Sword

Swiss longsword, 15th or 16th century

A sword is a long, edged piece of forged metal, used in many civilizations throughout the world, primarily as a cutting or thrusting weapon and occasionally for clubbing. The word sword comes from the Old English sweord, cognate to Old High German swert, Middle Dutch swaert, icelandic sverð (cf.Danish sværd, Norwegian sverd, Swedish svärd) Old Frisian and Old Saxon swerd and Modern Dutch zwaard and German Schwert, from a Proto-Indo-European root *swer- "to wound, to cut".^[1]

A sword fundamentally consists of a blade and a hilt, typically with one or two edges for striking and cutting, and a point for thrusting. The basic intent and physics of swordsmanship have remained fairly constant through the centuries, but the actual techniques vary among cultures and periods as a result of the differences in blade design and purpose. Unlike the bow or spear, the sword is a purely military weapon, and this has made it symbolic of warfare or naked state power in many cultures. The names given to many swords in mythology, literature, and history reflect the high prestige of the weapon.

History

Bronze Age

The sword developed from the dagger when the construction of longer blades became possible, from the late 3rd millennium BC in the middle-east, first in arsenic copper, then in tin-bronze. The oldest sword-like weapons are found at Arslantepe, Turkey, and date to around 3300 BC. It's however believed that these are longer daggers, and not the first ancestors of swords. Swords longer than 60 cm were rare and not practical during the Bronze Age as at longer lengths the tensile strength of bronze starts to decrease radically, which means such long swords would bend easily. It was not until the development of stronger alloys such as steel , and improved heat treatment processess that longswords became practical for combat.

The hilt, either from organic materials or bronze (the latter often highly decorated with spiral patterns, for example), at first simply allowed a firm grip and prevented the hand from slipping onto the blade when executing a thrust or the sword slipping out of the hand in a cut. Some of the early swords typically had small and slender blades intended for thrusting. Later swords were broader and were both cutting and thrusting weapons. A typical variant for European swords is the leaf-shaped blade, which was most common in North-West Europe at the end of the Bronze Age, in the UK and Ireland in particular. The Naue Type II Swords which spread from Southern Europe into the Mediterranean, have been linked by Robert Drews with the Late Bronze Age collapse.^[2]

Sword production in China is attested from the Bronze Age Shang Dynasty. The technology for bronze swords reached its high point during the Warring States period and Qin Dynasty. Amongst the Warring States period swords, some unique technologies were used, such as casting high tin edges over softer, lower tin cores, or the application of diamond shaped patterns on the blade (see sword of Goujian). Also unique for Chinese bronzes is the consistent use of high tin bronze (17-21% tin) which is very hard and breaks if stressed too far, whereas other cultures preferred lower tin bronze (usually 10%), which bends if stressed too far. Although iron swords were made alongside bronze, it wasn't until the early Han period that iron completely replaced bronze.

The earliest available Bronze age swords of copper discovered from the Harappan sites in present-day Pakistan that date back to 2300 BC. Swords have been recovered in archaeological findings throughout the Ganges-Jamuna Doab region of India, consisting of bronze but more commonly copper.^[3] Diverse specimens have been discovered in Fatehgarh, where there are several varieties of hilt.^[3] These swords have been variously dated to times between 1700-1400 BC, but were probably used more notably in the opening centuries of the 1st millennium BC.^[3]

Not every culture that used bronze also developed swords. For example, the steppe tribes preferred short daggers (the akinakes). In South America, bronze was used by the Incas, and although the concept of the sword was known in the form of wooden swords with stone edges (the macahuitl), they did not develop bronze swords.

Iron Age

Iron swords became increasingly common from the 13th century BC. The Hittites, the Mycenaean Greeks, and the Proto-Celtic Hallstatt culture (8th century BC) figured among the early users of iron swords. Iron has the advantage of mass-production due to the wider availability of the raw material. Early iron swords were not comparable to later steel blades. The iron was not quench-hardened although often containing sufficient carbon, but work-hardened like bronze by hammering. This made them comparable or only slightly better in terms of strength and hardness to bronze swords. They could still bend during use rather than spring back into shape. But the easier production, and the better availability of the raw material for the first time permitted the equipment of entire armies with metal weapons, though Bronze Age Egyptian armies were at times fully equipped with bronze weapons.

