Qom

Qom قم
—  City  —
Qom
Coordinates:
Country	Iran
Province	Qom
Population (2005)
- Total	1,042,309
	estimate
Time zone	IRST (UTC+3:30)

Qom (Persian: قم, also known as Q'um or Ghom) is a city in Iran. It lies 156 kilometres (97 mi) by road southwest of Tehran and is the capital of Qom Province. It has an estimated population of 1,042,309 in 2005.^[1] It is situated on the banks of the Qom River.

Qom is considered holy by Shi`a Islam, as it is the site of the shrine of Fatema Mæ'sume, sister of Imam `Ali ibn Musa Rida (Persian Imam Reza, 789–816 A.D.). The city is the largest center for Shi'a scholarship in the world, and is a significant destination of pilgrimage.

History

Qom as an urban settlement existed in the pre-Islamic ages. Architectural discoveries indicate that Qom was a residential area from the 5th millennium BC. Pre-Islamic remaining relics and historical texts point to the fact of Qom being a large regional city. Kum was known to be the name of this ancient city, thus, the incoming 7th century Arabs called it Qom during the conquests of Iran.

During the caliphate of ˤUmar ibn al-Khattāb, the area of Qom fell to the invading Arab armies of Islam. In 645 A.D., Abu Musa Ash'ari also dispatched forces under his command to the area. Conflicts resulted between the incoming Arab army and the residents of the area.

In Seljuki times, the city flourished as well. During the Mongol invasion of Persia the city witnessed widespread destruction, but after the Mongol ruling dynasty, also known as the Ilkhanate, converted to Islam during the reign of Öljeitü (Persian Muhammad Khudabænde), the city received special attention, thus undergoing a revival once more.

In the late 14th century, the city was plundered by Tamerlane and the inhabitants were massacred. But during the periods of rule of the Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu and especially during the reign of the Safavids, Qom gained special attention and gradually developed due to its religious shrine.

The Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine

By 1503 Qom became one of the important centers of theology in relation to the Shia Islam, and became a significant religious pilgrimage site and pivot.

The city suffered heavy damages again during the Afghan invasions, resulting in consequent severe economic hardships. Qom further sustained damages during the reigns of Nadir Shah and the conflicts between the two households of Zandieh and Qajariyeh in order to gain power over Iran.

Finally in 1793 Qom came under the control of Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar. On being victorious over his enemies, the Qajar Sultan Fæteh Æli Shah was responsible for the repairs done on the sepulchre and Holy Shrine of Hæzræt Mæ'sume, as he had made such a vow.

The city of Qom began another era of prosperity in the Qajar era. After Russian forces entered Karaj in 1915, many of the inhabitants of Tehran moved to Qom due to reasons of proximity, and the transfer of the capital from Tehran to Qom was even discussed. But the British and Russians defeated prospects of the plan by putting Ahmad Shah Qajar under political pressure. Coinciding with this period, a "National Defense Committee" was set up in Tehran, and Qom turned into a political and military apex opposed to the Russian and British colonial powers.

As a center of religious learning Qom fell into decline for about a century from 1820 to 1920, but had a resurgence when Shaykh Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi accepted an invitation to move from Sultanabad (now called Arak, Iran), where he had been teaching, to Qom.^[2]

In 1964 and 65, before his exile from Iran, the Ayatollah Khomeini led his opposition to the Pahlavi dynasty from Qom. After the Islamic revolution in 1979, Khomeini also spent some time in the city before and after moving to Tehran.

Qom today

Today, Qom is counted as one of the focal centers of the Shi'a both in Iran and around the globe. Since the revolution the clerical population has risen from around 25,000 to more than 45,000 and the nonnclerical population has more than tripled to about 700,000. Substantial sums of money in the form of alms and Islamic taxes flow into Qom to the ten marja-i taqlid or "Source of Imitation" that reside there.^[3] The number of seminary schools in Qom is now over 50, and the number of research institutes and libraries somewhere near 250.^[3]

Its theological center and the Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine are prominent features of the provincial capital of Qom province. Another very popular religious site of pilgrimage formerly outside the city of Qom but now more of a suburb is called Jamkaran.

Qom's proximity to Tehran, Iran's capital, has allowed the clerical establishment easy access to monitor the affairs and decisions of state. Many grand ayatollahs hold offices in both Tehran and Qom; many people simply commute between the two cities as they are only 100 km apart.

Stoning

Ressalat, March 1, 1994, read: "A woman was stoned to death in the city of Qom."

Abrar, November 5, 1991 reported that a woman charged with immoral relations was stoned in the city of Qom.

In October 1989 in the city of Qom, a woman who was being stoned managed to pull herself out of the hole, only to be forced back into it and stoned to death. In justifying the murder, Qom's Chief Religious Judge, Mullah Karimi, elaborated to Ressalat newspaper on October 30, 1989: "Generally speaking, legal and religious decrees on someone condemned to stoning call for her stoning if her guilt was proven on the basis of witnesses' testimonies. Even if she were to escape in the middle of the administration of the sentence, she must be returned and stoned to death."

Kayhan, October 4, 1986, reported that a 25-year-old woman named Nosrat was stoned to death in the city of Qom. She died after an hour of continuous stoning.

