Ivano-Frankivsk

Ivano-Frankivsk
Івано-Франківськ
Ivano-Frankivsk old town

Flag
Coat of arms
Map of Ukraine with Ivano-Frankivsk highlighted.
Ivano-Frankivsk is located in Ukraine
Ivano-Frankivsk
Map of Ukraine with Ivano-Frankivsk highlighted.
Coordinates:
Country
Oblast
Raion		  Ukraine
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Ivano-Frankivsk City Municipality
Founded 1650
City rights 1662
Government
 - Mayor Viktor Anushkevychus (UPP)
Area
 - Total 83.73 km2 (32.3 sq mi)
Elevation 244 m (801 ft)
Population (2009)
 - Total 240,768
 - Density 2,752/km2 (7,127.6/sq mi)
Postal code 76000
Area code(s) +380 342
Sister cities Tomaszów
Website www.mvk.if.ua

Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukrainian: Івано-Франківськ; formerly Stanyslaviv[1] or Stanisławów see below) is a historic city located in southwestern Ukraine.[2] It is the administrative centre of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province), and is designated as its own separate raion (district) within the oblast.

Contents

Name

The city was founded as Stanisławów in 1650. In 1772 it was transliterated in German as Stanislau when it was part of Austro-Hungary. From 1919 until the Soviet invasion of 1939 the city's original name was returned. Prior to 1962, the city was known in Ukrainian as Stanyslaviv (Ukrainian: Станиславів; Polish: Stanisławów; Russian: Станиславов, Станислав; German: Stanislau; Yiddish: סטאַניסלאוו. In 1962, it was renamed to honour the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko. Due to the city's over-sized name unofficially it sometimes is being called simply as Franyk[3] by its residents.

Name change

History

Establishment

The city, named Stanyslaviv (Stanisławów), was erected as a fortress to protect the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from Tatar invasions and to reinforce the region in case of some other Khmelnytsky Uprising would occur. It was built on the site of the village of Zabolotiv, which had been known since 1435.[4] The village and the land around it were purchased by Stanisław Rewera Potocki from another Polish nobleman Rzeczkowski. The area was utilised for recreation, in and particular hunting. The city's name was later coined by the Stanisław's son, Polish nobleman Andrzej Potocki commemorating it to his father.[2][5]

Andrzej received the Magdeburg rights for his city from the hands of Jan Casimir in 1662. The first architect of the Stanisławow castle was from Avignon, Francisco Corasini at the time when Andrzej initiated the redesigning of the Zabolotiv village into the city of Stanislav in 1650. The city had two main gates which were known as the Halytska gate and Tysmenytska gate. The alternative names were Lvivska and Kamianetska respectively. The names were given for the direction in which they were facing. There was one more smaller gate known as Armenian or Zabolocki. Also a new large fortified Potocki palace was erected in the place of older smaller wooden one. Today this building serves as the military hospital. In the same year Jews were granted rights of permanent settlement and permission to engage in work and commerce as "residents among the Polish-Ruthenian and Armenian nation", as well as "rights to leave the city at will".[6] In 1666 the city's first town hall (or ‘ratusha’) was erected and built out of wood.[7] Soon afterwards, when in 1672 the Turks conquered the fortress of Kamianets-Podilskyi, Stanyslaviv, together with Halych, became strongholds against Turkish forces. It was attacked and besieged in 1676, but the Turks did not manage to capture and pillage the city. However, Stanyslaviv was so badly destroyed that in 1677 the Sejm in Warsaw relieved the city of its tax duties.

Prior to 20th century

Ivano-Frankiwsk Synagogue, view from Adam Mickewicz Square
Former Church of Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic Cathedral)
The Armenian church, also known as the Blue Church
Church of the Holy Resurrection, locally known as Katedra

In 18–19 centuries the city flourished and became a mojor manufacturing and trading centre of Poland.[2] Jews were permitted to build houses for themselves on the "Street of the Jews" (which then was by the flood bank).[8] Later, the fortress also successfully withstood attacks by Turkish and Russian forces. Extensively rebuilt during the Renaissance, it was sometimes called Little Leopolis.[9] The city was also an important centre of Armenian culture in Poland, with an Armenian church, in which a painting of Mary was kept. The painting was in 1945 moved to Gdansk.