By the time of Classical Antiquity and the Parthian and Sassanid Empires in Iran, iron swords were common. The Greek xiphos and the Roman gladius are typical examples of the type, measuring some 60 to 70 cm. The late Roman Empire introduced the longer spatha (the term for its wielder, spatharius, became a court rank in Constantinople), and from this time, the term longsword is applied to swords comparatively long for their respective periods.

Chinese steel swords made their appearance from the 3rd century BC Qin Dynasty. The Chinese Dao (刀 pinyin dāo) is single-edged, sometimes translated as sabre or broadsword, and the Jian (劍or剑 pinyin jiàn) double-edged.

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mentions swords of Indian iron and steel being exported from India to Greece.^[4] Sri Lankan and Indian Blades made of Damascus steel also found their way into Persia.^[4]

Middle Ages

The sword was a very advanced weapon and was used by many men in the attack. The spatha type remained popular throughout the Migration period and well into the Middle Ages. Vendel Age spathas were decorated with Germanic artwork (not unlike the Germanic bracteates fashioned after Roman coins). The Viking Age saw again a more standardized production, but the basic design remained indebted to the spatha.

Battle scene from the Morgan Bible of Louis IX showing 13th century swords

Around the 10th century, the use of properly quenched hardened and tempered steel started to become much more common than in previous periods. The Frankish Ulfberht blades (the name of the maker inlaid in the blade) were of particularly consistent high quality. Charles the Bald tried to prohibit the export of these swords, as they were used by Vikings in raids against the Franks. Wootz steel which is also known as Damascus steel was a unique and highly prized steel developed on the Indian subcontinent as early as the 5th century BC. Its properties were unique due to the special smelting and reworking of the steel creating networks of iron carbides described as a globular cementite in a matrix of pearlite. In Sri Lanka a unique wind furnace was used to produce the steel, the unique design produced better quality steel. This gave the blade a very hard cutting edge and beautiful patterns. For these reasons it became a very popular trading material. The use of Damascus steel in swords became extremely popular in the 16th and 17th centuries.^[5][6]

It was only from the 11th century that Norman swords began to develop the quillons or crossguard. During the Crusades of the 12th to 13th century, this cruciform type of arming sword remained essentially stable, with variations mainly concerning the shape of the pommel. These swords were designed as cutting weapons, although effective points were becoming common to counter improvements in armour.

As steel technology improved, single-edged weapons became popular throughout Asia. Derived from the Chinese Jian or dao, the Korean hwandudaedo are known from the early medieval Three Kingdoms. Production of the Japanese tachi, a precursor to the katana, is recorded from ca. 900 AD (see Japanese sword).

The swords manufactured in Indian workshops find mention in the writing of Muhammad al-Idrisi.^[7]

Japan was famous for the swords it forged in the early 13th century for the class of warrior-nobility known as the samurai. A samurai's primary weapon was the katana, which was used for infantry. Other infantry swords included: wakizashi (shorter companion sword for katana), nodachi, kubikiri, tanto and hachiwara. Cavalry swords were the tachi and ancient tachi. Temple swords included the one-handed tachi and ken.

Late Middle Ages and Renaissance

From around 1300 to 1500, in concert with improved armour, innovative sword designs evolved more and more rapidly. The main transition was the lengthening of the grip, allowing two-handed use, and a longer blade. By 1400, this type of sword, at the time called langes Schwert (longsword) or spadone, was common, and a number of 15th and 16th century Fechtbücher offering instructions on their use survive. Another variant was the specialized armour-piercing swords of the estoc type. The longsword became popular due to its extreme reach and cutting and thrusting abilities. The estoc became popular because of its ability to thrust into the gaps between plates of armor. The grip was sometimes wrapped in wire or coarse animal hide to provide a better grip and to make it harder to knock a sword out of the user's hand.

A number of manuscripts covering longsword combat and techniques dating from the 13th-16th centuries exist in German, Italian, and English, providing extensive information on longsword combatives as used throughout this period. Many of these are now readily available online.

In the 16th century, the large zweihander was used by the elite German mercenaries known as doppelsoldners. Zweihander, literally translated, means two-hander. The zweihander possesses a long, flambard blade, as well as a huge guard for protection. It is estimated that some doppelsoldner swords were over 6 feet long. The gigantic blade length was not just for decoration; it was perfectly designed for manipulating and pushing away enemy pole-arms, which were major weapons around this time, in both Germany and Eastern Europe. Doppelsoldners also used katzbalgers, which means 'cat-gutter'. The katzbalger's S-shaped guard and 2-foot-long (0.61 m) blade made it perfect for bringing in when the fighting became too close to use a zweihander.

