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Navakar Mantra · Ahimsa · Brahmacharya · Satya · Nirvana · Asteya · Aparigraha · Anekantavada · Parasparopagraho Jīvānām | |
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Svetambara · Digambara · Svetambar Terapanth · Sthanakvasi · Bisapantha · Murtipujaka | |
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Jainism Portal |
In Jainism, a Tirthankar (तीर्थंकर: "Fordmaker or Propagator"; also Tirthankara or Jina) is a human being who achieves enlightenment (perfect knowledge) through asceticism and who then becomes a role-model teacher for those seeking spiritual guidance. A Tirthankar is a special sort of arihant, who establishes the fourfold religious order consisting of monks, nuns, laymen and laywomen after achieving omniscience. Every thirthankar revitalise the Jain order. A Tirthankar is so called because he is the founder of a "Tirth" (literally, 'ford'), a Jain community which acts as a "ford" across the "river of human misery".
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After achieving enlightenment, a Tirthankar shows others the path to enlightenment. The Tirthankar's religious teachings form the Jain canons. The inner knowledge of all Tirthankars is perfect and identical in every respect, for the teachings of one Tirthankar do not contradict those of another. However, the degree of elaboration varies according to the spiritual advancement and purity of humans during that period. The higher the spiritual advancement and purity of mind, the lower the elaboration required.
At the end of his human life-span, a Tirthankar achieves liberation ('moksh' or 'nirvan'), ending the cycle of infinite births and deaths.
Jainism posits that time has no beginning or end. It moves like the wheel of a cart. There have been an infinite number of time cycles before our present era and there will be an infinite number of time cycles after this age. As of 2010, we are exactly 2,537 years into the fifth era of the present half cycle.
Twenty four Tirthankars are born in each half cycle of time (that is forty eight in each full cycle), in this part of the universe. In the current (descending) half cycle of time, the first Tirthankar Rishabh Dev, lived sextillions of years ago and attained liberation ('moksh' or 'nirvan') towards the end of the third era. The 24th and last Tirthankar was Mahavira (599-527 BC), whose existence is a historically accepted fact. Digambaras believe that all twenty four Tirthankars were men but Svetambaras believe that the 19th Tirthankar, Mallinath, was a woman.
The next Tirthankar in our part of the universe will be born at the beginning of the third era of the next (ascending) half cycle of time, in approximately 81,500 years.
As Tirthankars direct us to enlightenment, their statues are worshipped in Jain temples by Jains aspiring to achieve enlightenment. Tirthankars are not God or gods. Jainism does not believe in the existence of God in the sense of a creator, but in gods as beings, superior to humans but, nevertheless, not fully enlightened.
Depictions of the Tirthankaras in various forms, including images and statues, are always represented as seated with their legs crossed in front, the toes of one foot resting close upon the knee of the other, and the right hand lying over the left in the lap. Only two are represented differently: that of Parsvanatha, the twenty-third, who has snake-hoods over him, and Suparsva, the seventh, whom the Digambarashas depict with a smaller group of snake-hoods.
Digambara representations are quite nude, while those of the Svetambaras are clothed and decorated with crowns and ornaments. They are further distinguished from one another in representations by their attendant Yakshas and Yakshinis, as well as by their associated chihnas or Lanchans (cognizances) carved on the cushions of their thrones.
All but two of the Jains are ascribed to the Ikshvaku family (or Kula or Kul, which in Sanskrit means "heart community" or "intentional/chosen community/family"). Munisuvrata, the twentieth, and Neminatha, the twenty-second, were of the Harivamsa race.But as per Jain cannons Rishabha the first Tirthankar was the founder of the so-called Ikshvaku kula.
All but Rishabha received diksha (consecration) and Kevalgynan (complete enlightenment) at their native places. Rishabha became a Kevalin at Purimatala, Nemi at Girnar, and Mahavira at the Rijuvaluka river. Twenty Tirthankaras achieved Nirvaan on Sammet Sikhar. However Rishabha, the first, achieved nirvana on the Kailasa Mountain of the Himalayas as per digambar canons and as per shwetambar canons he achieved nirvana on Ashtapad mount(which is no longer visibe to human eyes). Vasupujya attained nirvana at Champapuri in north Bengal; Neminatha on Mount Girnar in gujrat; and Mahavira, the last, at Pavapuri near patna in Bihar.
Twenty-one of the Tirthakaras are said to have attained Moksha in the Kayotsarga(standing mediation) posture; Rishabha, Nemi; and Mahavira on the padmasana (lotus throne poisture).
