Tarpan

Tarpan
The only known photo of a live Tarpan, published in 1884
Conservation status

Extinct (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Equidae
Genus: Equus
Subgenus: Equus
Species: E. ferus
Subspecies: E. f. ferus
Trinomial name
Equus ferus ferus
Boddaert, 1785
Synonyms

equiferus Pallas, 1811
gmelini Antonius, 1912
sylvestris Brincken, 1826
 silvaticus Vetulani, 1928.
tarpan Pidoplichko, 1951

Tarpan (Equus ferus ferus, also known as Eurasian wild horse) is an extinct subspecies of wild horse. The last individual of this subspecies died in captivity in Russia in 1909.

Beginning in the 1930s, several attempts have been made to re-create the tarpan through selective breeding (see Breeding back). The breeds that resulted included the Heck horse, the Hegardt or Stroebel's horse, and a derivation of the Konik breed - all of which resembled the original tarpan, particularly in having the grullo coat color of the tarpan.

Contents

Name and etymology

The name "tarpan" or "tarpani" is from a Turkic language (Kyrgyz or Kazakh) name meaning "wild horse".[1][2] The Tatars and Cossacks distinguished the wild horse from the feral horse; the latter was called Takja or Muzin.[3][4]

Taxonomy

1883 drawing

The tarpan was first described by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1774; he had seen the animals in 1769 in the region of Bobrovsk, near Voronezh. In 1784 Pieter Boddaert named the species Equus ferus, referring to Gmelin's description. Unaware of Boddaert's name, Otto Antonius published the name Equus gmelini in 1912, again referring to Gmelin's description. Since Antonius' name refers to the same description as Boddaert's it is a junior objective synonym. It is now thought that the domesticated horse, named Equus caballus by Linnaeus in 1758, is descended from the tarpan; indeed, many taxonomists consider them to belong to the same species. By a strict application of the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the Tarpan ought to be named E. caballus, or if considered a subspecies, E. caballus ferus. However, biologists have generally ignored the letter of the rule and used E. ferus for the Tarpan to avoid confusion with its domesticated cousins.

In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming E. ferus for the Tarpan. Taxonomists who consider the domestic horse a subspecies of the wild Tarpan should use Equus ferus caballus; the name Equus caballus remains available for the domestic horse where it is considered to be a separate species.[5]

History

The Tarpan is a prehistoric wild horse type that ranged from Southern France and Spain east to central Russia. There are cave drawings of what are believed to be Tarpans in France and Spain, as well as artifacts believed to show the species in southern Russia, where Scythian nomads domesticated a horse of this type around 3000 BC.[6]

The Tarpan horse died out in the wild between 1875 and 1890, when the last known wild mare was accidentally killed during an attempt at capture. The last captive Tarpan died in 1909 in a Russian zoo.[7] An attempt was made by the Polish government to save the Tarpan type by establishing a preserve for animals descended from the Tarpan in a forested area in Bialowieza. These descendents are today sometimes referred to as the Polish primitive horse.[6]

Recreation of type

Heck horse in Haselünne, Germany (2004)

Three attempts have been made to re-create the Tarpan. In the early 1930s, Berlin Zoo Director Lutz Heck and Heinz Heck of the Munich Zoo began a program that by the 1960s produced the Heck horse. In 1936, Polish university professor Tadeusz Vetulani began a program using Konik horses, and in the mid-1960s Harry Hegard started a program in the United States using feral mustangs and local working ranch horses that has resulted in the Hegardt or Stroebel's Horse. None of the breeding programs were completely successful, although all three resulted in horses with many similarities to the Tarpan.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged - Tarpan
  2. ↑ Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary - Tarpan
  3. ↑ Boyd, Lee; Houpt, Katherine A. (1994). Przewalski's Horse: The History and Biology of an Endangered Species. SUNY Series in Endangered Species. Albany State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-1890-1. 
  4. ↑ Smith, Charles Hamilton (1841/1866). The Natural History of Horses, with Memoir of Gesner. http://books.google.com/books?id=xykBAAAAQAAJ. 
  5. ↑ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003). Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). "Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved." Bulletin of Zoologic Nomenclature, 60:81-84.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Tarpan". Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University. http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/tarpan/. Retrieved 2008-10-07. 
  7. ↑ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). "Equines: Natural History". In Dohner, Janet Vorwald. Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds. Topeka, KS: Yale University Press. pp. 300. ISBN 978-0300088809. 
  8. ↑ The Extinction Website. "Equus ferus ferus". Recently Extinct Animals. The Extinction Website. http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/tarpan.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 

See also

External links

Species and hybrids of genus Equus, both extant and extinct
Species
Equus africanus · (Equus africanus asinus) · Equus burchelli · †Equus complicatus · †Equus conversidens · †Equus crinidens · †Equus cumminsii · †Equus excelsus · Equus ferus (†Equus ferus ferus, Equus ferus przewalskii · Equus ferus caballus) · †Equus francisci · †Equus fraternus · †Equus giganteus · Equus grevyi · Equus hemionus · †Equus hydruntinus · Equus kiang · †Equus lambei · †Equus namadicus · †Equus niobrarensis · †Equus occidentalis · †Equus pacificus · †Equus parastylidens · †Equus pectinatus · Equus quagga (†Equus quagga quagga) · †Equus scotti · †Equus simplicidens · †Equus sivalensis · †Equus stenonis · †Equus yunnanensis · Equus zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae, Equus zebra zebra)
Hybrids
Hinny · Mule · Zebroid
Evolution
Equidae · Equus · Evolution of the horse · Wild horse  · Domestication of the horse