The Japanese katana reached the height of its development at about this time. In the 15th and 16th centuries, samurai increasingly found a need for a sword to use in closer quarters, leading to the creation of the modern katana. The katana is also associated with the Japanese samurai.

The sword in this time period was the most personal weapon, the most prestigious, and the most versatile for close combat, but it came to decline in military use as technology changed warfare. However, it maintained a key role in civilian self-defense.

Modern age

Samurai with sword, ca. 1860

British Major Jack Churchill (far right) leads a training exercise, sword in hand, from a Eureka boat in World War II.

Some think the rapier evolved from the Spanish espada ropera in the 16th century. The rapier differed from most earlier swords in that it was not a military weapon but a primarily civilian sword. Both the rapier and the Italian schiavona developed the crossguard into a basket-shaped guard for hand protection. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the shorter smallsword became an essential fashion accessory in European countries and the New World, and most wealthy men and military officers carried one. Both the smallsword and the rapier remained popular dueling swords well into the 18th century.

As the wearing of swords fell out of fashion, canes took their place in a gentleman's wardrobe. This developed to the gentlemen in the Victorian era to use the umbrella. Some examples of canes—those known as sword canes or swordsticks—incorporate a concealed blade. The French martial art la canne developed to fight with canes and swordsticks and has now evolved into a sport. The English martial art singlestick is very similar. William and Mary professor Michael Anthony Young has written that the Swedish sports "svärdsmann" became popular as swords fell out of style.

Towards the end of its useful life, the sword served more as a weapon of self-defense than for use on the battlefield, and the military importance of swords steadily decreased during the Modern Age. Even as a personal sidearm, the sword began to lose its preeminence in the early 19th century, paralleling the development of reliable handguns.

The hilt of the 18th century smallsword used by Captain John Paul Schott in the American Revolutionary War.

Swords continued in use, but were increasingly limited to military commissioned officers' and non-commissioned officers' ceremonial uniforms, although most armies retained heavy cavalry until well after World War I. For example, the British Army formally adopted a completely new design of cavalry sword in 1908, almost the last change in British Army weapons before the outbreak of the war. The last units of British heavy cavalry switched to using armoured vehicles as late as 1938. Swords and other dedicated melee weapons were used occasionally by many countries during World War II, but typically as a secondary weapon as they were outclassed by coexisting firearms.

The production of replicas of historical swords originates with 19th century historicism. Contemporary replicas can range from cheap factory produced look-alikes to exact recreations of individual artifacts, including an approximation of the historical production methods. Most high quality swords (replicas) may be found in lands that first adapted to the idea of this weapon, or which later improved it. Today, the sword is only used as a weapon by old, traditional groups such as the Pope`s Swiss Guard.

Terminology

Hilt of a sword

Full Sword in scabbard

The sword consists of the blade and the hilt. The term scabbard applies to the cover for the sword blade when not in use.

Blade

Three types of attacks can be performed with the blade: striking, cutting, and thrusting. The blade can be double-edged or single-edged, the latter often having a secondary "false edge" near the tip.

The blade may have grooves known as fullers for lightening the blade while allowing it to retain its strength and stiffness, similar to the effect produced by a steel I-beam used in construction. The blade may taper more or less sharply towards a point, used for thrusting. The part of the blade between the Center of Percussion (CoP) and the point is called the foible (weak) of the blade, and that between the Center of Balance (CoB) and the hilt is the forte (strong). The section in between the CoP and the CoB is the middle. The ricasso or shoulder identifies a short section of blade immediately forward of the guard that is left completely unsharpened, and can be gripped with a finger to increase tip control. Many swords have no ricasso. On some large weapons, such as the German Zweihänder, a metal cover surrounded the ricasso, and a swordsman might grip it in one hand to wield the weapon more easily in close-quarter combat. The ricasso normally bears the maker's mark. On Japanese blades this mark appears on the tang (part of the blade that extends into the hilt) under the grip.

• In the case of a rat-tail tang, the maker welds a thin rod to the end of the blade at the crossguard; this rod goes through the grip (in 20th century and later construction). This occurs most commonly in decorative replicas, or cheap sword replicas. Traditional sword-making does not use this construction method, which does not serve for traditional sword usage as the sword can easily break at the welding point.
• In traditional construction, the swordsmith forged the tang as a part of the sword rather than welding it on. Traditional tangs go through the grip: this gives much more durability than a rat-tail tang. Swordsmiths peened such tangs over the end of the pommel, or occasionally welded the hilt furniture to the tang and threaded the end for screwing on a pommel. This style is often referred to as a "narrow" or "hidden" tang. Modern, less traditional, replicas often feature a threaded pommel or a pommel nut which holds the hilt together and allows dismantling.
• In a "full" tang (most commonly used in knives and machetes), the tang has about the same width as the blade, and is generally the same shape as the grip. In European or Asian swords sold today, many advertised "full" tangs may actually involve a forged rat-tail tang.