In 1772, after the Partitions of Poland it became a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and successively of the autonomous Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Under Austrian rule, Jews played quite an important role in civic affairs. Two well known families left their imprint at that time on the economic and communal life of Stanisławów at that time. The Horowitz family, who from the year 1784 held positions on the Rabbinate of Stanisławów, and the Halpern family, who were well-to-do, and were known for charitable deeds, communal work, and economic development. In 1848 in the city was established the Rus Council (Ukrainian: Руська рада) and was formed the National Guard. In 1866 the city was connected to the railway network. At around that time series of plants and factories were built. On September 28, 1868 Stanisławów experienced a major disaster. The city was engulfed in a major fire which destroyed the third of the city and completely destroyed the market place of the town. The city required a major renovation and was almost completely rebuilt.[10][11] Dr. Arthur Nemhein was the mayor of the city from 1897 to 1919, but was later fired by Polish authorities in 1919 for cooperating with Ukrainian separatists. In the elections to the Austrian parliament of 1907, Dr. Marcus Braude, a Zionist delegate, gained the majority of votes.[12] During World War I, the front-line was for some time in the area of the city, Russians and Austro-Hungarian forces fought several battles in Stanisławów and its vicinity. In 1917 Russian forces burned the central districts during the Kerensky Offensive.

Start of 20th century

In October 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) was proclaimed.[13]

From January to May 1919 it was the capital of the West Ukrainian National Republic. The same year it was subjected to Polish–Ukrainian skirmishes, and it eventually was annexed by Poland as part of the Second Polish Republic as the capital of the Stanisławów Voivodship. It was occupied by the Romanian army between May 25 and August 21, 1919.

During the Polish-Soviet War in 1920, the Red Army took over the city for a brief period. After the Soviet retreat, Ukrainian troops loyal to Symon Petlura occupied the city for a few days. At this period of history the city was in complete disorder.[14]

According to the 1931 Polish census there were 198,400 residents in the Stanisławów county (159 per square kilometre, the area of the county was 1,249 km2 (482 sq mi)). Among them there were 120,214 Poles, 49,032 Ukrainians, and 26,996 Jews.[15] The population of the city itself was as follows: 27,000 in 1900, 28,200 in 1921 and 60,000 in 1931 (70,000 together with the suburb of Knihinin or Knjagynyn, which was in the 1930s a separate commune). During the interbellum period, Stanisławów was a large military base for the Polish Army, with two major units stationed there – 11th Infantry Division and Podolska Cavalry Brigade.

In the 1939 invasion of Poland by German and Soviet forces, the territory was captured by the Soviets in September 1939 and included into the Ukrainian SSR. Between September 1939 and June 1941, the Soviet regime ordered thousands of inhabitants of the city to leave their houses and move to Siberia, where most of them perished. Numerous people were taken out of the city prison and simply shot outside of the city when Soviet forces were leaving it in 1941.

Nazi occupation

There were more than 40,000 Jews in Stanisławów when it was occupied by the Nazi Germany on July 26, 1941. During the occupation (1941–44), more than 600 educated Poles and most of the city's Jewish population were murdered.[16]

On August 1, 1941, Galicia became the fifth district of the General Government. On October 12, 1941, later called "Blutsonntag" ("Bloody Sunday"), thousands of Jews were gathered on the market square; then the Nazi forces escorted them to the Jewish cemetery, where mass graves had already been prepared. On the way the escort beat and tortured the Jews. At the cemetery the Jews were forced to give away their valuables and show their papers. The men of the Security Police (Sicherheitspolizei; SiPo) then started mass shootings, assisted by members of the German Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) and the railroad police. The German Police ordered the Jews to strip naked in groups and then proceed to the graves where they were shot. They fell into the grave or were ordered to jump in before being shot. The Security forces shot between 8,000 and 12,000 Jews on that day.[17]

