Search and rescue

Search and rescue
Canada Search and Rescue.jpg
A Canadian Forces CH-149 Cormorant helicopter hoists a man from a Canadian Coast Guard cutter
For other uses, see Search and rescue (disambiguation).
SAR vessel "Jenny Wihuri" at the port of Helsinki
a Canadian Forces CH-118 Iroquois SAR helicopter from 417 Combat Support Squadron in the mountains of British Columbia in January 1992
Rescue rope training

Search and rescue (SAR) is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger.[1]

Contents

Definitions

There are many different definitions of search and rescue, depending on the agency involved.

History

One of the world's earliest well documented SAR efforts ensued following the 1656 wreck of the Dutch merchant ship Vergulde Draeck off the coast of Australia. Survivors sent for help, and in response three separate SAR missions were conducted, without success.[4]

Types of Search and Rescue

Mountain rescue

Mountain rescue relates to search and rescue operations specifically in rugged and mountainous terrain.

Ground search and rescue

Ground search and rescue is the search for persons who are lost or in distress on land or inland waterways. Traditionally associated with wilderness zones, ground search and rescue services are increasingly required in urban and suburban areas to locate persons with Alzheimer's disease, autism, dementia, or other conditions that lead to wandering behaviour.[5] Ground search and rescue missions that occur in urban areas should not be confused with "Urban SAR", which in many jurisdictions refers to the location and extraction of people from collapsed buildings or other entrapments.[6]

Urban search and rescue

Urban search and rescue (US&R), also referred to as Heavy Urban Search and Rescue (HUSAR), is the location and rescue of persons from collapsed buildings or other urban and industrial entrapments. Due to the specialized nature of the work, most teams are multi-disciplinary and include personnel from police, fire and emergency medical services. Unlike traditional ground search and rescue workers, most US&R responders also have basic training in structural collapse and the dangers associated with live electrical wires, broken natural gas lines and other hazards. While earthquakes have traditionally been the cause of US&R operations, terrorist attacks and extreme weather such as tornadoes and hurricanes have also resulted in the deployment these resources.[7]

Combat search and rescue

Combat search and rescue is search and rescue operations that are carried out during war that are within or near combat zones.[8]

Air-sea rescue

Air-sea rescue (ASR) refers to the combined use of aircraft and surface vessels to search for and recover survivors of aircraft downed at sea as well as sailors and passengers of sea vessels in distress.[9]

Standards

With or without formal underlying foundations, numerous SAR organisations develop their own proprietary training curricula and operational protocols, which are available and applicable only to their own members.

In the US SAR standards are developed primarily by ASTM International and the US NFPA which are then used by organizations such as the Mountain Rescue Association (MRA), the US National Association of Search and Rescue (NASAR), and the US NFPA to develop training that will meet or exceed those standards.[10]

Within ASTM International, most standards of relevance to SAR are developed by Committee F32 on Search and Rescue. Formed in 1988, the committee had 85 current members and jurisdiction of 38 approved standards.[10]

International divisions of search and rescue responsibility

International waters

International waters are divided into various regions according to the SOLAS convention. See the map provided by the IMO ocean atlas

United Nations

International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) is a UN Organization that promotes the exchange of information between national Urban Search and Rescue Organizations.

SAR by nation

Australia

The Australian search and rescue service is provided by AusSAR, which is part of the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA).[11]

AusSAR operates a 24 hour Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) in Canberra and is responsible for the national coordination of both maritime and aviation search and rescue. AusSAR is also responsible for the management and operation of the Australian ground segment of the Cospas-Sarsat distress beacon detection system. AusSAR's jurisdiction spans Australia and as well as covering 52.8 million square kilometres of the Indian, Pacific and Southern Oceans.[11]

AusSAR's RCC is staffed by SAR specialists who have a naval, merchant marine, air force, civil aviation or police service background. The RCC also coordinates medical evacuations, broadcasts maritime safety information and operates the Australian Ship Reporting System (AUSREP).[11]

In coordinating search and rescue missions, AusSAR will call on assistance from organisations as appropriate, such as the Defence forces, Border Protection Command, trained aviation organisations (Civil SAR Units), emergency medical helicopters, state Police services, state emergency services, the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), airlines, the general aviation industry, volunteer marine rescue groups, the Bureau of Meteorology, the shipping industry and fishing cooperatives.

There are also other organisations, such as the non-profit Westpac Life Saver Rescue Helicopter Service that is based at a number of sites around Australia.

State search and rescue
BSAR searchers in the field at Mount Dom Dom

State Police in many states operate state-based search and rescue squads, such as the Victoria Police Search and Rescue Squad, which provides specialist expertise, advice and practical assistance in land search and rescue on most terrain including snow and vertical cliff search and rescue.[12]

There are also state-based volunteer search and rescue groups such as the Bushwalkers Wilderness Rescue Squad[13] in New South Wales and Bush Search and Rescue Victoria[14] in Victoria. These state-based groups draw searchers from bushwalking, mountaineering and specialist rescue clubs within their State. A few groups respond on horseback as mounted search and rescue.

