Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk

UH-60 Black Hawk
A UH-60L Black Hawk flies a low-level mission over Iraq in 2004.
Role Utility helicopter
Manufacturer Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation
First flight 29 November 1974
Introduced 1979
Status Active service
Primary users United States Army
Republic of Korea Army
Colombian Armed Forces
Turkish Armed Forces
Produced 1974–present
Number built 2,400 > 2,600
Unit cost US$14 million (2008)
Variants SH-60 Seahawk
HH-60 Pave Hawk
HH-60 Jayhawk
Sikorsky S-70

The UH-60 Black Hawk is a four-bladed, twin-engine, medium-lift utility helicopter manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft. Sikorsky submitted the S-70 design for the United States Army's Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS) competition in 1972. The Army designated the prototype as the YUH-60A and selected the Black Hawk as the winner of the program in 1976, after a fly-off competition with the Boeing Vertol YUH-61. The UH-60A entered service with the Army in 1979, to replace the UH-1 Iroquois as the Army's tactical transport helicopter.

Contents

Development

In the late 1960s, the United States Army began forming requirements for a helicopter to replace the UH-1 Iroquois, and designated the program as the Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS). The Army also initiated the development of a new, common turbine engine for its helicopters that would become the General Electric T700. Based on experience in Vietnam, the Army required significant performance, survivability and reliability improvements from both UTTAS and the new powerplant.[1] The Army released its UTTAS request for proposals (RFP) in January 1972.[2] The RFP also included air transport requirements. Transport aboard the C-130 limited the UTTAS cabin height and length.[3]

Four prototypes were constructed, with the first YUH-60A flying in October 1974. Prior to delivery of the prototypes to the US Army, a preliminary evaluation was conducted in November 1975 to ensure the aircraft could be operated safely during all testing.[4] Three of the prototypes were delivered to the Army in March 1976, for evaluation against the rival Boeing-Vertol design, the YUH-61A, and one was kept by Sikorsky for internal research. The Army selected the UH-60 for production in December 1976. Deliveries of the UH-60A to the Army began in October 1978 and the helicopter entered service in June 1979.[5]

Further developments

UH-60s equipped with M240 machine guns near An Najaf, Iraq in May 2005.

After entering service, the helicopter was modified for new missions and roles, including mine laying and medical evacuation. An EH-60 variant was developed to conduct electronic warfare and special operations aviation developed the MH-60 variant to support its missions.[6]

Due to weight increases from the addition of mission equipment and other changes, the Army ordered the improved UH-60L in 1987. The new model incorporated all of the modifications made to the UH-60A fleet as standard design features. The UH-60L also featured more power and lifting capability with upgraded T700-GE-701C engines and a stronger gearbox, both developed for the SH-60B Seahawk.[7] Its external lift capacity increased by 1,000 lb (450 kg) to 9,000 lb (4,100 kg). The UH-60L also incorporated the automatic flight control system (AFCS) from the SH-60 for better flight control due to handling issues with the more powerful engines.[8] Production of the L-model began in 1989.[7]

Development of the next improved variant, the UH-60M, was approved in 2001, to extend the service life of the UH-60 design into the 2020s. The UH-60M incorporates upgraded T700-GE-701D engines and improved rotor blades. It also features state of the art electronic instrumentation, flight controls and aircraft navigation control. After the U.S. DoD approved low-rate initial production of the new variant,[9] manufacturing began in 2006,[10] with the first of 22 new UH-60Ms delivered in July 2006.[11] After an initial operational evaluation, the Army approved full-rate production and a five-year contract for 1,227 helicopters in December 2007.[12] By March 2009, 100 UH-60M helicopters had been delivered to the Army.[13]

Design

UH-60A Black Hawk parked on flight line

The UH-60 features a four-blade main and tail rotors and is powered by two GE T700 turboshaft engines. It has a long, low profile shape to meet the Army's requirement for transporting aboard a C-130 Hercules.[14] It can carry 11 troops with equipment, lift 2,600 lb (1,170 kg) of cargo internally or 9,000 lb (4,050 kg) of cargo (for UH-60L/M) externally by sling.[12]