On August 8–9, 1941, the Security Police commanded by Hans Krüger with the help of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police arrested several members of the Polish Intelligentsia (mainly teachers, professors). At night around 14th on August 15, they were transported to a place near the city, named the Black Forest and executed. The number of victims is unknown, but some have estimated around 200.[18]

Up to July 1942 most killings were carried out in Rudolf's Mill, and from August onward in the courtyard of the SiPo headquarters. On August 22, 1942, the Nazi held a "reprisal Aktion" for the murder of a Ukrainian, which they blamed on a Jew. More than 1,000 Jews were shot. German policemen raped Jewish girls and women before taking them to the courtyard of the SiPo headquarters.

About 11,000 Jews were still living in Stanisławów when the next Aktion took place. On February 22 or 23, 1943, Brandt, who had succeeded Hans Krüger as SS-Hauptsturmführer, ordered the police forces to surround the ghetto—initiating the final liquidation. Four days after the beginning of the Aktion, the German policemen put up posters announcing that Stanisławów was ‘Judenfrei’ or ‘free of Jews’. At this time 27 members of the UPA were shot by the Nazi government in the centre of the city. During the Nazi occupation around 100,000 inhabitants of the city were killed in total.

Jehovah's Witnesses also lived in a Jewish ghetto. When they learned that the Nazis planned to execute all Jews in the city, they organised an escape for a woman of Jewish origin and her two daughters who later became Witnesses. Risking their own lives, the Witnesses hid these Jewish sisters throughout the entire period of the war[19].

When the Soviet army reached Stanisławów on July 27, 1944, there were about 100 Jews remaining in the city who had survived by hiding. In total about 1,500 Jews from Stanisławów survived the war.

A formal indictment against Hans Krüger was issued in October 1965, after six years of investigations by the Dortmund State Prosecutor's Office. On May 6, 1968, the Münster State Court sentenced him to life imprisonment. He was released in 1986.

In Vienna and Salzburg there were other trial proceedings against members of the Schupo and the Gestapo in Stanisławów in 1966.[16]

Recent history

Ivano-Frankivsk's Ratusha

Beginning in 1944 it was a part of the Soviet Union. The Soviets forced most of the Polish population to leave the city, most of them settled in the Recovered Territories. As part of Ukraine, it gained its independence in August 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union. In 1958 the adjacent village of Pasichna was annexed to the city. Today it is being referred to as a city's locality. In few years (1962) the village of Opryshivtsi was added to the city.

In 1962 the name was changed to honour Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko.[20] Five years later the Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas was established.

In the early 1990s the city was a strong centre of the Ukrainian independence movement.

In 2002, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) called a move by the city council to honour Nazi war veterans, of the SS Galicia division whom the head of the SS, Himmler, congratulated in May 1944 for having cleansed Ukraine of all its Jews as "fighters for independence," inexcusable and "profoundly insulting."[21] In 1986, a Commission of Inquiry on War Criminals in Canada (consisting of Canadian federal government authorities and the Canadian Jewish Congress), reviewed possible deportation of certain members of the regiment from Canada, and determined that the SS Galicia regiment should not be indicted by the Commission for war crimes, and that charges of war crimes by the Division had never been substantiated.[22]

Timeline

• Pre–1772: Stanisławów, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (within the Kingdom of Poland),

• 1772–1809: Stanislau, Austrian Monarchy (within the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria),

• 1809–1815: Stanislav, Russian Empire,

• 1815–1918: Stanislau, Austrian Empire, then Austria–Hungary,

• November 1918 – May 1919: Stanyslaviv, West Ukrainian National Republic,

• May 1919 – September 1939: Stanisławów, Poland, capital of the Stanisławów Voivodship,

• October 1939 – June 1941: Stanyslaviv, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic,

• July 1941 – August 1944: Stanislau, capital of the Stanislau Kreis, Distrikt Galizien, Generalgouvernement,

• August 1944–1991: Stanyslaviv, (renamed in 1962: Ivano-Frankovsk), province capital, Ukrainian SSR,

• Post–1991: Ivano-Frankivsk, independent Ukraine.