The State Emergency Service is a collection of volunteer-based emergency organisations established in each state or territory which are responsible for many rescue efforts in urban and rural areas and in any rescue that results from flood or storm activity. In rural areas the SES conducts most bush search, vertical and road traffic rescues. In urban areas they assist the police and fire services with USAR.[15]

Belgium

Search and rescue duties along the Belgian part of the North Sea are executed by the Belgian Air Component. From its Koksijde Air Base it operates 5 Westland Sea King Mk.48 helicopters.[16]

Brazil

Search and rescue duties in Brazil are the responsibility of the Para-SAR, of the Brazilian Air Force.[17]

Canada

Canadian Forces CC-115 Buffalo fixed wing SAR aircraft from 442 Transport and Rescue Squadron.
CH-146 Griffon in SAR markings
HMCS Saskatoon and CH-149 Cormorant SAR helicopter

Search and rescue duties in Canada are the responsibility of the Canadian Forces and Canadian Coast Guard in conjunction with provincial and municipal governments and private organizations. The Department of National Defence (DND) has overall responsibility for the coordinated search and rescue system. Authority for the provision of maritime SAR is assigned to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans by the Canada Shipping Act and the Canada Oceans Act.[1] The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and other police forces also coordinate ground search and rescue (GSAR) operations, often using volunteer GSAR teams operating in specific districts under provincial coordinating bodies.

The Canadian Forces has five assigned SAR squadrons:

Plus three Combat Support Squadrons with SAR roles:

Some municipalities and provinces have their own SAR units:

There are also volunteer non-profit associations that conduct SAR in Canada:

Denmark

Royal Danish Air Force S-61A with its rescue swimmer

Search and Rescue operators in Denmark are primarily: Danish air force Squadron 722, Danish navy air squadron, naval home guard and the Danish Maritime Safety Administration, coordinated by the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre, operated by the navy and air force in the Danish Naval Commands facilities near Aarhus. Internationally the Danish works mainly with Germany, Norway and Sweden. With the two latter, the annual exercises Baltic SAREX[35] and Scan-SAR[36] are conducted.

SAR-services in Denmark started in 1957 with seven Sikorsky S-55s. Their piston engines produced only 550 hp (410 kW) and they had limited fuel capacity, so their operational range was short. To increase the operational area, Pembroke twin-engined fixed-wing aircraft were employed for search. These aircraft would localize the distressed person(s) and the S-55s would then rescue them. The SAR-service was started for respond to fighter-plane crashes as 79 aircraft crashed, with 62 dead, in the period 1950-1955.[37], but civilian SAR-duties are also conducted.

In 1962 eight ship-based Aérospatiale Alouette IIIs were received. These were primarily meant for the ships patrolling the North Atlantic, but also supported the S-55s. In 1964 - 1965 the seven S-55s were replaced with eight Sikorsky S-61A helicopters[38]. This helicopter was originally designed for anti-submarine warfare, but the Danish variant had the heavy dipping sonar equipment removed and extra fuel tanks added, giving the helicopters longer range. In 1977 radar was installed and in 1990 FLIR was added. Further avionics and navigation systems, including GPS, have also been added over time.

In 1977 the naval air squadron was re-established as an independent squadron in the navy and had their Alouette IIIs replaced with Westland Lynx helicopters. Their primary operational area was still the North Atlantic, but they continued their support role, although this was reduced with the introduction of the S-61s. In 2006, the first of the S-61s was replaced by one of 14 new AgustaWestland EH101 Merlin helicopters.

In 2007 the Danish Defence held a public display in Horsens, to raise awareness about rescue services and maritime safety. Maritime SAR is important because Denmark has a relative long coast line to its land mass.[39][40].

In 2008 the SAR forces in Denmark were equipped with eight EH-101, one or two Lynx, 34 naval home guard vessels and 21 rescue vessels[39] as well as the naval vessels at sea. The EH-101s operate from bases in Aalborg (EKYT), Skrydstrup (EKSP) and Roskilde (EKRK). When the sea water temperatures are low a helicopter is also deployed to the island of Bornholm (EKRN) in the Baltic Sea. The Lynx operates from KARUP (EKKA). Maritime vessels are spread out through the entire coastline and on islands. The S-61s and EH-101s have a crew of six: Two pilots, a navigator, a flight engineer, a physician and a rescue swimmer.

Estonia

The Estonian Border Guard (Piirivalve) is the Estonian security authority responsible for the border security. It is the main support organisation for search and rescue missions in Estonia, and operates a small fleet of SAR vessels and helicopters.[41]

Finland

In Finland the responsible authority for land and inland water SAR is the Fire and the Crisis and the Frontier Guard in the maritime area. These organizations alert and decide on the most suitable response for the location and situation. The country also has several volunteer organizations such as the volunteer fire department (VPK)[42], the Finnish Lifeboat Institution (SMPS)[43] and the Red Cross Finland (SPR)[44].

