United States Department of Energy

United States Department of Energy
Seal of the Department of Energy
James Forrestal headquarters complex in Washington, D.C.
Department overview
Formed	August 4, 1977
Preceding agencies	Energy Research and Development Administration Federal Energy Administration
Employees	16,000 federal (2009)[1] 93,094 contract (2008)
Annual budget	$24.1 billion (2009)
Department executives	Steven Chu, Secretary Daniel Poneman, Deputy Secretary.
Website
www.energy.gov

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government concerned with the United States' policies regarding energy and safety in handling nuclear material. Its responsibilities include the nation's nuclear weapons program, nuclear reactor production for the United States Navy, energy conservation, energy-related research, radioactive waste disposal, and domestic energy production. DOE also sponsors more basic and applied scientific research than any other US federal agency; most of this is funded through its system of United States Department of Energy National Laboratories.

The agency is administered by the United States Secretary of Energy, and its headquarters are located in southwest Washington, D.C., on Independence Avenue in the Forrestal Building, named for James Forrestal, as well as in Germantown, Maryland.

History

The Department of Energy was formed after the oil crisis on August 4, 1977 in order to end the United States dependence on foreign oil by President Jimmy Carter's signing of legislation, The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-91, 91 Stat. 565).

The United States, eager to make a nuclear bomb before any other nation, started the Manhattan Project under the eye of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. After the war, the Atomic Energy Commission was created to control the future of the project.

In 1974, the AEC was abolished and gave way to Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which was tasked with regulating the nuclear power industry, and the Energy Research and Development Administration, which was tasked to manage the nuclear weapon, naval reactor, and energy development programs. Only a few years after that, the Energy Crisis called attention to unifying these two groups. The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, which Carter signed on August 4, 1977, created the Department of Energy, which assumed the responsibilities of the Federal Energy Administration, the Energy Research and Development Administration, the Federal Power Commission, and programs of various other agencies.

The department began operations on October 1, 1977.

Operating units

Office of Science

The Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, providing more than 40 percent of total funding for this vital area of national importance.^[2]

The Office of Science directs funding for the scientific research via the following Program Offices:

• Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR)
• Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
• Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
• Fusion Energy Sciences (FES)
• High Energy Physics (HEP)
• Nuclear Physics (NP)
• Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists

Each of the Program Offices may be composed of several Divisions. The first six of these Program Offices also have corresponding Advisory Committees (ASCRAC, BERAC and so on).

Other DOE offices may directly fund scientific research related to their needs. For example, studies of materials for nuclear reactors are usually supported by the DOE Nuclear Energy Office, whereas the NP program of the Office of Science only funds the research related to nuclear transformations, and the "Materials Science" Division of the BES program supports studies of other energy-related materials such as photovoltaics.

The Office of Science has proposed to invest $777 million over the next five years (from 2009) in 46 new Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRCs). The EFRCs will be established at universities, national laboratories, nonprofit organizations, and private firms across the nation, drawing in part on funds provided by the Recovery Act, while also depending on future Congressional appropriations. Twenty EFRCs will focus on renewable energy.^[3]

Other Units and Offices

The Energy Information Administration (EIA) is a statistical agency in the United States Department of Energy. It is the source for official energy statistics from the U.S. Government. EIA collects, analyzes, and publishes data as directed by law to ensure efficient markets, inform policy-making, and support public understanding of energy.

The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) is a separately organized agency within the United States Department of Energy. It works to improve national security through the military application of nuclear energy. The NNSA also maintains and improves the safety, reliability, and performance of the United States nuclear weapons stockpile, including the ability to design, produce, and test, in order to meet national security requirements.

The Department's Office of Secure Transportation (OST) provides safe and secure transportation of nuclear weapons and components and special nuclear materials, and conducts other missions supporting the national security of the United States of America. Since 1974, OST has been assigned responsibility to develop, operate, and manage a system for the safe and secure transportation of all government-owned, DOE or NNSA controlled special nuclear materials in "strategic" or "significant" quantities. Shipments are transported in specially designed equipment and are escorted by armed Federal Agents (Nuclear Material Couriers). Organizationally OST is managed within NNSA.

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is an independent regulatory agency within the U.S. Department of Energy.

The Department also manages the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, as well as the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve.