Climate and Geography

The city is situated in the Carpathian region, approximately 120 metres (390 ft) above mean sea level.[23] As is the case with most of Ukraine, the climate is moderate continental with warm summers, and fairly cold winters.

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Ave. high °C (°F) -3 (31) -1 (33) 6 (43) 12 (54) 18 (65) 20 (69) 22 (72) 22 (72) 18 (66) 12 (55) 5 (42) 1 (35) 11 (53)
Ave. low °C (°F) -6 (20) -6 (21) -1 (29) 3 (38) 8 (47) 11 (53) 13 (56) 12 (54) 9 (49) 3 (39) 4 (31) -4 (24) 3 (39)
Source: Weatherbase[24]

Administration

City's Council

The city's council currently consists of 60 deputies. The political representation of the V convocation by political bloks was elected as such: Our Ukraine 22 (Our Ukraine 9, Rukh 8, United Centre 1, Industrialists and Entrepreneurs 2, no affiliation 2), BYuT 17 (Batkivschyna 14, USDP 2, no affiliation 1), Ukrainian People's Party 14 (UPP 3, CUN 1, United Centre 3, Sobor 1, no affiliation 6), Party of Regions 4 (Party of Regions 3, no affiliation 1), PORA 3 (PORA 2, no affiliation 1).

City Mayors

Administrative division

There are five villages (selo) that are part of the municipality (similar to suburbs): Vovchynets, Krykhivtsi, Mykytyntsi, Uhornyky, and Khryplyn.[25] Each village has its own village council with following numbers of representatives: Vovchynets (21), Krykhivtsi (21), Mykytyntsi (20), Uhornyky (20), and Khryplyn (16). According to the Ukrainian Census (2001), the population of the municipality is 230,443 (including the adjacent villages), while the number of the city's residents is 215,288.

Ivano-Frankivsk does not have city raions, although there are several localities that are worth of mentioning. Among many there are such as Positron (Завод Позітрон), Pasichna (Пасічна), Ratusha (Ратуша), Market (Базар), Valy (Вали), Brativ Maidanskykh or onto Brothers (На братів Майданських), Obizdna (Об'їздна), Naberezhna (Набережна), and others.

Population and demographics

Historical populations
Year Pop.  %±
1732 3,300 —
1792 5,448 65.1%
1849 11,000 101.9%
1869* 14,786 34.4%
1880 18,626 26.0%
1900* 27,012 45.0%
1910* 29,850 10.5%
1914 64,000 114.4%
1921 51,391 −19.7%
1931 60,626 18.0%

Note: Historical population record is taken out of Ivano-Frankivsk portal (Ukrainian). With asterisk there are identified years of approximate data. In XVIII century differentiation among Poles and Ukrainians was conducted on the religious backgrounds.

1732 Population
  • Slavs – 1,518
  • Jews – 1,420
  • Armenians – 333
  • not known – 29
1792 Population
  • Slavs – 2,526
  • Jews – 2,412
  • Armenians – 510
1869 Population
  • Jews – 8,088
  • Poles – 4,221
  • Ukrainians – 2,236
  • others – 186
  • Armenians – 55
1880 Population
  • Jews – 10,023
  • Poles – 5,584
  • Ukrainians – 2,794
  • Germans – 135
  • Armenians – 90
1900 Population
  • Jews – 13,826
  • Poles – 8,334
  • Ukrainians – 4,606
  • Germans – 149
  • Armenians – 58
  • Czech – 39
1910 Population
  • Jews – 15,161
  • Poles – 9,065
  • Ukrainians – 5,624
1921 Population
  • Poles – 21,581
  • Jews – 20,208
  • Ukrainians – 8,441
  • Germans – 1,076
  • others – 74
  • Czech – 11

Architecture

The Market Square in Ivano-Frankivsk

Education

The city has 25 public schools of general education for grades 1 through 11. Aside of them there are some privately owned schools and lyceums. The city also has several professional public institutes.