Germany

A cruiser of the DGzRS and a SeaKing helicopter of the German Navy

Search and Rescue in German waters is conducted by the Deutsche Gesellschaft zur Rettung Schiffbrüchiger DGzRS (literally translated: German Society for the Saving of Shipwrecked, more common: German Maritime Rescue Service GMRS) with air support by the German Navy and the German Air Force. All incoming requests are coordinated by the Maritime Rescue Coordination Center in Bremen. The DGzRS is a non-governmental organization entirely supported by donations.[45]

Besides the offshore Search And Rescue services, the German Air Force provides 8 SAR Command Posts on a 24/7 basis with the Bell UH-1D Huey.[46] The Bundeswehr will soon retire the UH-1D and move to the NH-90, a larger aircraft with a larger range. Therefore it is expected that the German Air Force from then on will only provide up to 3 SAR Command Posts. Additionally helicopter SAR are being provided by the Department of Interior through the Bundespolizei. Some helicopters are also provided by the automobile club ADAC or other, smaller companys like HDM and DRK. Inland, there are also mounted SAR groups affiliated with the German Red Cross and Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe, organizations that provides road-based first responder services. These groups provide comparable services off road, usually at field sporting events.

Further, the Technisches Hilfswerk is a key component of the German disaster relief framework. It is, among other things, regularly involved in urban search and rescue efforts abroad.[47]

Hong Kong

SAR operations are conducted by the Government Flying Service (GFS) and before 1991 by the Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force. The GFS conducts maritime SAR within the 400 nautical mile radius of the Hong Kong Flight Information Region (FIR)[48].

As of 2010, the GFS fleet consists of nine aircraft including:[48]

Other civilian rescue units in Hong Kong include:

Iceland

Icelandic Coast Guard Eurocopter AS-365N Dauphin 2 helicopter

Search and Rescue operations in Iceland are mainly handled by the Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue (Slysavarnafélagið Landsbjörg) which operates numerous vehicles and boats across the country, along with the Icelandic Coast Guard which operates SAR helicopters and patrol vessels.[50]

The Iceland Association for Search and Rescue is a volunteer organization with more than 100 rescue units which are located in almost every part of the country. All the units contain groups of specially trained individuals.[51]

ICE-SAR is a specialized rubble rescue squad and was the first rescue squad to arrive in Haiti following the earthquake of 2010.[52]

Ireland

SAR services are provided by a civilian body, the Irish Coast Guard.[53] It has responsibility for the Irish Search and Rescue Region.[53]

The Royal National Lifeboat Institution RNLI provide the waterborne element of Search and Rescue around the coast of Ireland from 43 lifeboat stations including inland stations at Enniskillen and Lough Derg.[54] In addition, there are community rescue boats at eleven stations: Cahore, Tramore, Bunmahon, Bantry, Derrynane, Banna, Ballybunion, Kilkee, Schull, Limerick City, Corrib/Mask.[55] The coastguard also has inshore rescue boats around the country.[56]

Mountain Rescue in Ireland is provided by 12 voluntary teams based in different regions of the country.[57]

Italy

Italian Guardia Costiera CP-902 U. Diciotti

Search and rescue is the responsibility of the Guardia Costiera.[58]

Macau

Macau's maritime SAR is conducted by two units:

The Macau Marine Department and responsible for maritime SAR within Macau's waterways. The Macau Search and Rescue Coordination Centre is under the Vessel Traffic Control Centre of Macao of the Maritime Administration of Macau.[59]

Land and air based SAR is conducted by Macau's Corpo de Bombeiros de Macau (fire services).

Malta

The responsibility for SAR at sea in the Malta Search and Rescue Region falls under the Armed Forces of Malta (AFM). It is carried out by maritime patrol aircraft, helicopters and vessels under the co-ordination, command and control of the Rescue Co-ordination Centre.[60]

The AFM, in close collaboration with the US Coast Guard, also runs a Search and Rescue Training Centre for International Students [1] in Maritime SAR Mission Co-ordination and Planning.[61] To date more than 30 foreign students from 15 countries including Albania, Cameroon, Croatia, Equatorial Guinea and Kenya have attended these courses.[62][63]

Malta is also in talks with Libya about enhancing SAR cooperation between the two countries.[64]

Netherlands

SAR responsibility in the Netherlands is held by the Royal Netherlands Coast Guard, carried out by vessels and aircraft from various organisations among which mostly the Koninklijke Nederlandse Redding Maatschappij with 40 fast rescue vessels and between 1824 til 2006 answered 36358 distress calls and rescued in that same periode about 79887 people out of distress situations, the Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management and the Navy and Air Force.[65]. The Navy has No. 7 Squadron which flies the SAR and utility version of the Lynx maritime helicopter. The RNLAF has a specialized SAR unit, 303 Squadron, which is equipped with Agusta-Bell AB 412s and based at RNLAF Leeuwarden.