At the base of the blade, a flap of leather could be attached to a sword's crossguard, the Chappe which serves to protect the mouth of the scabbard and prevent water from entering. It is also called a Rain Guard.

From the 18th century onwards, swords intended for slashing, i.e., with blades ground to a sharpened edge, have been curved with the radius of curvature equal to the distance from the swordman's body at which it was to be used. This allowed the blade to have a sawing effect rather than simply delivering a heavy cut. European swords, intended for use at arm's length, had a radius of curvature of around a meter. Middle Eastern swords, intended for use with the arm bent, had a smaller radius.

Hilt

The hilt is the collective term of the parts allowing the handling and control of the blade, consisting of the grip, the pommel, and a simple or elaborate guard, which in post-Viking Age swords could consist of only a crossguard (called cruciform hilt or quillons). The pommel, in addition to improving the sword's balance and grip, can also be used as a blunt instrument at close range. It may also have a sword knot or Tassel.

The tang consists of the extension of the blade structure through the hilt.

Accessories

Common accessories to the sword include the scabbard, as well as the sword belt.

• Scabbard: The scabbard is a protective cover often provided for the sword blade. Over the millennia, scabbards have been made of many materials, including leather, wood, and metals such as brass or steel. The metal fitting where the blade enters the leather or metal scabbard is called the throat, which is often part of a larger scabbard mount, or locket, that bears a carrying ring or stud to facilitate wearing the sword. The blade's point in leather scabbards is usually protected by a metal tip, or chape, which on both leather and metal scabbards is often given further protection from wear by an extension called a drag, or shoe.

• Sword belt: The sword belt is a belt with an attachment for the sword, used to carry it when not in use. It is usually fixed to the scabbard of the sword, providing a fast means of drawing the sword in battle. Examples of sword belts include the Balteus used by the Roman legionary.

Typology

Swords can fall into categories of varying scope. The main distinguishing characteristics include blade shape (cross-section, taper, and length), shape and size of hilt and pommel, age, and place of origin.

For any other type than listed below, and even for uses other than as a weapon, see the article Sword-like object.

Single-edged and double-edged swords

As noted above, the terms longsword, broad sword, great sword, and Gaelic claymore are used relative to the era under consideration, and each term designates a particular type of sword.

In most of Asian countries, sword (jian 劍, geom (검), ken/tsurugi, pedang) is double-edged straight bladed weapon, while knife or saber (dāo 刀, do (도), to/katana, pisau, golok) refers to a single-edged one. In Sikh history the sword is held in very high esteem. A Single-edged sword is called Kirpan, and double-edged is called a Khanda or Tega.

Europeans also frequently refer to their own single-edged weapons as swords —generically backswords, including sabres. Other terms include falchion, scimitar, cutlass, dussack, Messer or mortuary sword. Many of these refer to essentially identical weapons, and the different names may relate to their use in different countries at different times. A machete as a tool resembles such a single-edged sword and serves to cut through thick vegetation, and indeed many of the terms listed above describe weapons that originated as farmers' tools used on the battlefield.

Single-handed

Aztec Warrior holding a Macahuitl, a sword that is wooden but has obsidian shards in the blade.

• Bronze Age swords, length ca. 60 cm, leaf shaped blade.
• Iron Age swords like the xiphos, gladius and jian 劍, similar in shape to their Bronze Age predecessors.
• Spatha, measuring ca. 80–90 cm. similar to the Viking sword
• The classical arming sword of Medieval Europe, measuring up to ca. 110 cm.
• The late medieval Swiss baselard and the Renaissance Italian cinquedea and German Katzbalger essentially re-introduce the functionality of the spatha, coinciding with the strong cultural movement to emulate the Classical world.
• The cut & thrust swords of the Renaissance, similar to the older arming sword but balanced for increased thrusting.
• The Turkish blade; yatagan ( Yatağan in Turkish) used from 16th Century to 19th century.
• The Turkish kilij
• Light dueling swords, like the rapier and the smallsword, in use from Early Modern times.
• The Japanese short sword, or wakizashi
• The ida of the Yoruba tribe of West Africa. It can also be regarded as a two-handed sword.
• The Indian tulwar or Kirpan.
• The Arabian Saif, the similar Persian shamshir.
• The East Indian kris, with a wavy double-edged blade.
• The Filipino itak, (image) used by pre-Spanish Filipinos or Austronesians as a primary weapon.
• The Kampilan, another Philippine sword recognized for its fearsome look with double pointed blade and widens from hilt to tip.
• The Korean Hwandudaedo (Hwando), a sword with a short handle and a ring-shaped pommel and a wire grip.
• The Aztec Macahuitl, a wooden sword using obsidian shards in the blade (although there was a 2 handed variant).