Universities

The city has six universities, the Ivano-Frankivsk Institute of Management that is a local campus of the Ternopil National Economic University, and the Ivano-Frankivsk Institute of Management and Economics "Halytska Akademia". All of those universities are state funded.

  1. Prykarpattia National University of Vasyl Stefanyk
  2. Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (University of Oil and Gas)
  3. Ivano-Frankivsk State Medical University
  4. Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law of the King Danylo Halytsky
  5. Ivano-Frankivsk Theological Academy of Greek-Catholic Church
  6. West-Ukrainian University of Economics and Law

Sports

Ivano-Frankivsk is home to a number of sports teams. Most notably it was home to the football club FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk. The club is currently reorganized into the youth football academy Spartak-93 and competes at the Children-Youth Football League of Ukraine. The former president of Spartak Anatoliy Revutskiy reorganized the local university (University of Nafty i Hazu) team into the new "FSK Prykarpattia" with support of the city mayor Anushkevichus. That team currently plays in the Ukrainian First League. Previously during the interbellum period the city was home to another football club that was based on the local Polish garrison and was called Rewera Stanisławów. That club competed at the regional level that has evolved at that period.

The city also is the home to a hockey team, HC Vatra Ivano-Frankivsk, that competes in the Ukrainian Major Hockey League and a futsal team, PFC Urahan Ivano-Frankivsk, that competes in the Ukrainian Major Futsal League. Those clubs were established in the recent times.

Ivano-Frankivsk is also the hometown of Ukrainian gymnasts one of them Dariya Zgoba who won gold on the Uneven Bars in the 2007 European Championships as well as a finalist on the Beijing Olympics and another - Yana Demyanchuk, who won gold on the balance beam at the 2009 European Championships.

Football Clubs

Basketball Clubs

Rugby Clubs

Hockey Clubs

Stadiums

Transportation

Ivano-Frankivsk Railway Station

The city of Ivano-Frankivsk has an extensive network of the city public transportation including buses, trolleybuses, taxicab service of different kind. There are four routes for trolleybuses and about 20 routes for regular buses. Some of the routes run outside of the city into the near adjacent villages.

There is one rail station locally known as Vokzal. It is part of Lviv Railways. The station also provides several inter-cities bus routes, including sometimes international as well.

There is the Ivano-Frankivsk International Airport that obtained its international status in 1992. The airport shares its property with the 114 Brigade of Ukrainian Air Force. Since 2002 the airport was leased as a public property to the private enterprise "Yavson" and from 2005 the Public limited company "Naftokhimik Prykarpattia" (subsidiary of Ukrnafta) with whom the contract expires in 2013.

Streets

Full list of renamed streets (Ukrainian)

All names that in the least way remind of the city's Soviet or Russian past are renamed into either their former names, nationally historic, or any neutral name. For example, Gagarin street was renamed back to Vovchynets street (connects the city with its suburb), Suvorov street is now Harbar street, of course, Soviet street is now Nezalezhnist street (Independence), and there are many other streets that were renamed (around 100). Some of the name changes might bring smile to people who are familiar with the history of the city and Ukraine. The city also has names that for whatever reason might seem to be offensive to ones who still honor the Soviet regime.

Routes

The city of Ivano-Frankivsk is located on the intersection of three major national (Ukraine) routes: H18, H09, and H10. There also is one important regional route T09-06. All the H-routes eventually connect to E50.