New Zealand

New Zealand's Search and Rescue Region extends from the South Pole to the southern border of the Honolulu region, including Norfolk, Tonga, Samoa, and Cook Islands.[66]

Smaller searches are controlled by the local police, who call on LandSAR for land-based operations, such as for lost hikers, and the Royal New Zealand Coastguard for coastal maritime incidents. Larger maritime search and rescue events, as well as reports of overdue aircraft, fall under the control of the Rescue Coordination Centre New Zealand (RCCNZ), based in Avalon, which coordinates response from local coastguard, helicopter operators, merchant marine, air force and naval resources.[66][67][68]

Other resources:

Norway

The veteran Norwegian rescue ship Biskop Hvoslef

Norsk Selskab til Skibbrudnes Redning, also called the Redningsselskapet (English: Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue (NSSR)), is Norway's maritime rescue service. They have 43 search and rescue boats based from Oslo in the south to Båtsfjord in the north. Thirteen of these boats are operated by volunteers.[69]

The NSSR was founded on 9 July 1891, with a clearly defined goal – to save lives at sea. The NSSR is a humanitarian organization aiming at saving lives and recovering property at sea. Maintaining rescue services along the Norwegian coast, and neighbouring sea areas where such services may be necessary. The NSSR also runs an information service and educational programs designed to improve safety for boaters. The first rescue boats, the Colin Archer-class, were introduced in 1893. They were powered by only by sails and oars. NSSR’s boats and crew have saved over 6,200 people. More than 500,000 people have received assistance.[69]

The search and rescue helicopters are operated by the Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF), who fly 12 Westland Sea Kings. The Sea Kings are due to be replaced within 2020[70]

Norwegian Red Cross Search and Rescue Corps (Røde Kors Hjelpekorps) have a large number of local SAR teams spread across the country. These are all manned with volunteer SAR workers. With 13,500 members in 320 local teams, this is by far the largest SAR organisation in Norway. Missions include assisting the police searching for missing people in woodlands and the mountains, search and rescue in lakes, rivers and at sea, and finally assisting skiers and holiday makers in the mountains during winter time. All volunteers have an extended First Aid education and certification, most are certified on HeartStart machines and trained in search techniques. Many of the local teams also operates ambulances and have crews trained for this.

The Norsk Luftambulanse-group (Norwegian Air Ambulance), and the company Lufttransport provides medical evacuation services throughout the country.

South Africa

The South African Search and Rescue Organization (SASAR), is a voluntary organization that functions under the auspices of the Department of Transport. SASAR is responsible for responding to aviation and maritime incidents. Its main role is to search for, assist and carry out rescue operations for the survivors of aircraft or vessel accidents.[71]

Depending on the nature of the accident, the RCC's (ARCC or MRCC) coordinate the search and rescue missions. These operations are carried out by other government departments, non governmental organizations, commercial/private organizations and voluntary organizations.[71]

Local resources:

Sweden

The Swedish Maritime Administration is responsible for maritime SAR in Swedish waters.[73] To carry out this role they employ resources from the Swedish Coast Guard, Pilot service, police and the volunteer Sea Search And Rescue organization SSRS. There are also helicopters available at their disposal operated by Norrlandsflyg. All this is run from the JRCC (Joint Rescue Co-ordination Center) previously known as the MRCC (Maritime Rescue Co-ordination center).

Switzerland

REGA Agusta A109 K2.

REGA (Schweizerische REttungsflugwacht / Garde Aérienne / Guardia Aerea) is the air rescue service which provides emergency medical assistance in Switzerland, notably in mountains but also in cases of life-threatening emergencies elsewhere. They will also return a citizen to Switzerland from a foreign country if they are in need of urgent medical care. Rega was established on 27 April 1952 by Dr. Rudolf Bucher, who thought that the Swiss rescue organisation needed a specialised air sub-section.[74]

United Kingdom

Royal Air Force Westland Sea King

In the UK, maritime search and rescue is coordinated by HM Coastguard, while land-based operations are usually coordinated by the local Police force. The operation itself is carried out with aircraft from the Royal Navy, Royal Air Force or Coastguard, RNLI lifeboats and police, military or volunteer mountain rescue or ALSAR (Association of Lowland Search and Rescue) teams. Aircraft coordination is carried out by the UK Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre (ARCC) based at RAF Kinloss in the north of Scotland. The centre is responsible for tasking and coordinating all of the UK's search and rescue helicopter and RAF mountain rescue teams.[75][76]

In 2006, the government announced controversial plans to effectively privatise provision of search and rescue helicopters in order to replace the aging Sea Kings currently in use, although they have suggested that crews may, at least partially, still be made up of military personnel.[77] In February 2010, Soteria SAR was announced as the preferred bidder for the UK SAR programme.[78]

Local resources include:

United States of America

In January 2008, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) released the National Response Framework (NRF) which, serves as the guiding document for a federal response during a national emergency. In addition to the NRF there are 15 annexes relating to Emergency Support Functions (ESF) which, includes other federal agencies that contain resources or expertise to support an emergency. Search and Rescue is included as ESF-9 and divides SAR into 4 primary elements, while assigning a federal agency with the lead role for each of the 4 elements.[82]

Other national organizations:

California
Colorado
Florida
Michigan
Missouri
New York
North Carolina
Oregon
Virginia

Virginia is one of the few states that benefits from a state-coordinated system of training and response under the Virginia Department of Emergency Management (VDEM). Under Title 44 of the Code of Virginia, VDEM develops and maintains the Commonwealth of Virginia Emergency Operations Plan (COVEOP) that includes the ESF-9 Annex for Search and Rescue. Similar to the federal version of ESF-9 under the National Response Framework (NRF), VDEM divides SAR into 4 primary elements. While VDEM functions as the lead for ESF-9, many agencies, departments and volunteer organizations routinely responds to and supports SAR operations in the Commonwealth of Virginia.[91][92]

