Alfredo Stroessner
| Alfredo Stroessner | |
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46th President of Paraguay
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| In office August 15, 1954 – February 3, 1989 |
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| Preceded by | Tomás Romero Interim President |
| Succeeded by | Andrés Rodríguez |
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| Born | November 3, 1912 Encarnación, Paraguay |
| Died | August 16, 2006 (aged 93) Brasília, Brazil |
| Nationality | Paraguayan |
| Political party | Colorado Party |
| Spouse(s) | Eligia Mora[1] |
Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda, whose name is also spelled Strössner or Strößner (November 3, 1912, Encarnación - August 16, 2006, Brasília) was a Paraguayan military officer and dictator from 1954 to 1989. His regime is notable for its length, surpassed in the 20th century only by that of Fidel Castro of Cuba (1959 - 2008), Enver Hoxha of Albania (1944 - 1985), Francisco Franco of Spain (1939 -1975), António de Oliveira Salazar of Portugal (1932 - 1968), Todor Zhivkov of Bulgaria (March 4, 1954 – November 10, 1989), and Kim Il-sung of North Korea (1948 - 1994).
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Early life
Stroessner's parents were Hugo Strößner, who emigrated from Hof, Bavaria, Germany, and worked as an accountant for a brewery, and Heriberta Matiauda, who grew up in a wealthy Paraguayan family. He joined the Paraguayan army in 1929, becoming a lieutenant in 1931. During the Chaco War against Bolivia (1932-1935) he enlisted as an artillery cadet and fought in the battle of Boquerón. After the war, he rose steadily in rank and eventually became a brigadier and the youngest general officer in South America in 1948.
Presidency
Stroessner objected to President Federico Chávez' plans to arm the national police and threw him out of office in a coup d'état on May 4, 1954. After a brief interim presidency by Tomás Romero, Stroessner was the only candidate in a special election on July 11 to complete Chávez' term. He was reelected eight times—in 1958, 1963, 1968, 1973, 1978, 1983, and 1988. He appeared alone on the ballot in 1958. In his other elections, he won by implausibly high margins (well over 80 percent in many cases). He served for 35 years, with only Fidel Castro having a longer tenure among 20th century Latin American leaders.
Soon after taking office, Stroessner declared a state of siege and suspended constitutional freedoms. It was renewed every 90 days for the rest of his term, and was only lifted during elections. A devoted anti-Communist, he justified this action as a necessary tool to protect the country. Stroessner's strong anti-communism made him a friend to United States interests for most of his rule.
As leader of the Colorado Party, Stroessner exercised nearly complete control over the nation's political scene. Although opposition parties were nominally permitted after 1962 (the Colorado Party had been the only legal party in the country since 1947), Paraguay remained for all intents and purposes a one-party state. Elections were so heavily rigged in favor of the Colorados that the opposition had no realistic chance of winning, and opposition figures were subjected to varying degrees of harassment.
While Stroessner's rule saw more stability than any living Paraguayan had ever known, it came at a high cost. The government's human rights record was considered particularly poor. Stroessner supported the U.S. invasion of Dominican Republic.[2] and even offered to send troops to support the U.S. in Vietnam.[3]
His regime is also blamed for torture, kidnappings and corruption, of which the "terror archives", discovered in 1992 in Lambaré suburb of Asunción, gave proof; he did not dispute charges of corruption at some levels in his government.[4] He did become more tolerant of opposition as the years passed, but there was no change in the regime's basic character.
Strong Paraguayan-U.S. relations continued until the Carter Administration emphasized a foreign policy that recognized human rights abuses. The Reagan Administration boycotted the country as well.[5]
During Stroessner's rule, no Communist nations had embassies in Paraguay, with the sole exception of non-aligned Yugoslavia.[6] He was respected for his success in repaying loans granted to the Paraguayan government by the World Bank and other institutions.
Stroessner, an energetic leader, began his day at 4 a.m. by giving orders from his bed and going to work in the government palace no later than 6 a.m. Although he took a three-hour break at mid-day, Stroessner reportedly worked until 1 a.m. He never took holidays off work while President.
Stroessner made many state visits, including to Emperor Hirohito of Japan, President Lyndon Johnson of the United States, President Charles de Gaulle of France, to South Africa[7] and several visits to West Germany, although over the years his relations with West Germany deteriorated. Since he had always been known as pro-German, this worsening of relations, combined with his feeling that the U.S. had abandoned him, were regarded as personal blows to Stroessner.