Intersection of Halych Street (into the picture) and Sichovi Striltsi Street (to the right) view in the north direction.

Places of interest

A part of the Nezalezhnosti street called stometrivka
City emblem during the I Polish Republic
City emblem during the II Polish Republic

The mentioned composition is well seen on the top picture. The Armenian church there has blue domes.

Notable people

  • Eliezer Adler, the founder of the Jewish Community in Gateshead, England
  • Svetlana Alexievich, Belarusian journalist and writer
  • Vasyl Bayurak, leader of the rebellion (1745–54), companion of Oleksa Dovbush, publicly executed in the city in 1754
  • Arthur F. Burns, American-Jewish politician
  • Zbigniew Cybulski, Polish actor
  • Yana Demyanchuk, Ukrainian Gymnast and 2009 European Champion on Balance Beam
  • Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski (1881–1942) Polish general, politician and diplomat
  • Albin Dunajewski, Roman Catholic cardinal
  • Feliks Falk, Polish film director
  • Moses Horowitz, playwright and actor of Yiddish theatre
  • Alfred Johann Theophil Jansa von Tannenau, Austrian general
  • GreenJolly, Ukrainian rap band
  • Manfred H. Lachs, Polish diplomat and British jurist [26]
  • František Kriegel, Czechoslovak politician
  • Anna Seniuk, Polish actress
  • Klemens Stefan Sielecki, Polish engineer and technical director of Fablok
  • Daniel Passent, Polish journalist
  • Mikhail Prusak, Russian politician
  • Simon Seinfeld – Jerry Seinfeld's paternal grandfather[27]
  • Denys Sichynskyi, Ukrainian composer (1865–1909)
  • Stanisław Sosabowski, Polish general
  • Vasyl Velychkovsky, blessed bishop of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church
  • Vasyl Virastyuk, Ukrainian strongman athlete 2004 World's Strongest Man
  • Alexander Wagner, Polish chess theoretician
  • Józef Potocki, son of the founder of the city
  • Stanislav Shcherbatykh (Tryzuby Stas), a representative of the Ukrainian humorous original songs, bard

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Ivano-Frankivsk is twinned with 18 cities:[28]