Two-handed

Katana of the 16th or 17th century, with its saya.

• The Japanese samurai sword, the katana, tachi, odachi or nodachi
• The Indian khanda or Tega
• The longsword (and bastard sword/hand-and-a-half sword) of the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
• The 16th century Doppelhänder or Zweihänder (German for "double-hander" or "two-hander").
• The Chinese anti-cavalry sword, zhanmadao of the Song Dynasty.
• The Scottish Highland claymore, (Scottish Gaelic claidheamh mór "great sword"); in use until the 18th century.

The Scabbard can also be called a sheath.

Punishment devices

Swords can be used to administer various physical punishments: to perform either non-surgical amputation or capital punishment by decapitation. The use of the sword, an honorable weapon, was regarded as privilege by military men about to be executed. In Scandinavia, beheading was the traditional means of capital punishment, noblemen were beheaded with a sword and commoners with an axe.

Similarly paddle-like sword-like devices for physical punishment are used in Asia, in western terms for paddling or caning, depending whether the implement is flat or round. The shinai, a practice sword, is also used in Japan as a spanking implement, particularly in esteemed private extracurricular schools.^[8]

Famous swords

In Japanese mythology, Inari and her Kitsune (fox spirits) help the blacksmith Munechika forge the blade kogitsune-maru (Little Fox) in the late 10th century. This legend is the subject of the noh drama Sanjo Kokaji.

A sword on the Flag of the City of London.

A sword on the Flag of Saudi Arabia.

Apart from the aforementioned types of symbolic swords, the following individually named swords are noteworthy:

Swords in History

• Zulfiqar - Sword of the Muslim Prophet Muhammad, Ali ibn Abu Talib and later Husayn ibn Ali in the Battle of Karbala.
• Curtana, or Sword of Mercy, or Edward the Confessor's Sword, is a symbolically broken sword that is part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. The sword has a blade cut off short and square, indicating thereby the quality of the mercy of the sovereign.
• Jewelled Sword of Offering, Sword of King George IV of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1820–1830), is the only sword actually presented to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom during the Coronation and is part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom.
• Sword of Goujian, a historical artifact from the Spring and Autumn Period.
• Honjo Masamune, Sword of the Tokugawa shogunate, a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603.
• Seven-Branched Sword, which Wa received from Baekje.
• Sword of Muhammad XII, Sword of the last Moorish Sultan in Spain.
• Tizona, El Cid's personal sword which exists to this day in Spain as a national treasure.
• Colada, the other sword of El Cid.
• Lobera, the sword of the king Saint Ferdinand III of Castile
• Szczerbiec, the coronation sword of the kings of Poland
• The Wallace Sword, a large Scottish Claymore alleged to have been used by famous Scottish patriot and knight William Wallace, when leading the resistance against England in the late 13th century.
• Sword of Tippu Sultan
• Bhavani Talwar i.e. Sword of Chatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhonsale of Maratha Kingdom, India.
• Nitta Yoshisada, a famous Samurai, offered his gold-mounted sword to Ryūjin for permission to let his army pass through the surf. Later, he used a shorter sword to cut off his own head, when hopelessly exposed to enemies.