Aeronautical

Search and rescue services for downed, missing, or overdue aircraft and Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs). Organizations include:

Inland/Wilderness

For search and rescue of lost and missing persons in a wide variety of circumstances and environments, resources include:

  • Amherst County Search and Rescue[95]
  • Angel Search and Rescue[96]
  • Appalachian Professional Tracking Group[97]
  • Appalachian Search and Rescue Conference[98]
  • Black Diamond Search and Rescue Council[99]
  • Blue and Gray Search and Rescue Dogs[100]
  • Commonwealth Search and Rescue[101]
  • DOGS-East Search and Rescue[102]
  • Eastern-Region of the National Cave Rescue Commission[103]
  • Greater Atlantic Rescue Dogs[104]
  • K-9 Alert Search and Rescue[105]
  • Mid-Atlantic D.O.G.S. Search and Rescue[106]
  • Old Dominion Search and Rescue[107]
  • Piedmont Search and Rescue[108]
  • Rockingham Augusta Search & Rescue[109]
  • Search and Rescue Dogs of Maryland[110]
  • Search and Rescue Tracking Institute[111]
  • Southwest Virginia Mountain Rescue Group[112]
  • Top-of-Virginia Search and Rescue[113]
  • Tidewater Search and Rescue[114]
  • TROTSAR Mounted Search and Rescue[115]
  • Virginia Search and Rescue Dog Association[116]
Maritime/Waterborne

Providing search and rescue for vessels in distress in coastal and inland waters, resources include:

USAR/Disaster

To provide response in the event of collapsed structures and significant events, organizations include:

Washington

Aircraft

Rotary and fixed wing aircraft are used for air and sea rescue. A list of common aircraft used:

See also

References

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  2. ↑ USCG CHAPTER 9 SEARCH AND RESCUE
  3. ↑ U.S. Department of Defense (January 2006). "U.S. Department of Defense DIRECTIVE NUMBER 3003.01" (PDF). http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-o/g-opr/nsarc/DOD%20Support%20to%20Civil%20SAR%203003.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-12. 
  4. ↑ Major, R. H. (editor) (1859) Early Voyages to Terra Australis, Now Called Australia, The Hakluyt Society, London (2001 facsimile edition on Google Books)
  5. ↑ Barry, Ellen (December 1999). "Alzheimer's Wanders Stir Concerns". http://www.dbs-sar.com/SAR_Research/Barry.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-11. 
  6. ↑ U.S. Department of Homeland Security (May 2009). "Urban Search and Rescue (US&R)". http://www.fema.gov/emergency/usr/. Retrieved 2010-01-11. 
  7. ↑ U.S. Department of Homeland Security (May 2009). "About US&R". http://www.fema.gov/emergency/usr/about.shtm. Retrieved 2010-01-11. 
  8. ↑ SPG Media Limited/Army-Technology.com (2009). "Term: Combat Search and Rescue". http://www.army-technology.com/glossary/combat-search-and-rescue.html. Retrieved 2009-06-03. 
  9. ↑ Algeo, John. Fifty years among the new words: a dictionary of neologisms, 1941–1991, pp. 39, 106–107. Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 0521449715
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 O'Toole, Thomas F. (undated). "Committee F32 on Search and Rescue". http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/COMMIT/COMMITTEE/F32.htm?L+memberstore+ooef3203+1171348303. Retrieved 2008-02-24. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Australian Maritime Safety Authority (June 2009). "Search & Rescue". http://www.amsa.gov.au/Search_and_Rescue/. Retrieved 2009-11-04. 
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  14. ↑ "Bush Search and Rescue Victoria". October 2009. http://www.bsar.org. Retrieved 2009-11-04last = Bush Search and Rescue Victoria. 
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  19. ↑ Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence (June 2007). "413 Transport and Rescue Squadron". http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/14wing/squadron/413_e.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-15. 
  20. ↑ Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence (June 2006). "424 Transport and Rescue Squadron". http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/8wing/squadron/424_e.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-15. 
  21. ↑ Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence (December 2007). "435 Transport and Rescue Squadron". http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/17wing/squadron/435_e.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-15. 
  22. ↑ Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence (June 2006). "442 Transport and Rescue Squadron". http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/19wing/squadron/442_e.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-15. 
  23. ↑ Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence (June 2007). "417 Combat Support Squadron". http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/4wing/squadron/417_e.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-15. 
  24. ↑ Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence (February 2008). "439 Combat Support Squadron". http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/3wing/squadron/439_e.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-15. 
  25. ↑ Air Force Public Affairs / Department of National Defence (June 2007). "444 Combat Support Squadron". http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/5wing/squadron/squadron_e.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-15. 
  26. ↑ Canadian Task Force Two (2010). "Canadian Task Force Two". http://www.cantf2.com/about-us/. Retrieved 2010-01-18. 
  27. ↑ Civil Air Search and Rescue Association (2006). "Civil Air Search and Rescue Association National Website". http://www.casara.ca/. Retrieved 2009-05-11. 
  28. ↑ Technical Search and Rescue (2010). "Technical Search and Rescue". http://www.tsrgp.org/. Retrieved 2010-01-18. 
  29. ↑ North Shore Rescue (2009). "North Shore Rescue". http://www.northshorerescue.com/. Retrieved 2009-03-21. 
  30. ↑ Québec Secours (2009). "Québec Secours". http://www.quebecsecours.qc.ca/. Retrieved 2009-05-08. 
  31. ↑ Nocturne Communications (2004). "River Valley Ground Search and Rescue". http://emergencyplanning.ca/rvgsar/. Retrieved 2009-04-07. 
  32. ↑ Roberts Bank Lifeboat (January 2010). "Roberts Bank Lifeboat". http://www.robertsbanklifeboat.ca/. Retrieved 2010-01-20. 
  33. ↑ Search and Rescue Global 1 (June 2010). "Search and Rescue Global 1". http://www.sarglobal1.ca/. Retrieved 2010-06-15. 
  34. ↑ Canadian Task Force One (2010). "Canadian Task Force One". http://www.can-tf1.org/. Retrieved 2010-01-18. 
  35. ↑ "Bornholms Marinedistrikt: SAREX '07". http://forsvaret.dk/BHM/Nyt+og+Presse/Sarex.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-07.  (Danish)
  36. ↑ "Flyvertaktisk kommando: Scan-SAR '06". http://forsvaret.dk/FTK/Nyt+og+Presse/Nyhedsarkiv/Pressemeddelelser/2006/f%C3%A6lles+%C3%B8velse.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-07.  (Danish)
  37. ↑ "Flyvevåbnets historie". http://www.flv.dk/flyvevaabnet/historie_flyvevaabnet.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-09.  (Danish)
  38. ↑ "Danish air force S-61A fact sheet" (PDF). http://forsvaret.dk/NR/rdonlyres/C605235C-4851-457B-BFDA-75C3473573CF/0/HS61ASEAKING.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-09.  (Danish)
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Temadag om søredning og badesikkerhed". http://forsvaret.dk/SOK/Nyt+og+Presse/2007-07-04.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-09.  (Danish)
  40. ↑ "Pictures from the public display". http://forsvaret.dk/FTK/Nyt+og+Presse/Billeder+fra+s%C3%B8redningsdagen+2007.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
  41. ↑ "Piirivalve ajalugu ja sümboolika (In Estonian language)". http://www.pv.ee/laane/index.php?page=316. 
  42. ↑ Suomen Pelastusalan Keskusjärjestö (undated). "Turvalliseen huomiseen (Finnish language)". http://www.spek.fi. Retrieved 2009-09-21. 
