Cestoda
| Cestoda | |
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| Scolex of Taenia solium | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Subkingdom: | Eumetazoa |
| (unranked): | Bilateria |
| Superphylum: | Platyzoa |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Class: | Cestoda |
| Orders | |
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Subclass Cestodaria:
Subclass Eucestoda:
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Cestoda (Cestoidea) is the name given to a class of parasitic flatworms, commonly called tapeworms, of the phylum Platyhelminthes. Its members live in the digestive tract of vertebrates as adults, and often in the bodies of various animals as juveniles. Over a thousand species have been described, and all vertebrate species can be parasitised by at least one species of tapeworm. Several species parasitise humans after being consumed in underprepared meat such as pork (T. solium), beef (T. saginata), fish (Diphyllobothrium spp.), poor hygiene (Hymenolepis spp. or Echinococcus spp.).
T. saginata, the beef tapeworm, can grow up to 12 m (40 ft); other species may grow to over 30 m (100 ft).[1]
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Anatomy
Scolex
The worm's scolex ("head") attaches to the intestine of the definitive host. In some species, the scolex is dominated by bothria (tentacles), which are sometimes called "sucking grooves", and function like suction cups. Other species have hooks and suckers that aid in attachment. Cyclophyllid cestodes can be identified by the presence of four suckers on their scolex.
Once anchored to the host's intestinal wall, the tapeworm absorbs nutrients through its skin as the food being digested by the host flows past it and it begins to grow a long tail, with each segment containing an independent digestive system and reproductive tract. Older segments are pushed toward the tip of the tail as new segments are produced by the neckpiece. By the time a segment has reached the end of the tail, only the reproductive tract is left. It then drops off, carrying the tapeworm eggs to the next host.[2]
While the scolex is often the most distinctive part of an adult tapeworm, it is often unnoticed in a clinical setting as it is inside the patient. Thus, identifying eggs and proglottids in feces is important.
Body systems
The main nerve centre of a cestode is a cerebral ganglion in its scolex. Motor and sensory innervation depends on the number and complexity of the scolex. Smaller nerves emanate from the commissures to supply the general body muscular and sensory ending. The cirrus and vagina are innervated, and sensory endings around the genital pore are more plentiful than other areas. Sensory function includes both tactoreception and chemoreception. Some nerves are only temporary. These are in the proglottids, and stop working with a detach.
Proglottids
The body is composed of successive segments (proglottids). The sum of the proglottids is called a strobila, which is thin, and resembles a strip of tape. From this is derived the common name "tapeworm". Like some other flatworms, cestodes use flame cells (protonephridia), located in the proglottids, for excretion. Mature proglottids are released from the tapeworm's posterior end and leave the host in feces.
Because each proglottid contains the male and female reproductive structures, they can reproduce independently. Some biologists have suggested that each should be considered a single organism, and that the tapeworm is actually a colony of proglottids.
The layout of proglottids comes in two forms, craspedote, meaning proglottids are overlapped by the previous proglottid, and acraspedote which indicates a non-overlapping conjoined proglottid.
Reproduction and life cycle
True tapeworms are exclusively hermaphrodites; they have both male and female reproductive systems in their bodies. The reproductive system includes one or many testes, cirrus, vas deferens and seminal vesicle as male organs, and a single lobed or unlobed ovary with the connecting oviduct and uterus as female organs. There is a common external opening for both male and female reproductive systems, known as genital pore, which is situated at the surface opening of the cup-shaped atrium.[3][4] Even though they are sexually hermaphroditic, self-fertilization is a rare phenomenon. In order to permit hybridization, cross-fertilization between two individuals is often practiced for reproduction. During copulation, the cirrus one individual connects with that of the other through the genital pore, and then exchange their spermatozoa.
The life cycle of tapeworms is simple in the sense that there are no asexual phases as in other flatworms, but complicated in that at least one intermediate host is required as well as the definitive host. This life cycle pattern has been a crucial criterion for assessing evolution among Platyhelminthes.[5] Many tapeworms have a two-phase life cycle with two types of host. The adult Taenia saginata lives in the gut of a primate such as a human. Proglottids leave the body through the anus and fall onto the ground, where they may be eaten with grass by animals such as cows. In the cow's body, the juvenile form migrates and establishes as a cyst in body tissues such as muscles, rather than the gut; they cause more damage to this host than the intestinal form to its host. The parasite completes its life cycle when the grass-eater is eaten by a compatible carnivore—possibly a human with a preference for raw meat—in whose gut the adult Taenia establishes itself.[6]
See also
- List of parasites of humans
Footnotes
- ↑ "The Persistent Parasites". Time Magazine (Time Inc). 1957-04-08. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809356-1,00.html.
- ↑ http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_tapeworm.html
- ↑ Cheng TC (1986). General Parasitology (2nd edn). Academic Press, Division of Hardcourt Brace & Company, USA, pp. 402-416. ISBN 0121707552
- ↑ McDougald LR (2003). Cestodes and trematodes. In: Diseases of Poultry, 11th edn (YM Saif, HJ Barnes, AM Fadly, JR Glisson, LR McDougald & DE Swayne, eds). Iowa State Press, USA, pp. 396-404. ISBN 0813807182
- ↑ Llewellyn J (1987). "Phylogenetic inference from platyhelminth life-cycle stages". Int J Parasitol. 17 (1): 281–89. doi:10.1016/0020-7519(87)90051-8.
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/tapeworm/DS00659/DSECTION=risk-factors
References
- Campbell, Reece, and Mitchell, Biology, 1999
- Merck Manual of Medication Information, Second Home Edition, Online Version, Tapeworm Infection 2005
- Mayo Clinic Website on infectious diseases, Mayo Clinic - Tapeworm Infection, 2006
- Medline Plus - Taeniasis (tapeworm infection)
- University of South Carolina - School of Medicine - CESTODES (TAPE WORMS)
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
External links
- Cestoda knol [1]
- How Disgusting are Tapeworms? Article from TalktotheVet.com
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