Swords of myth and legend

• Attila the Hun's sword, which was claimed to be the sword of Mars, the Roman god of war.
• Bhawani (Sword) - The Sword given to Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj by Goddess Tuljabhavani.
• Caladbolg - Sword of Fergus mac Róich
• Chandrahas - The Sword given to Ravana by Lord Shiva.
• Claíomh Solais - Sword of Nuada Airgeadlámh, legendary king of Ireland
• Crocea Mors - Sword of Julius Caesar
• Curtana - Sword of Ogier the Dane, a legendary Danish hero, and a paladin of Charlemagne
• Durendal - Sword of Roland, one of Charlemagne's paladins—alleged to be the same sword as the one wielded by Hector of Ilium
• Durendal - A sword that belonged to Hector of Ilium
• Excalibur/Caliburn/Caledflwch - Sword of King Arthur
• Fragarach - Sword of Manannan mac Lir and Lugh Lamfada
• Gram (Balmung) (Nothung) - Sword of Siegfried, hero of the Nibelungenlied
• Hauteclere - Sword of Olivier, a French hero depicted in the Song of Roland
• Heaven's Will/The Will of Heaven/Thuan Thien/Thuận Thiên. Sword of Vietnamese King Le Loi
• Hrunting - Sword lent to Beowulf by Unferth, ineffective against Grendel's mother
• Joyeuse - Sword of Charlemagne
• Totsuka no Tsurugi - The sword Susanoo used to slay the Yamata no Orochi.
• Kusanagi - Sword that Susanoo found in the dead body of the Yamata no Orochi. It is one of three Imperial Regalia of Japan, and also known as Ama-no-Murakumo-no-Tsurugi (天叢雲剣^?).
• Laevateinn - Sword that Surtr will use to bring down the dome of heaven at Ragnarök.
• Mimung - Sword that Wudga inherits from his father Wayland the Smith
• Lobera, the sword of the king Saint Ferdinand III of Castile
• Móralltach, the mythical greatsword of the Celtic god Aéngus
• Naegling - Sword of Beowulf in his old age, used to fight the dragon
• Philippan - Sword given to Marc Antony by Cleopatra. Antony lost the sword when he was defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium.
• Shamshir-e Zomorrodnegar - Sword of King Solomon(in Persian folklore)
• Taming Sari - The Kris belonging to the Malay warrior Hang Tuah of the Malacca Sultanate.
• Tyrfing - Cursed sword that causes eventual death to its wielder and their kin, it is said to bring about three great evils.
• Melethling - Said to be the magical embodiment of love and courageousness.

Swords of modern fiction

• The Lightsaber is a sword concept featured in the Star Wars universe. The lightsaber is a sword made of a contained laser. Its popularity has inspired similar laser based swords to have been used in other works of science fiction media.
• The Vorpal blade is a sword from the poem "Jabberwocky". It has since been adapted into modern media as a type of magic sword that makes appearances in unrelated fictional works. Similar magical swords have become common in fantasy literature, games, and art, but this particular sword has had its name mentioned in many varied works from various writers.
• Rhindon is Peter Pevensie's sword from The Chronicles of Narnia, by C.S. Lewis.
• Anduril is Aragorn's sword from The Lord of the Rings, By J.R.R. Tolkien

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See also

Graphical documentation of the Szczerbiec, a sword that was traditionally used in the coronation ceremony of Polish kings, 12th/13th century.

• Types of swords
• Swordsmanship
  • Historical European Martial Arts
    • German school of swordsmanship
    • Italian school of swordsmanship
  • Chinese martial arts
  • Eskrima (Filipino Martial Arts)
  • Fencing
  • Gatka (Indian/Sikh Martial Arts)
  • Krabi Krabong (Thailand Martial Arts)
  • Banshay (Burmese Martial Arts)
  • Silat (Indonesian, Malay Martial Arts)
  • Kenjutsu
• sword-like objects
  • macuahuitl
• Knight
• Oakeshott typology
• Waster
• Sword making
• List of sword manufacturers
• Sword of Damocles
• Mameluke sword
• Order of the Sword (Sweden)

Notes

References

• Allchin, F.R. in South Asian Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Held in Paris (December 1979) edited by J.E.van Lohuizen-de Leeuw. Brill Academic Publishers, Incorporated. 106-118. ISBN 9004059962.
• Prasad, Prakash Chandra (2003). Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 8170170532.
• Edgerton; et al. (2002). Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0486422291.
• Withers, Harvey J S; World Swords 1400 - 1945, Studio Jupiter Military Publishing (2006). ISBN 095491011.

Further reading

• Kao Ch'ü-hsün (1959/60). "THE CHING LU SHRINES OF HAN SWORD WORSHIP IN HSIUNG NU RELIGION." Central Asiatic Journal 5, 1959–60, pp. 221–232.

External links

• Featured articles relating to the sword at myArmoury.com
• How Were Swords Really Made? by John Clements (ARMA)
• Japanese Sword Arts FAQ
• Medieval Sword Resource Site (vikingsword.com)
• Japanese Samurai Swords
• SwordWiki.org