The Black Hawk helicopter series can perform a wide array of missions, including the tactical transport of troops, electronic warfare, and aeromedical evacuation. A VIP version known as the VH-60N is used to transport important government officials (e.g., Congress, Executive departments) with the helicopter's call sign of "Marine One" when transporting the President of the United States.[15] In air assault operations it can move a squad of 11 combat troops or reposition a 105 mm M102 howitzer with thirty rounds ammunition, and a four-man crew in a single lift.[12] The Black Hawk is equipped with advanced avionics and electronics for increased survivability and capability, such as the Global Positioning System.

The UH-60 can be equipped with stub wings at top of fuselage to carry fuel tanks or various armaments. The initial stub wing system is called External Stores Support System (ESSS).[16] It has two pylons on each wing to carry two 230 US gal (870 L) and two 450 US gal (1,700 L) tanks in total.[8] The four fuel tanks and associated lines and valves form the external extended range fuel system (ERFS).[17] The ESSS can also carry 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) of armament such as rockets, missile and gun pods.[8][18] The ESSS entered service in 1986. However it was found that with four fuel tanks it would obstruct the firing field of the door guns. To alleviate the issue, the external tank system (ETS) with unswept stub wings to carry two fuel tanks was developed.[8]

The unit cost varies with the version due to the varying specifications, equipment and quantities. For example, the unit cost of the Army's UH-60L Black Hawk is $5.9 million while the unit cost of the Air Force MH-60G Pave Hawk is $10.2 million.[19]

Operational history

U.S. Army

U.S. Army MH-60L during the Battle of Mogadishu.
Israel Air Force UH-60 Black Hawk (Yanshuf)

The UH-60 entered service with the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division in June 1979.[20] The U.S. military first used the UH-60 in combat during the invasion of Grenada in 1983, and again in the invasion of Panama in 1989. During the Gulf War in 1991, the UH-60 participated in the largest air assault mission in U.S. Army history with over 300 helicopters involved. In 1993, Black Hawks featured prominently in the assault on Mogadishu in Somalia. Black Hawks also saw action in the Balkans and Haiti in the 1990s. UH-60s continue to serve in Afghanistan and Iraq.[8]

Colombia

Colombia first received UH-60s from the United States in 1987. The Colombian National Police, Colombian Air Force, and Colombian Army use UH-60s to mobilize troops and supplies to places which are difficult to access by ground for counter-insurgency (COIN) operations against drug and guerrilla organizations, as well as for search & rescue and medical evacuation. Colombia also has a militarized gunship version of the UH-60, with stub wings, locally known as Arpia (English: Harpy).[21][22]

Israel

The Israeli Air Force (IAF) received 10 surplus UH-60A Black Hawks from the United States in August 1994.[23] Nicknamed Yanshuf (English: Owl),[24] the UH-60A began replacing Bell 212 utility helicopters of the Israeli Defense Forces.[23] The IAF first used the UH-60s in combat in April 1996, during operation "Grapes of Wrath" against the Hizbullah in southern Lebanon.

In March 2000, three IAF UH-60s were used to ferry Pope John Paul II during his visit to Israel, with one helicopter carrying the Pope, another his medical team and a third available on constant standby. The IAF had 49 UH-60s in operation as of 2008.[25]

Mexico

The Mexican Air Force received its first two UH-60Ls in 1991, to transport special forces units, and since then received another 4 in 1994.[26] In March 2009, the United States stated it would provide helicopters and other equipment under the Mérida Initiative, to fight the drug cartels in the Mexican drug war.[27] In July and August 2009, the Federal Police used UH-60s in attacks on drug traffickers.[28][29]

Republic of China (Taiwan)