For each Arhat the particulars are given below:
Tirthankar | Heaven before birth | Birthplace; Consecration |
Parents | Complexion | Symbol | Height | Number of Years Lived | Tree | Attendant spirits |
Male disciple; Female disciple |
Place of Nirvan | Birth |
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1 Lord Rishabha (Adinath) | Sarvarthasiddha | Vinittanagari; Palitana |
Nabhiraja by Marudevi |
golden | bull or ox | 1,500 Meters | 592.704 Quintillion Years | Vata (banyan) | Gomukha and Chakresvari |
Pundarika; Brahmi |
Ashtapad (Kailasha) | |
2 Ajitnath | Vijayavimana | Ayodhya; Sammet Shikharji |
Jita['s]atru by Vijayamata |
golden | elephant | 1,350 Meters | 508.032 Quintillion Years | ['S]ala (Shorea robusta) |
Mahayaksha and Ajitabala; or Rohi[n.]i |
['S]i[.m]hasena; Phalgu |
Samet Sikhar | |
3 Sambhavanath | Uvarimagraiveka | Savathi; Sravasti |
Jitari by Senamata |
golden | horse | 1,200 Meters | 423.360 Quintillion Years | Prayala (Buchanania latifolia) |
Trimukha and Duritari; or Prajnapti |
Charu; Syama |
Samet Sikhar | |
4 Abhinandannath | Jayantavimana | Ayodhya; Sammet Shikharji |
Sambararaja by Siddhartha |
golden | monkey | 1,050 Meters | 352.8 Quintillion Years | Priyangu (Panicum italicum) |
Nayaka and Kalika; or Yakshesvara and Vajrasrinkhala |
Vajranabha; Ajita |
Samet Sikhar | |
5 Sumatinath | Jayantavimana | Ayodhya; Sammet Shikharji |
Megharaja by Mangala |
golden | curlew or red goose |
900 Meters | 282.24 Quintillion Years | Sala | Tumburu and Mahakali; or Purushadatta |
Charama; Kasyapi |
Samet Sikhar | |
6 Padmaprabha | Uvarimagraiveka | Kausambi; Sammet Shikharji |
Sridhara by Susima |
red | lotus | 750 Meters | 211.68 Quintillion Years | Chhatra | Kusuma and Syama; or Manovega or Manogupti |
Pradyotana; Rati |
Samet Sikhar | |
7 Suparshvanath | Madhyamagraiveka | Varanasi; Sammet Shikharji |
Pratish[t.]haraja by P[r.]ithvi |
golden or emerald |
swastika | 600 Meters | 141.12 Quintillion Years | Sirisha (Acacia sirisha) |
Matanga and Santa; or Varanandi and Kali |
Vidirbha; Soma |
Samet Sikhar | |
8 Chandraprabha | Vijayanta | Chandrapura; Sammet Shikharji |
Mahasenaraja by Lakshmana |
white | moon | 450 Meters | 70.56 Quintillion Years | Naga | Vijaya and Bhrikuti; or Syama or Vijaya and Jvalamalini |
Dinna; Sumana |
Samet Sikhar | |
9 Pushpadanta | Anatadevaloka | Kanandinagari; Sammet Shikharji |
Sugrivaraja by Ramarani |
white | Crocodile | 300 Meters | 14.112 Quintillion Years | Sali | Ajita and Sutaraka; or Mahakali |
Varahaka; Varuni |
Samet Sikhar | |
10 Sheetalnath | Achyutadevaloka | Bhadrapura or Bhadilapura; Sammet Shikharji |
Dridharatha-raja by Nanda |
golden | Kalpavriksha or ficus religiosa |
270 Meters | 7.056 Quintillion Years | Priyangu | Brahma and Asoka; or Manavi |
Nanda; Sujasa |
Samet Sikhar | |
11 Shreyansanath | Achyutadevaloka | Simhapuri; Sammet Shikharji |
Vishnuraja by Vishna |
golden | rhinoceros | 240 Meters | 8,400,000 Years | Tanduka | Yakshet and Manavi; or Isvara and Gauri |
Kasyapa; Dharani |
Samet Sikhar | |
12 Vasupujya | Pranatadevaloka | Champapuri; Sammet Shikharji |
Vasupujya by Jaya |
ruddy | female buffalo | 210 Meters | 7,200,000 Years | Patala (Bignonia suaveolens) |