It is assumed that the Roman Catholic Church is the only reason Stroessner did not have absolute control over the country.[8] After the destruction of Asunción University in 1972 by police, the Archbishop of Paraguay Ismael Rolón Silvero excommunicated the minister of the interior and the chief of police, and proscribed the celebration of Holy Mass in a sign of protest against the Stroessner regime. When Pope John Paul II visited Paraguay in 1988, his visit bolstered what was already a robust anti-Stroessner movement within the country.[9]
Economics
Stroessner was known for several positive economic policies, including the building of the largest hydroelectric power plant in the world in Itaipu, developing Paraguay's economy: although Paraguay received only 15% of the contracts, it was a major factor allowing the country to have the highest rate of growth in Latin America for most of the 1970s.[10]
Stroessner also dedicated large proportions of the Paraguayan national budget to the military and police apparatus, both fundamental to the maintenance of the regime. According to a 1963 article from Time magazine, Stroessner spent 33% of the 1962 annual budget on army and police, 15% for education, and 2% for public works.[11]
Furthermore the construction of the Itaipu Dam, as well as the subsequently built Yacyretá Dam on the Paraguay-Argentina Border, displaced thousands of Paraguayans, pushing them from their home, often without any restitution. The Itaipu Dam displaced at least 80,000 Paraguayans, and the Yacyretá will have displaced at least that many by December 2008.
Stroessner was also known for many infrastructure projects that improved the country's highway system. Another programme that Stroessner supported was the granting of twenty hectares of arable lands for a nominal price to any soldier who completed military service, provided that the soldier would use the land for farming purposes. Over 10,000 soldiers took up this offer.
Downfall
On February 3, 1989, only a few months after being elected to his ninth full term, Stroessner was ousted by a coup d'état led by General Andrés Rodríguez, who had been his friend and comrade-in-arms for many years. The bonds between the Stroessner and Rodríguez families included the marriage of Stroessner's son to Rodríguez' daughter. After the coup, Stroessner fled to Brazil, where he lived in exile for the next seventeen and a half years.
The eastern city Puerto Flor de Lis, which had been renamed Puerto Presidente Stroessner in his honor, in 1989 was again renamed Ciudad del Este. Asuncion's airport had been named after him during his regime, but was later renamed Silvio Pettirossi International Airport.
Paraguayans remain divided on Stroessner and his controversial legacy. Many feel a strong sense of distaste toward him, perceiving him as a corrupt, authoritarian dictator. Those who defend his legacy cite the political stability and economic progress that prevailed under his rule.
Stroessner died on August 16, 2006, in Brasília, at the age of 93. The immediate cause of death was a stroke. He had been suffering from pneumonia after undergoing a hernia operation.[12] The Paraguayan government preemptively dismissed any suggestions for honoring the late president within Paraguay.[13] He tried to manage a return to Paraguay before his death, so he could die in his homeland, but he was rebuked and threatened with arrest by the government.
By coincidence, on the very day of his death, the "Museum of Memory" was opened at the place where Stroessner's Dirección Nacional de Asuntos Técnicos (better known as 'la Técnica') operated its clandestine torture centre from 1956.[14]
Footnotes
- ↑ The Guardian: "General Alfredo Stroessner - Dictator who mastered the fixing of elections and made Paraguay a smugglers' paradise"
- ↑ Paraguay: A Country Study, "International Factors and the Economy"
- ↑ Washington Post Obituary: "Alfredo Stroessner; Paraguayan Dictator"
- ↑ Servihoo.com: "Stroessner, among South America's longest-serving dictators, dies"
- ↑ Paraguay: A Country Study, "The United States"
- ↑ Paraguay: A Country Study, "Foreign Relations"
- ↑ "General South African History Timelines" 1970s sahistory.orgza Accessed on June 13, 2008.
- ↑ Paraguay: A Country Study, "Interest Groups: The Roman Catholic Church"
- ↑ New York Sun Obituaries: "Alfredo Stroessner, 93, Old-Style Military Dictator of Paraguay"
- ↑ The Economist Obituary: Alfredo Stroessner
- ↑ Dictator by Popular Request, TIME Magazine, February 22, 1963
- ↑ MSNBC.com: "Ex-Paraguayan dictator Stroessner dies at 93"
- ↑ BBC: "Ex-Paraguayan ruler dies in exile"
- ↑ Stroessner's Death Closes Dark Chapter of History, by Raúl Pierri
External links
- Obituary at BBC News
- Paraguay's archive of terror
- The Presidential Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower Official letter to President Stroessner (1959)
- Paraguay seeks Stroessner return
- Obituary in The Guardian
- Alfredo Stroessner, 93, Old-Style Military Dictator of Paraguay
- Obituary in The Economist
- New York Times: Stroessner, Paraguay’s Enduring Dictator, Dies
- Gen. Alfredo Stroessner, Colorful Dictator of Paraguay for 35 Years, Dies in Exile at 93
Sources
- Paraguay Under Stroessner, by Paul H. Lewis
- Stroessner Era: Authoritarian Rule in Paraguay by Carlos R. Miranda
| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by Tomás Romero |
President of Paraguay 1954–1989 |
Succeeded by Andrés Rodríguez |
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