See also

References

Bibliography

Notes

  1. ↑ The Sad End of the Orange Revolution, Der Spiegel (January 14, 2010)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "The City of Ivano-Frankivsk". sbedif.if.ua. http://www.sbedif.if.ua/city/src/city.en.htm. Retrieved March 7, 2010. 
  3. ↑ Informational portal of the Region (Ukrainian)
  4. ↑ [1] – The castle of Stanislaviv
  5. ↑ Sadok Barącz „Pamiątki miasta Stanisławowa", Lwów 1858, s. 11
  6. ↑ Jewish Genealogy – The Jewish Settlement from its Inception until 1772
  7. ↑ The city's Ratusha (Ukrainian)
  8. ↑ Jewish Genealogy – The Jewish Settlement from its Inception until 1772
  9. ↑ Travel Ivano-Frankivsk
  10. ↑ The city's Ratusha
  11. ↑ The city's fire
  12. ↑ Jewish Genealogy – The Era of Austrian Rule (1772–1918)
  13. ↑ Toronto Ukrainian Genealogy Group – History of Galicia
  14. ↑ Jewish Genealogy – Between the Two World Wars
  15. ↑ "1931 gus Census". Kresy.co.uk. http://www.kresy.co.uk/1931_gus.html. Retrieved May 5, 2009. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 yadvashem.org
  17. ↑ Holocaust Encyclopedia – Stanisławów
  18. ↑ Tadeusz Kamiński, The Black Forest Secret, Cracow 2000
  19. ↑ 2002 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses. — N.Y.:Watchtower, 2001. — P. 143.
  20. ↑ From the History of Ivano-Frankivsk
  21. ↑ Anti-Defamation League – Ukranian Move to Honour Nazi War Veterans 'Profoundly Insulting'
  22. ↑ infoukes.com
  23. ↑ "UKRAINE : general data". Populstat.info. http://www.populstat.info/Europe/ukraineg.htm. Retrieved May 5, 2009. 
  24. ↑ "Historical Weather for Ivano-Frankivsk". Weatherbase. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=062533&refer=. Retrieved March 15, 2007. 
  25. ↑ Administrative division of Ukraine (Ukrainian)
  26. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica
  27. ↑ Jerry Seinfeld, Documented Comedian, With Roots in Ellis Island – NYTimes.com
  28. ↑ 28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 28.10 28.11 28.12 28.13 28.14 28.15 28.16 28.17 "Офіційний сайт міста Івано-Франківська" (in Ukrainian). mvk.if.ua. http://www.mvk.if.ua/news/4114/. Retrieved March 7, 2010. 
  29. ↑ "Побратимские связи г. Бреста" (in Russian). city.brest.by. http://city.brest.by/article_in.php?id=1464&tc=26&tc2=31. Retrieved March 8, 2010. 
  30. ↑ Побратимские связи г. Бреста.
  31. ↑ "Rybnik Official Website – Twin Towns". Flag of the United Kingdom.svg(in English) © 2008 Urząd Miasta Rybnika, ul. Bolesława Chrobrego 2, 44–200 Rybnik. http://www.rybnik.pl/index.php?id=324. Retrieved November 1, 2008. 
  32. ↑ "Opole Official Website – Twin Towns". Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of Poland.svg (in English and Polish) © 2007–2009 Urząd Miasta Opola. http://www.opole.pl/miasto/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=20&Itemid=108. Retrieved June 18, 2009. 
  33. ↑ "Serwis informacyjny UM Rzeszów – Informacja o współpracy Rzeszowa z miastami partnerskimi". www.rzeszow.pl. http://www.rzeszow.pl/wspolpraca-miedzynarodowa/informacja-o-wspolpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi/668,informacja-o-wsp-lpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi.html. Retrieved February 2, 2010. 
  34. ↑ "Zielona Góra – Partner Cities". © 2008 Urzędu Miasta Zielona Góra.. http://www.zielona-gora.pl/umzg/index.php?id=1111&lng=pl. Retrieved December 7, 2008. 

External links

Subdivisions of Ivano-Frankivsk Municipality
Administrative Center
Ivano-Frankivsk
City (1)
Ivano-Frankivsk
Villages (5)
Khryplyn · Krykhivtsi · Mykytyntsi · Uhornyky · Vovchynets
 
Administrative divisions of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine
Administrative center:  Ivano-Frankivsk
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Cities with special status
Autonomous Republic
Administrative centers
Cherkasy · Chernihiv · Chernivtsi · Dnipropetrovsk · Donetsk · Ivano-Frankivsk · Kharkiv · Kherson · Khmelnytskyi · Kiev · Kirovohrad · Luhansk · Lutsk · Lviv · Mykolaiv · Odessa · Poltava · Rivne · Sevastopol · Simferopol · Sumy · Ternopil · Uzhhorod · Vinnytsia · Zaporizhia · Zhytomyr
Historical Capitals of Rus', Ukrainian states and states on Ukrainian soil1
Kievan Rus'
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
Volodymyr  · Halych  · Lviv
Cossack Hetmanate
Chyhyryn  · Baturyn  · Hlukhiv
Grand Duchy of Rus'
Ukrainian states after Russian Empire and before Ukrainian SSR
West Ukrainian People's Republic
Ukrainian People's Republic
Kiev (1917–1920)
Ukrainian Soviet Republic (ru)
Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
Ukrainian SSR (since 1917), independent Ukraine (since 1991)
Ukrainian SSR (part of the SU 1922-91), Ukraine
Kharkiv (1919-1934)  · Kiev (since 1934)
Footnotes:
1Meaning (Cossack) states on the territory of current Ukraine