Taiwan has operated S-70C-1/1A since the ROC Air Force received ten S-70C-1A and four S-70C-1 Bluehawk helicopters in June 1986 for Search And Rescue.[30] Four further S-70C-6s were received in April 1998. The ROC Navy received the first of ten S-70C(M)-1s in July 1990. 11 S-70C(M)-2s were received beginning April 2000.[31] In January 2010, the US announced a Foreign Military Sale of 60 UH-60Ms to Taiwan for the ROC Army.[32][33]

Turkey

Turkey has operated the UH-60 during NATO deployments to Afghanistan and the Balkans. The UH-60 has also been used in the government's conflict with Kurdish insurgents near and along the Iraqi border.

The Black Hawk is a strong contender in the Turkish General Use Helicopter Tender against the AgustaWestland AW149. Under this project Turkey intends to order up to 115 helicopters and produce many of them indigenously. Turkish Aerospace Industries will be responsible for the final integration and assembly.[34][35]

Others

The United Arab Emirates has requested 14 UH-60M helicopters through a Foreign Military Sale. The package includes laser and radar warning sensors as well as weapons systems.[36] Brazil has requested 15 additional UH-60Ls through a Foreign Military Sale in 2008.[37]

Variants

The UH-60 comes in many variants, and many different modifications. The U.S. Army variants can be fitted with the stub wings to carry additional fuel tanks or weapons.[8] Variants may have different capabilities and their respective equipment in order to fulfill different roles.

Utility variants

UH-60L from B Company ("Lancers"), 5th Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment, on an air assault mission in Iraq
US Army UH-60Q MEDEVAC evacuating simulated casualties during a training exercise
MH-60L Direct Action Penetrator (DAP)
VH-60N used to transport the President of the United States

Special purpose

Export versions

S-70A

Norwegian soldiers in a UH-60

Sikorsky military model for the export market:

See SH-60 Seahawk, HH-60 Pave Hawk, and HH-60 Jayhawk for other Sikorsky S-70 variants.

Military operators

UH-60 Black Hawk Operators
An Australian Army S-70A-9 Black Hawk
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force UH-60J
 Australia
 Austria
 Bahrain 
Received 2 UH-60A/S-70A and 8 UH-60L/S-70A Black Hawks.[61]
 Brazil
 Brunei 
Received 1 UH-60A and 1 UH-60L Black Hawks with 9 UH-60Ms on order as of 2007.[63]
 Colombia
 Chile 
Received 1 UH-60L.[66]
 Egypt 
Received 8 UH-60Ls,[67] with 4 in service as of Nov. 2008.[25]
 Israel 
Has 49 S-70A/UH-60A/L helicopters in use as of Nov. 2008.[25]
 Japan
 Jordan 
Has 9 UH-60Ls in service with 2 on order as of Nov. 2008.[25]
 Republic of Korea
 Malaysia
 Morocco
 Mexico
 Philippines
 People's Republic of China
 Republic of China (Taiwan)
 Saudi Arabia 
Has 15 UH-60Ls in use as of November 2008.[25]
 Thailand
 Turkey
The Turkish military and national police received a combined 12 UH-60A/L (S-70A-17), and 95 UH-60L (S-70A-28) Black Hawks.[74] The Turkish Army has 59 S-70As (UH-60A/L) in service as of January 2010.[60]
 United Arab Emirates
 United States

Former military operators

 Australia

See Sikorsky S-70 for civilian operators.

Specifications (UH-60L)

Orthographically projected diagram of the UH-60A Black Hawk.