  43. ↑ SUOMEN MERIPELASTUSSEURA RY (undated). "SAR - Search and rescue (Finnish language)". http://www.meripelastus.fi/fi/main.html. Retrieved 2009-09-21. 
  44. ↑ Punainen Risti (undated). "THE FINNISH RED CROSS". http://www.redcross.fi/en_GB/etusivu/. Retrieved 2009-09-21. 
  45. ↑ "German Maritime Search and Rescue Service (DGzRS)". http://www.dgzrs.de/index.php?id=265. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 
  46. ↑ Team www.rth.info (2002). "Bundeswehr (in German language)". http://www.rth.info/betreiber/betreiber.php?show=bw. Retrieved 2008-05-22. 
  47. ↑ "Search_and_rescue&action". http://www.thw.bund.de/cln_036/nn_942466/EN/content/news/international/missions/2005/11/news__001.html. Retrieved 2010-01-21. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "The Government Flying Service". Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. August 14, 2008. http://www.gfs.gov.hk/eng/aboutgfs.htm. Retrieved 15 May 2010. 
  49. ↑ "Civil Aid Service Hong Kong". Safety Training. Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 2010. http://www.cas.gov.hk/eng/info/info_trainsafe.html. Retrieved 15 May 2010. 
  50. ↑ Icelandic Coast Guard (undated). "The Icelandic Coast Guard". http://www.lhg.is/english. Retrieved 2008-03-07. 
  51. ↑ Slysavarnafélaginu Landsbjörg (undated). "ICE-SAR A Tale of Great Achievements". http://www.landsbjorg.is/category.aspx?catID=250. Retrieved 2008-03-07. 
  52. ↑ Skógarhlíð (January 2010). "Reports from Haiti". http://www.icesar.com/. Retrieved 2010-01-23. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Department of Transport (2002). "Irish Coast Guard IRCG". http://www.transport.ie/marine/IRCG/index.asp?lang=ENG&loc=2029. Retrieved 2008-02-24. 
  54. ↑ "RNLI Lifeboat Stations in Ireland". Royal National Lifeboat Institution. http://www.rnli.org.uk/rnli_near_you/out_on_a_shout/ireland. Retrieved 6 October 2009. 
  55. ↑ "Community Rescue Boats Ireland". Irish Coast Guard. 25 June 2009. http://www.transport.ie/viewitem.asp?id=8636&lang=ENG&loc=2116. Retrieved 6 October 2009. 
  56. ↑ "Coastguard Teams". Irish Coast Guard. http://www.transport.ie/viewitem.asp?id=8648&lang=ENG&loc=2121. Retrieved 6 October 2009. 
  57. ↑ Mountain Rescue Ireland (2009). "Team Information". http://www.mountainrescue.ie/TeamInformation. Retrieved 2010-01-05. 
  58. ↑ Capitanerie di porto - Guardia Costiera (2006). "Capitanerie di porto - Guardia Costiera". http://www.guardiacostiera.it/en/. Retrieved 2008-11-11. 
  59. ↑ Maritime Administration (undated). "Maritime Services". http://www.marine.gov.mo/serv/index_e.html. Retrieved 2010-01-11. 
  60. ↑ Search and Rescue Training Centre - Armed Forces of Malta (2004). "Search and Rescue (SAR) in Malta". http://www.sarmalta.gov.mt/sar_in_Malta.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 
  61. ↑ Search and Rescue Training Centre - Armed Forces of Malta (2004). "Search and Rescue Training Centre - AFM". http://www.sarmalta.gov.mt/sar_training_centre_malta.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 
  62. ↑ U.S. Department of State. (November 2007). "AFM SAR TC Graduation". http://malta.usembassy.gov/saramb.html. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 
  63. ↑ Brincat, Erika F. (undated). "Search and rescue training certificates awarded". http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=61285. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 
  64. ↑ MaltaMedia News. (January 2008). "Search & Rescue meeting between Libya and Malta". http://www.maltamedia.com/artman2/publish/govt_politics/article_4810.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-15. 
  65. ↑ NLMARFOR (May 2008). "VGSQ 7 (Dutch language article)". http://www.marine.nl/nlmarfor/helikopters/marheli/vsq7/nieuws/. Retrieved 2008-05-30. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Civil Aviation Auithority of New Zealand (undated). "AIPA New Zealand GEN 3.6 Search and Rescue". http://www.aip.net.nz/. Retrieved 2008-02-24. 
  67. ↑ "About our Rescue Coordination Centre New Zealand (RCCNZ)". Maritime New Zealand. undated. http://www.maritimenz.govt.nz/About-us/RCCNZ-profile.asp. Retrieved 30 May 2010. 
  68. ↑ Maritime New Zealand (undated). "Contact RCCNZ". http://www.maritimenz.govt.nz/Commercial/Shipping-safety/Search-and-rescue/Contact-RCCNZ.asp. Retrieved 30 May 2010. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Redningsselskapet (November 2008). "Redningsselskapet (in the Norwegian language)". http://www.nssr.no/. Retrieved 2008-11-13. 
  70. ↑ The NAWSARH Project
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 SASAR (undated). "Who are we?". http://www.sasar.gov.za/. Retrieved 2008-11-13. 
  72. ↑ Wilderness Search and Rescue, Western Cape (undated). "Wilderness Search and Rescue, Western Cape". http://wsar.hypermart.net/. Retrieved 2009-11-06. 
  73. ↑ Swedish Maritime Administration (December 2009). "Maritime and Aeronautical Search and Rescue". http://www.sjofartsverket.se/templates/SFVXPage____1078.aspx. Retrieved 2009-12-11. 
  74. ↑ REGA official website
  75. ↑ ARCC Kinloss (2005). "Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre". http://www.kinlossrescue.com. Retrieved 2008-02-24. 
  76. ↑ Royal National Lifeboat Institution (2009). "Royal National Lifeboat Institution". http://www.rnli.org.uk/. Retrieved 2009-11-06. 
  77. ↑ BBC (2006-05-09). "Private bids plan for air rescue". http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4753961.stm. Retrieved 2008-02-24. 
  78. ↑ "Press Release". Soteria SAR. 9 Feb 2010. http://www.soteriasar.com/news-article/mod-and-mcadft-selects-soteria-for-sar-h-programme. Retrieved 6 April 2010. 
  79. ↑ Lincolnshire Urban Search & Rescue (undated). "Lincolnshire Urban Search & Rescue". http://usar-lincolnshire.org/default.aspx. Retrieved 2009-05-22. 
  80. ↑ SEBEV Search & Rescue (November 2009). "SEBEV Search and Rescue". http://www.sebev.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-10-18. 
  81. ↑ South Lakes Search & Rescue (March 2010). "South Lakes Search & Rescue". http://www.slsar.org.uk. Retrieved 28 March 2010. 
  82. ↑ http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-annexes-all.pdf, section ESF #9-1
