
The republic is located in the eastern portion of the Eastern European Plain, between the Kama and Vyatka Rivers.
| Kind | Polity or geographical feature | Direction |
|---|---|---|
| Internal | Kirov Oblast | SW/W/NW/N |
| Perm Krai | NE/E | |
| Republic of Bashkortostan | SE | |
| Republic of Tatarstan | S/SW | |
| Water | Votkinsk Reservoir | E |
- Highest point: 332 m (1,089 ft)
- Maximum N->S distance:320 km (200 mi)
- Maximum E->W distance: 200 km (120 mi)
Rivers
Major rivers include:
- Cheptsa River
- Izh River
- Kama River (navigable)
- Kilmez River
- Siva River
Lakes
While there are no large lakes in the Republic, Votkinskoye Reservoir is partially located on its territory.
Natural resources
The republic's natural resources include oil, peat, mineral waters, and more. Oil reserves are estimated to be 820 million tons (as of 2002). Approximately 7–8 million tons are extracted annually. Most of the oil is exported.
Forests cover over 40% of the republic's territory. Most of the forests are coniferous.
Climate
The republic has moderate continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters with a lot of snow.
| Month | Average temperature |
|---|---|
| January | −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) |
| July | 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) |
- Average annual precipitation: 400–600 mm
Administrative divisions
Demographics
Census 2002
- Population: 1,570,316
- Urban Pop: 1,094,338
- Urban percentage: 69.7%
- Rural Pop: 475,978
- Rural percentage: 30.3%
- Male percentage: 46.2%
- Female percentage: 53.7%
- Females per 1000 males:1,160
- Average age: 35.8
- Average age, Urban: 35.6
- Average age, Rural: 36.1
- Average age, Male: 32.8
- Average age, Female: 38.4
- TFR: 1.613 children per women. (2008)
- Urban TFR: 1.395 children per women. (2008)
- Rural TFR: 2.214 children per women. (2008)
- Vital statistics
- Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
| Births | Deaths | Birth rate | Death rate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 23,286 | 13,265 | 16.4 | 9.3 |
| 1975 | 26,497 | 14,666 | 18.2 | 10.1 |
| 1980 | 27,601 | 16,862 | 18.3 | 11.2 |
| 1985 | 29,343 | 17,553 | 18.8 | 11.2 |
| 1990 | 24,345 | 15,816 | 15.1 | 9.8 |
| 1991 | 22,213 | 16,002 | 13.7 | 9.9 |
| 1992 | 20,074 | 18,063 | 12.4 | 11.1 |
| 1993 | 17,126 | 21,923 | 10.6 | 13.5 |
| 1994 | 16,874 | 24,183 | 10.4 | 14.9 |
| 1995 | 15,484 | 22,445 | 9.6 | 13.9 |
| 1996 | 14,877 | 20,641 | 9.2 | 12.8 |
| 1997 | 15,368 | 19,881 | 9.6 | 12.4 |
| 1998 | 16,130 | 19,080 | 10.1 | 11.9 |
| 1999 | 15,793 | 20,745 | 9.9 | 13.0 |
| 2000 | 16,256 | 21,852 | 10.2 | 13.7 |
| 2001 | 16,636 | 22,810 | 10.5 | 14.4 |
| 2002 | 17,746 | 24,520 | 11.3 | 15.6 |
| 2003 | 17,982 | 24,571 | 11.5 | 15.7 |
| 2004 | 18,238 | 23,994 | 11.7 | 15.4 |
| 2005 | 17,190 | 24,006 | 11.1 | 15.5 |
| 2006 | 17,480 | 22,011 | 11.3 | 14.3 |
| 2007 | 19,667 | 21,727 | 12.8 | 14.2 |
| 2008 | 20,421 | 21,436 | 13.3 | 14.0 |
| 2009 | 21,155 | 20,286 | 13.8 | 13.3 |
Ethnic groups
According to the 2002 Census, Russians make up 60.1% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Udmurts only make up 29.3%. Other groups include Tatars (7.0%), Ukrainians (11,527, or 0.7%), Mari (8,985, or 0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the republic's total population. 2,957 people (0.2%) did not indicate their nationalities during the Census.