Data from Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes,[76] US Army Fact File,[77] International Directory,[78] Black Hawk[79]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

See also

A cockpit view of a UH-60 Black Hawk from 1st Cavalry Division flying out of Camp Taji, Iraq

Related development

Comparable aircraft

Related lists

References

Notes
  1. ↑ Leoni 2007, pp. 8-10.
  2. ↑ Leoni 2007, pp. 11, 39.
  3. ↑ Leoni 2007, pp. 39, 42–43.
  4. ↑ Leoni 2007, p. 165.
  5. ↑ Eden, Paul. "Sikorsky H-60 Black Hawk/Seahawk", Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1904687849.
  6. ↑ Tomajczyk 2003, pp. 15–29.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Leoni 2007, pp. 217-218.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Bishop, Chris. Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk. Osprey, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84176852-6.
  9. ↑ "Pentagon Acquisition Panel Authorizes UH-60M BLACK HAWK Low Rate Initial Production". Sikorsky Aircraft, 4 April 2005.
  10. ↑ Leoni 2007, pp. 233-236.
  11. ↑ "Sikorsky Aircraft Delivers First New Production UH-60M BLACK HAWK Helicopter to U.S. Army". Sikorsky Aircraft, 31 July 2006.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 UH-60 Black Hawk Sikorsky S-70A - Multi-Mission Helicopter. Army-Technology.com.
  13. ↑ "Sikorsky Aircraft Delivers 100th New Production UH-60M BLACK HAWK Helicopter to U.S....". Reuters, 25 March 2009.
  14. ↑ Harding, Stephen. "Sikorsky H-60 Black Hawk". U.S. Army Aircraft Since 1947. Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 1997. ISBN 0-7643-0190-X.
  15. ↑ VH-60. Global Security
  16. ↑ Preliminary Airworthiness Eval of UH-60A Configured with ESSS. US DoD
  17. ↑ TFM 3-04.500 Army Aviation Maintenance, Appendix G. US Department of the Army, 26 September 2000. Hosted on GlobalSecurity.org. Accessed: 15 April 2009.
  18. ↑ Preliminary Airworthiness Eval of UH-60A/ESSS with Hellfire Missile Launcher Installed. DTIC.mil
  19. ↑ H-60, Global Security
  20. ↑ Sikorsky S-70 Black Hawk, Vectorsite.net, 1 July 2006.
  21. ↑ Leoni 2007, pp. 270-273.
  22. ↑ Arpia. SpanishDict.com. Retrieved on 30 September 2009. "Arpía [ar-pee’-ah] noun 1. (Poetic.) Harpy, a bird of prey represented by poets. (f)"
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Leoni 2007, pp. 278-279.
  24. ↑ "Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk." Official Israeli Air Force website. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  25. ↑ 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 25.11 25.12 25.13 25.14 "Directory: World Air Forces". Flight International, 11–17 November 2008.
  26. ↑ Aztec Rotors - Helicopters of Mexican Air Force
  27. ↑ Clinton vows US backing in Mexican drug wars.
  28. ↑ "Mexico sends 1,000 more police to drug area". MSNBC, 16 July 2009.
  29. ↑ "Mexican police arrest 34 drug cartel suspects". CNN, 3 August 2009.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "ROCAF Sikorsky S-70C Bluehawk". Taiwanairpower.org. November 11, 2008.
  31. ↑ "Sikorsky S-70C(M) Thunderhawk". Taiwanairpower.org. April, 2008.
  32. ↑ "Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States – UH-60M BLACK HAWK Helicopters". US Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 29 January 2010.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Govindasamy, Siva. "USA okays Black Hawks for Taiwan, Beijing mulls sanctions". Flight International, 31 January 2010.
  34. ↑ "Turkey to decide in June between AW149, 'T-70' Black Hawk". Flight International, 9 April 2009.
  35. ↑ "TAI to procure more helicopters for security". Today's Zaman, 6 April 2009
  36. ↑ "United Arab Emirates - UH-60M BLACK HAWK Helicopters". US Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 9 September 2008.
  37. ↑ "Brazil Buys UH-60L Black Hawks". defenseindustrydaily.com, 15 September 2009.