Other offices include:

• Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
• Office of Environmental Management (EM)
• Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
• Office of Health, Safety and Security (HSS)
• Office of Fossil Energy (FE)
• Office of Legacy Management (LM)
• Office of River Protection (ORP)
• Office of Nuclear Energy (NE)
• Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM or RW)

Facilities

• Albany Research Center
• Argonne National Laboratory
• Bannister Federal Complex
• Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory - focuses on the design and development of nuclear power for the U.S. Navy.
• Brookhaven National Laboratory
• Center for Functional Nanomaterials (under design or construction)
• Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (under design or construction)
• Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
• Center for Nanoscale Materials (under design or construction)
• Environmental Measurements Laboratory (now affiliated with the Department of Homeland Security)
• Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
• Idaho National Laboratory
• Kansas City Plant
• Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory - operates for Naval Reactors Program Research under the DOE - DOE facility, not a National Laboratory
• Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
• Los Alamos National Laboratory
• National Petroleum Technology Office
• Nevada Test Site
• New Brunswick Laboratory
• Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• Office of Fossil Energy[1]
• Office of River Protection[2] (Hanford Site)
• Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
• Pantex
• Radiological and Environmental Sciences Laboratory
• Sandia National Laboratories
• Savannah River National Laboratory
• SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
• Y-12 National Security Complex
• Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository

Responsibility for nuclear weapons

In the United States, all nuclear weapons deployed by the United States Department of Defense (DoD) are actually on loan to DoD from the DOE/NNSA,^[4] which has federal responsibility for the design, testing and production of all nuclear weapons. NNSA in turn uses contractors to carry out its responsibilities at the following government owned sites:

• Design of the nuclear components of the weapon: Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
• Engineering of the weapon systems: Sandia National Laboratories
• Manufacturing of key components: Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Kansas City Plant, and Y-12 National Security Complex
• Testing: Nevada Test Site
• Final weapon/warhead assembling/dismantling: Pantex

Controversy

During the Wen Ho Lee scandal, involving stolen nuclear secrets from Los Alamos National Laboratory, hearings were called in Congress regarding the Department of Energy's handling of the matter. Republican senators thought that an independent agency should be in charge of nuclear weapons and security issues, not the Department of Energy.^[5] Federal officials, including then-Energy Secretary Bill Richardson, had publicly named Lee as a suspect in the theft of classified nuclear documents before he was charged with a crime; he was later cleared of the spying charges and won a settlement with the federal government.^[6]

Related legislation

Hierarchy of the U.S. Department of Energy

• 1920 - Federal Power Act
• 1946 - Atomic Energy Act PL 79-585 (created the Atomic Energy Commission)
• 1954 - Atomic Energy Act Amendments PL 83-703
• 1956 - Colorado River Storage Project PL 84-485
• 1957 - Atomic Energy Commission Acquisition of Property PL 85-162
• 1957 - Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act PL 85-256
• 1968 - Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act PL 90-481
• 1973 - Mineral Leasing Act Amendments (Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline Authorization) PL 93-153
• 1974 - Energy Reorganization Act PL 93-438 (Split the AEC into the Energy Research and Development Administration and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission)
• 1975 - Energy Policy and Conservation Act PL 94-163
• 1977 - Department of Energy Organization Act PL 95-91 (Dismantled ERDA and replaced it with the Department of Energy)
• 1978 - National Energy Act PL 95-617, 618, 619, 620, 621
• 1980 - Energy Security Act PL 96-294
• 1989 - Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act PL 101-60
• 1992 - Energy Policy Act of 1992 PL 102-486
• 2005 - Energy Policy Act of 2005 PL 109-58
• 2007 - Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 PL 110-140
• 2008 - Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 PL 110-234

Budget

President Barack Obama unveiled on May 7 a $26.4 billion budget request for DOE for fiscal year (FY) 2010, including $2.3 billion for the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). The budget aims to substantially expand the use of renewable energy sources while improving energy transmission infrastructure. It also makes significant investments in hybrids and plug-in hybrids, in smart grid technologies, and in scientific research and innovation.^[7]

As part of the $789 billion economic stimulus package in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Congress provided Energy with an additional $38.3 billion for fiscal years 2009 and 2010, adding about 75 percent to Energy's annual budgets. Most of the stimulus spending was in the form of grants and contracts. Yet, according to Robert Alvarez, "Even with additional stimulus money, spending for bombs and cleanup will still exceed those for actual energy-related functions. Spending for the weapons complex is currently comparable to that during the height of the nuclear arms race in the 1950s. The big difference now — half of that money is spent dealing with the Cold War's environmental legacy.^[8] "

Energy Savings Performance Contract

Energy Savings Performance Contracts (ESPCs) are contracts under which a contractor designs, constructs, and obtains the necessary financing for an energy savings project, and the federal agency makes payments over time to the contractor from the savings in the agency's utility bills. The contractor guarantees the energy improvements will generate savings, and after the contract ends, all continuing cost savings accrue to the federal agency.^[9]