| Ethnic group | census 1926 | census 1939 | census 1959 | census 1970 | census 1979 | census 1989 | census 2002 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Udmurts | 395,607 (52.3%) | 480,014 (39.4%) | 475,913 (35.6%) | 484,168 (34.2%) | 479,702 (32.1%) | 496,522 (30.9%) | 460,584 (29.3%) |
| Besermyan | 9,200 (1.2%) | 2,998 (0.2%) | |||||
| Russians | 327,493 (43.3) | 679,294 (55.7%) | 758,770 (56.8%) | 809,563 (57.1%) | 870,270 (58.3%) | 945,216 (58.9%) | 944,108 (60.1%) |
| Tatars | 19,248 (2.5%) | 40,561 (3.3%) | 71,930 (5.4%) | 87,150 (6.1%) | 99,139 (6.6%) | 110,490 (6.9%) | 109,218 (7.0%) |
| Others | 4,716 (0.6%) | 19,481 (1.6%) | 30,314 (2.3%) | 36,794 (2.6%) | 43,061 (2.9%) | 53,435 (3.3%) | 53,408 (3.4%) |
Over two thirds of the world population of Udmurts live in the republic.[11]
Although as of 2007 population is declining, the decline is more pronounced in urban areas. Out of the 19,667 births reported in 2007, 12,631 were in urban areas(11.86 per 1000) and 7,036 were in rural areas(14.88 per 1000). Birth rates for rural areas are 25% higher than that of urban areas. Of the total of 21,727 deaths, 14,366 were reported in urban areas(13.49 per 1000) and 7,361 were in rural areas(15.56 per 1000). Natural decline of population was measured at -0.16% for urban areas and an insignificant -0.07% for rural areas (average for Russia is -0.33%). [1]
Politics
The head of the government in the Udmurt Republic is the President, who is selected by the President of Russia from a list provided by parties represented in the regional parliament and later approved by the parliament for a five-year term. As of April 2010, the President is Alexander Volkov, who assumed his post on February 20, 2009. He served as the President of the Udmurt Republic since 2000, when the office was elected directly. Prior to the elections, Volkov was the Chairman of the Republic's Council—the highest post at that time.
The Republic's parliament is the State Council, popularly elected every five years. The State Council has 100 deputies.
The Republic's constitution was adopted on December 7, 1994.
Economy
Udmurtia is an industrialized republic. The most developed industries include machine building, chemical, and oil and gas industries. The republic also benefited from the transfer of defense industry production during World War II. Izhevsk is the home to the Izhmash factory (AKA Izhmash Joint Stock Company) and Izhmech (AKA Izhevsky Mehanichesky Zavod); Izhmash being the primary manufacturer of Kalashnikov based weapon systems, and the 'home' of the AK-47 rifle. The Udmurt Republic is also home for other military technology factories, and also possesses a potential in electronics and nano technology industries.
Culture
In Udmurtia, there are eight professional theaters, the Philharmonic Society, and more than ten state and numerous public museums which tell about history and culture of Udmurtia and its people, like the Museum of history and culture in Sarapul, or the Tchaikovsky Museum in Votkinsk. One of the oldest arms museums is located in Izhevsk, as well as the newer Kalashnikov Museum (dedicated in November 2004), which has recently become a general small-arms museum. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union a new, pan-Finno-Ugric cultural movement has evolved called "Ethnofuturism". [2]
Education
The most important facilities of higher education include the Udmurt State University, Izhevsk State Technical University, and Izhevsk State Medical Academy, all located in the capital Izhevsk.
Religion
The majority of the Republic's population is atheist or Russian Orthodox. Shamanism is also practiced.
Notes
- ↑ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000).
- ↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ↑ According to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia, Russian is the official language on the whole territory of the Russian Federation. Article 68.2 further stipulates that only the republics have the right to establish official languages other than Russian.
- ↑ Constitution, Article 8
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_04_1.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ↑ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2002 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the Census (2002).
- ↑ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №166 от 17 марта 2010 г. «О применении на территории Удмуртской Республики времени второго часового пояса». Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №58, 22 марта 2010 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #166 of March 17, 2010 On Using the Time of the Second Time Zone on the Territory of the Udmurt Republic. ).
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Constitution, Article 9.1
- ↑ Official website of the Udmurt Republic. Alexander A. Volkov
- ↑ "NUPI: Centre for Russian Studies". Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt (NUPI). http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/etnisk_b.exe?Udmurtian. Retrieved 2006-09-09. Data from the Soviet census of 1989. The table at the bottom states that in "Udmurtiya"(the y is optional), the "% av gruppen"(% of total world population) is "69,46%" which is more or less two thirds.
References
- №663-XII 7 декабря 1994 г. «Конституция Удмуртской Республики», в ред. Закона №62-РЗ от 22 ноября 2007 г. (#663-XII December 7, 1994 Constitution of the Udmurt Republic, as amended by the Law #62-RZ of November 22, 2007. ).
Further reading
- Kalder, Daniel. Lost Cosmonaut: Observations of an Anti-tourist. Scribner Book Company. ISBN 0-7432-8994-3.
- Shkliaev, Aleksandr; Eva Toulouze (March 2001). "The mass media and the national question in Udmurtia in the 1990s". Nationalities Papers 29 (1): 97–108. doi:10.1080/00905990120050811.
External links
- (Russian) (English) Official website of the Udmurt Republic
- (English) (Russian) Official website of the Izhevsk State Medical Academy
- (Russian) Official website of the State Council of the Udmurt Republic
- (Russian) Official website of the Izhevsk State Technical University
- Official website of the Udmurt State University
- (Russian) (Udmurt) (English) National Library of Udmurt Republic
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