  38. ↑ "Black Hawk". U.S. Army Fact Files. http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/blackhawk.html. Retrieved 2 June 2010. 
  39. ↑ 39.00 39.01 39.02 39.03 39.04 39.05 39.06 39.07 39.08 39.09 39.10 39.11 39.12 DoD 4120-15L, "Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles". DoD, 12 May 2004.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Donald, David, ed. "Sikorsky S-70". The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Barnes & Noble Books, 1997. ISBN 0-7607-0592-5.
  41. ↑ Leoni 2007, pp. 217-224.
  42. ↑ Leoni 2007, pp. 233-244.
  43. ↑ "Sikorsky Aircraft Fully Equips First U.S. Army Unit With UH-60M BLACK HAWK Helicopters". Sikorsky Aircraft, 10 June 2008.
  44. ↑ "Sikorsky's UH-60M Upgrade BLACK HAWK Helicopter Achieves First Flight". Sikorsky, 29 August 2008.
  45. ↑ New Army Black Hawk succeeds in combat - US Army, 4 March 2010
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Colucci, Frank. "Modern Medevac Mobilized". Rotor & Wing, 1 October 2004.
  47. ↑ Leoni 2007, p. 224.
  48. ↑ 160th's web page
  49. ↑ HH-60M Medevac Helicopter. Sikorsky.
  50. ↑ Science Blog, NASA
  51. ↑ Image of UH-60A RASCAL first flight (archived from the original on 2006-11-26)
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Leoni 2007, pp. 214-215.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries UH-60J page
  54. ↑ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-9396065.html
  55. ↑ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/rok/kal.htm
  56. ↑ ADF Serials list of Australian Black Hawks retrieved 2010-06-19
  57. ↑ South Korean HH-60P photos
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 VH-60P 02351 image, VH60P 02352 image. mamboccv.com
  59. ↑ Argentine pic & video. helis.com
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 "World Military Aircraft Inventory". 2010 Aerospace Source Book. Aviation Week and Space Technology, January 2010.
  61. ↑ Leoni 2007, pp. 262-264.
  62. ↑ "Brazil - UH-60L BLACK HAWK Helicopters". US Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 15 September 2008.
  63. ↑ Leoni 2007, pp. 257-259.
  64. ↑ "Sikorsky Aerospace Services Announces Multimillion-Dollar Contract to Upgrade Colombia BLACK HAWK Helicopters". Sikorsky, 4 November 2008.
  65. ↑ Hoyle, Craig. "Colombia requests nine more Black Hawks for counter-narcotics fight". Flight International, 9 August 2010.
  66. ↑ Leoni 2007, pp. 266-268.
  67. ↑ Leoni 2007, pp. 273-274.
  68. ↑ Leoni 2007, pp. 298-300.
  69. ↑ HH-60P 01-619 image, HH-60P 01-715 image, HH-60P 70-1760 image, HH-60P 01-871 image, HH-60P 01-868 image, HH-60P 01-822 image. Airliners.net
  70. ↑ UH-60P 01716 image, UH-60P 1870 image. mamboccv.com
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Leoni 2007, pp. 248–249, 313-314.
  72. ↑ Leoni 2007, p. 314.
  73. ↑ Leoni 2007, pp. 285-286.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Leoni 2007, pp. 306-311.
  75. ↑ Leoni 2007, pp. 250-256.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Gunston, Bill (1995). The Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes. London: Aerospace Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-56619-908-5. 
  77. ↑ Black Hawk fact file. US Army.
  78. ↑ Frawley, Gerald. The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/2003. Aerospace Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-875671-55-2.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 79.4 79.5 79.6 79.7 Tomajczyk 2003, pp. 11, 14–15.
  80. ↑ "M240H 7.62mm Machine Gun (Aviation Version)". U.S. Army PEO Soldier. https://peosoldier.army.mil/portfolio/sw/csw/M240H_7.62mm%20MG_AV.pdf. Retrieved 2007-04-08. 
Bibliography
  • Leoni, Ray D. Black Hawk, The Story of a World Class Helicopter. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007. ISBN 978-1-56347-918-2.
  • Tomajczyk, Stephen F. Black Hawk. MBI, 2003. ISBN 0-7603-1591-4.

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