Loan Guarantee Program

Title XVII of Energy Policy Act of 2005 authorizes the U.S. Department of Energy to issue loan guarantees to eligible projects that "avoid, reduce, or sequester air pollutants or anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases" and "employ new or significantly improved technologies as compared to technologies in service in the United States at the time the guarantee is issued".^[10]

In loan guarantees, a conditional commitment requires to meet an equity commitment, as well as other conditions, before the loan guarantee is closed.^[11]

Energy Innovation Hubs

Energy Innovation Hubs are multi-disciplinary meant to advance highly promising areas of energy science and technology from their early stages of research to the point that the risk level will be low enough for industry to commercialize the technologies.^[7]

The DOE budget includes $280 million to fund eight Energy Innovation Hubs, each of which is focused on a particular energy challenge. Two of the eight hubs are included in the EERE budget and will focus on integrating smart materials, designs, and systems into buildings to better conserve energy and on designing and discovering new concepts and materials needed to convert solar energy into electricity. Another two hubs, included in the DOE Office of Science budget, will tackle the challenges of devising advanced methods of energy storage and creating fuels directly from sunlight without the use of plants or microbes. Yet another hub will develop "smart" materials that will allow the electrical grid to adapt and respond to changing conditions.^[7]

Failing its own energy audit

In 2009, the Wall St. Journal reported that the Department of Energy had failed its own energy audit. The journal quoted the audit as saying, "While the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) noted that shutting down a computer monitor when not in use is one of the easiest things a user can do to save energy, we found that … each of the 20 computers reviewed at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) were set to never turn off the monitor after a period of non-use. At the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 8 of 18 computers were set to turn the monitor off after 48 hours, 144 times the recommended standard."^[12] The results of the audit can be read here.^[13]

Past Secretaries of Energy

See also

• 2010 United States federal budget
• Advanced Energy Initiative
• American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
• Appropriation (law)
• ARPA-E
• Energy Policy Act of 2005
• Federal Energy Management Program
• Funding Opportunity Announcement
• Green job
• Institute of Nuclear Materials Management
• Loan guarantee
• National Council on Electricity Policy
• North American Solar Challenge
• Nuclear Regulatory Commission
• Radioactive waste
• Recovery Act
• Smart grid
• State Energy Program
• Twenty In Ten
• The World Institute for Nuclear Security
• Weatherization Assistance Program

References

External links

• "United States Department of Energy Official Website". http://www.energy.gov/. Retrieved August 7, 2006. 
• "Energy Information Administration". Department of Energy. http://www.eia.doe.gov/. Retrieved August 7, 2006. 
• Proposed and final federal regulations from the Department of Energy
• Loan Guarantee Program
• "Office of Science". Department of Energy. http://www.energy.gov/about/index.htm. Retrieved August 7, 2006. 
• Works by the United States Department of Energy at Project Gutenberg
• Advanced Energy Initiative
• Twenty In Ten.
• Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
• Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the United States Department of Energy
• GovEnergy

Agencies under the United States Department of Energy Secretary of Energy Deputy Secretary of Energy Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence · Energy Information Administration Under Secretary of Energy for Energy and Environment Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management · Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability · Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy · Office of Environmental Management · Office of Fossil Energy · Office of Legacy Management · Office of Nuclear Energy, Science & Technology Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security National Nuclear Security Administration Under Secretary of Energy for Science Office of Science Power Marketing Administration Bonneville Power Administration · Southeastern Power Administration · Southwestern Power Administration · Western Area Power Administration National Laboratory System Ames · Argonne (NBL · CNM · APS · ATLAS · EMC) · Berkeley (ALS · MF · NCEM · NERSCC · ESN · JGI) · Brookhaven (AGS · CFN · NSLS · NSLS II · RHIC) · Fermilab (TeV) · Idaho (RESL) · JLab · Livermore (NARAC · NIF)  · Los Alamos (CINT · DARHTF) · NETL (Albany) · NREL · Oak Ridge (SNS · CNMS · HFIR · NCCS · K-25 · Y-12) · Pacific Northwest (EMSL) · PPPL (NSTX · TFTR) · SRNL · Sandia (Z) · SLAC (SSRL) Energy Department Facilities and Reservations Fernald NLO · Hanford · Nevada Test Site (Area 19 · Area 20) · NHHOR · Rocky Flats · SRS · SPR · WIPP · Yucca Mountain Independent Agency Federal Energy Regulatory Commission