  83. ↑ National Association for Search and Rescue (November 2009). "National Association for Search and Rescue". http://www.nasar.org. Retrieved 2009-11-06. 
  84. ↑ National Association of Volunteer Search and Rescue Teams (2008). "National Association of Volunteer Search and Rescue Teams". http://www.navsar.org/. Retrieved 2009-11-06. 
  85. ↑ Bay Area Search And Rescue Council (December 2009). "BASARAC". http://www.basarc.org/. Retrieved 2009-12-10. 
  86. ↑ Marin County Sheriff's Department Search and Rescue Team (December 2009). "Marin County Search and Rescue". http://www.marinsar.org/. Retrieved 2009-12-15. 
  87. ↑ San Mateo County (2008). "Volunteer - Search and Rescue Units". http://www.co.sanmateo.ca.us/portal/site/sheriffs/menuitem.b7e419e678ddeb0274452b31d17332a0/?vgnextoid=9609dd7c41211210VgnVCM1000001d37230aRCRD&cpsextcurrchannel=1. Retrieved 2009-10-22. 
  88. ↑ K-9 One SAR (undated). "K-9 One". http://www.k-9one.org/. Retrieved 6 April 2010. 
  89. ↑ "Missouri Task Force 1 organization". BCFPD. http://www.bcfdmo.com/missouri_tf1/Organization/. Retrieved December 16, 2008. 
  90. ↑ New York Search And Rescue (2007). "New York Search And Rescue". http://www.newyorksearchandrescue.org/index.html. Retrieved 2009-11-06. 
  91. ↑ Virginia Department of Emergency Management (2009). "vaemergency.com". http://www.vaemergency.com. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  92. ↑ Virginia Department of Emergency Management (2009). "Commonwealth of Virginia Emergency Operations Plan". http://www.vaemergency.com/library/plans/index.cfm. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  93. ↑ Virginia Wing, Civil Air Patrol (2003). "Virginia Wing Headquarters Civil Air Patrol". http://www.vawg.cap.gov/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  94. ↑ Virginia Department of State Police (2009). "Aviation Unit". http://www.vsp.state.va.us/BFO_Aviation.shtm. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  95. ↑ Amherst County Search and Rescue (undated). "Amherst County Search and Rescue". http://www.acsar.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  96. ↑ Angel Search & Rescue (2008). "Welcome to the Angel Search & Rescue web site!". http://www.morgancomm.com/asar/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  97. ↑ Burleson, Randall C. (2009). "Appalachian Professional Tracking Group, Inc.". http://aptg.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  98. ↑ Appalachian Search & Rescue Conference (undated). "Welcome to ASRC". http://www.asrc.net/asrc/DesktopDefault.aspx. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  99. ↑ Black Diamond Search and Rescue Council (2008). "Black Diamond Search and Rescue Council". http://www.bdsarco.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  100. ↑ Blue and Gray Search and Rescue (January 2009). "Welcome to Blue and Gray Search and Rescue". http://blueandgraysearchdogs.com/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  101. ↑ Commonwealth Search and Rescue (2006). "Commonwealth Search and Rescue". http://www.commonwealthsar.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  102. ↑ DOGS-East Search and Rescue (undated). "DOGS-East Search and Rescue". http://www.dogseast.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  103. ↑ Eastern Region of the National Cave Rescue Commission (2008). "Eastern Region of the National Cave Rescue Commission". http://www.er-ncrc.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  104. ↑ Greater Atlantic Rescue Dogs (2009). "Greater Atlantic Rescue Dogs". http://www.gardk9.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  105. ↑ K-9 Alert Search and Rescue Dogs, Inc (undated). "K-9 Alert". http://www.k9alert.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  106. ↑ Mid-Atlantic D.O.G.S. Search and Rescue (undated). "Mid-Atlantic D.O.G.S. Search and Rescue". http://www.midatlanticdogs.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  107. ↑ Old Dominion Search and Rescue (undated). "Old Dominion Search and Rescue". http://olddominionsearchandrescue.tripod.com/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  108. ↑ piedmontsar.org (2009). "piedmontsar.org". http://piedmontsar.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  109. ↑ Rockingham Augusta Search & Rescue (undated). "Rockingham Augusta Search & Rescue". http://www.rasar.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  110. ↑ Search and Rescue Dogs of Maryland (SARDOM) (2008). "SARDOM". http://www.sardom.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  111. ↑ Search and Rescue Tracking Institute (2008). "Welcome to the Search and Rescue Tracking Institute". http://www.sarti.us/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  112. ↑ Blacksburg Volunteer Rescue Squad (2005). "Blacksburg Volunteer Rescue Squad". http://tob.bev.net/rescue/sar.php. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  113. ↑ North Mountain Volunteer Fire and Rescue Company (undated). "Top of Virginia Search and Rescue Group". http://www.tovsar.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  114. ↑ Tidewater Search and Rescue (2009). "Welcome to TSAR". http://www.tsar.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  115. ↑ TROTSAR Inc (2009). "TROTSAR Mounted Search and Rescue Team Inc.". http://www.trot-md.org/sar.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  116. ↑ Virginia Search and Rescue Dog Association (2009). "Virginia Search and Rescue Dog Association". http://www.vsrda.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  117. ↑ Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (2009). "Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries". http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  118. ↑ Virginia Marine Resources Commission (2009). "Virginia Marine Resources Commission". http://www.mrc.state.va.us/MP/leoverview.shtm. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  119. ↑ "Smith Point Sea Rescue". http://www.smithpointsearescue.com/. Retrieved 2010-05-03. 
  120. ↑ Fairfax County Urban Search & Rescue (2009). "Welcome to VATF1.org". http://www.vatf1.org/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 
  121. ↑ Virginia Task Force 2 (April 2009). "Virginia Task Force 2". http://www.vatf2.com/. Retrieved 2009-05-10. 

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