Kumara and Chanda; or Gandhari |
Subhuma; Dharani |
Champapuri | |
13 Vimalnath | Mahasaradevaloka | Kampilyapura; Sammet Shikharji |
Kritavarmaraja by Syama |
golden | pig | 180 Meters | 6,000,000 Years | Jambu (Eugenia jambolana) |
Shanmukha and Vidita; or Vairo[t.]i) |
Mandara; Dhara |
Samet Sikhar | |
14 Anantnath | Pranatadevaloka | Ayodhya; Sammet Shikharji |
Simhasena by Suyasah or Sujasa |
golden | porcupine | 150 Meters | 3,000,000 Years | Asoka (Jonesia asoka) |
Patala and Ankusa; or Anantamati |
Jasa ; Padma |
Samet Sikhar | |
15 Dharmanath | Vijayavimana | Ratnapuri; Sammet Shikharji |
Bhanuraja by Suvrita |
golden | vajra | 135 Meters | 2,500,000 Years | Dadhiparna (Clitoria ternatea) |
Kinnara and Kandarpa; or Manasi |
Arishta; Arthasiva |
Samet Sikhar | |
16 Shantinath | Sarvarthasiddha | Gajapura or Hastinapuri; Sammet Shikharji |
Visvasena by Achira |
golden | deer | 120 Meters | 100,000 Years | Nandi (Cedrela toona) |
Garuda and Nirvani; or Kimpurusha and Mahamanasi |
Chakrayuddha; Suchi |
Samet Sikhar | |
17 Kunthunath | Sarvarthasiddha | Gajapura; Sammet Shikharji |
Suraraja by Srirani |
golden | goat | 105 Meters | 95,000 Years | Bhilaka | Gandharva and Bala; or Vijaya |
Samba; Damini |
Samet Sikhar | |
18 Aranath | Sarvarthasiddha | Gajapura; Sammet Shikharji |
Sudarsana by Devirani |
golden | fish or Pisces |
90 Meters | 84,000 Years | Amba (Mango) |
Yaksheta and Dhana; or Kendra and Ajita |
Kumbha; Rakshita |
Samet Sikhar | 16,584,980 Years Ago |
19 Mallinath | Jayantadevaloka | Mithila; Sammet Shikharji |
Kumbharaja by Prabhavati |
blue | jar or Kalasa | 75 Meters | 55,000 Years | Asoka | Kubera and Dharanapriya; or Aparajita |
Abhikshaka; Bandhumati |
Samet Sikhar | 6,584,980 Years Ago |
20 Munisuvrata | Aparajita-devaloka | Rajagriha; Sammet Shikharji |
Sumitraraja by Padmavati |
black | tortoise | 60 Meters | 30,000 Years | Champaka (Michelia champaka) |
Varuna and Naradatta; or Bahurupini |
Malli; Pushpavati |
Samet Sikhar | 1,184,980 Years Ago |
21 Nami Natha | Pranatadevaloka | Mithila; Sammet Shikharji |
Vijayaraja by Viprarani |
yellow; or emerald |
blue water-lily or blue lotus | 45 Meters | 10,000 Years | Bakula (Mimusops elengi) |
Bhrikuti and Gandhari; or Chamundi |
Subha; Anila |
Samet Sikhar | 584,979 Years Ago |
22 Neminatha | Aparajita | Sauripura and Ujjinta (Ujjain); Mount Girnar (Girnarji) |
Samudravijaya by Sivadevi |
black | conch | 30 Meters | 1,000 Years | Vetasa | Gomedha and Ambika; or Sarvahna and Kushmandini |
Varadatta; Yakshadinna |
Mount Girnar | 3228 BCE |
23 Parshva | Pranatadevaloka | Varanasi; Sammet Shikharji |
Asvasenaraja by Vamadevi |
blue | snake | 7.7142852 Feet | 100 Years | Dhataki (Grislea tomentosa) |
Parsvayaksha or Dharanendra and Padmavati |
Aryadinna; Pushpachu[d.]a |
Samet Sikhar | 877 BCE |
24 Mahavira | Pranatadevaloka | Kundagrama or kshatriyakund ; Rijubalika |
Siddhartharaja, Sreyansa or Yasasvin by Trisala Vidchadinna or Priyakarini |
yellow | lion | 6 Feet | 72 Years | teak | Matanga and Siddhayika |
Indrabhuti; Chandrabala |
Pava Puri | 599 BCE |
The total length of the lifespans of all 24 Tirthankar's combined equals 2.603672 Sextillion years.
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