On April 17, 1986 a woman was stoned to death in the city of Qom. Prior to being stoned, she was whipped in public. ^{[4] [5]}

Nearby Towns

South East of Qom is the ancient city of Kashan. Directly south of Qom lie the towns of Delijan, Mahallat, Naraq, Kahak, and Jasb. The surrounding area to the east of Qom is populated by Tafresh, Saveh, and Ashtianand Jafarieh

Attractions of Qom

Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization lists 195 sites of historical and cultural significance in Qom. But the more visited sites of Qom are:

• Kahak Cave
• Vashnaveh Cave
• Howz-e Soltan Salt Lake
• Namak Great Salt Lake
• Mar'ashi Najafi Library, with over 500,000 handwritten texts and copies.
• Astaneh Moqaddaseh Museum
• Qom Bazaar
• Feyzieh Seminary
• Jamkaran Mosque
• Jami' Mosque Qom
• Atiq Mosque in Qom
• A'zam Mosque
• Shrine of Fatimah al-Masumah

Fordow uranium enrichment facility

Fordow lies just north of Qom. Its uranium enrichment facility is under construction and is planned to be operational in 2011^[6]. Although Iran has clearly stated that the facility is for civil purposes, there is a lot of scepticism about it among the western powers.^[7]

At the 2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit, U.S. President Barack Obama, Prime Minister Gordon Brown of the United Kingdom, and President Nicolas Sarkozy of France made statements regarding a purportedly undisclosed nuclear enrichment facility still under construction at Qom, drawing parallels with a similar facility at Natanz.^[8]

Qom space center

Qom space center is, with the Emamshahr space center, one of the two places where the Iranian Space Agency is launching its suborbital Shahab 3s space rockets.

Universities and Institutions in Qom

• University of Qom
• Mofid University
• Fatemieh School of Medical Sciences
• Islamic Azad University of Qom
• Payame Noor University
• The Research Institute of Hawzeh va Daneshgah
• Computer Research Center of Islamic Sciences
• Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute
• Qom University of Medical Sciences
• Qom Students Organisation
• Haghani Circle
• Qom Photos

Seminaries

Qom is currently the largest center for Shi'a scholarship in the world. There are an estimated 50,000 seminarians in the city coming from 70 countries including 6000 from Pakistan. Qom has seminaries for women and some non-Shia students. Most of the seminaries teach their students modern social sciences and Western thought as well as traditional religious studies.^[9]

Clerical associations

• Assembly of Qom Seminary Scholars and Researchers (reformist^[10])
• Qom Seminary Scholars Association (conservative^[11])

Senior ranking clerics

The following is a list of some Grand Ayatollahs and the most senior ranking Ayatollahs in or directly related to Qom.

Current

• Grand Ayatollah Hossein Vahid Khorasani
• Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi
• Grand Ayatollah Sadiq Hussaini Shirazi
• Grand Ayatollah Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani
• Grand Ayatollah Mousa Shubairi Zanjani
• Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Alavi Gorgani
• Grand Ayatollah Yousef Sanei

Deceased

• Grand Ayatollah Khomeini
• Grand Ayatollah Borujerdi
• Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri
• Allameh Tabatabaei
• Ayatollah Jawad Tabrizi
• Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Taqi Behjat
• Ayatollah Mohammad Shirazi
• Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti
• Ayatollah Hassan Modarres
• Ayatollah Morteza Motahhari
• Ayatollah Mahmoud Taleghani

See also

• Iranian architecture
• Mashhad
• Qom rug
• Shi'a Islam.
• Natanz

References

1. ↑ Cities in Iran: 2005 Population Estimates
2. ↑ Momen, Moojan, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, Yale University Press, 1985, 247
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} Christopher de Bellaigue, The Struggle for Iran, New York Review of Books, 2007, p.24
4. ↑ [1]
5. ↑ [2]
6. ↑ http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2009/gov2009-74.pdf
7. ↑ Figuring Out Fordow
8. ↑ "Iran 'concealed nuclear facility'". BBC News. 2009-09-25. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8274903.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
9. ↑ Nasr, Vali The Shia Revival, Norton, (2006), p.217
10. ↑ Pro-reform clerical body protests Iran elections. July 5, 2009
11. ↑ Pro-reform clerical body protests Iran elections. July 5, 2009

External links

Religiously affiliated

• Noor Fiqh Library, Qom
• Imam Ali commemorative website, based in Qom.
• Society of Islamic Teachers of Qom's Hawzah (in Persian)
• Qom Seminary Islamic Propagation Office 1
• Qom Seminary Islamic Propagation Office 2
• Qom Seminary Islamic Propagation Office 3
• Qom Seminary Islamic Propagation Office 4
• Qom Seminary Publishers
• Islamic Qom City
• Sharah Hawzah Seminary Information Network
• Islamic International Foundation of Cooperation(IslamIFC) IslamIFC
• Qom Photos

Non-Religiously affiliated

• Qom Province Dwelling Foundation of Islamic Revolution
• Qom Management and Planning Organization
• Governor of Qom website
• Qom Province Transportation and Terminals Organization
• Irani, Hamed (2 November 2005). Qom Concerned over New Intelligence Appointments. ROOZ (ROOZ Online). Archived from the original on 25 March 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060325235926/http://roozonline.com/11english/011400.shtml. Retrieved 28 June 2009 

Others

• Province of Qom on Iran Chamber Society
• Sādeq Sabā, Visiting Iran's ayatollahs at Qom, Tuesday, 17 June 2008, BBC.

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Qom Province Capital Qom Counties and Cities Qom County Dastjerd  · Jafariyeh  · Kahak  · Qom  · Qanavat  · Salafchegan  · Sights Chelakhtaran Imamzadeh  · Hajaskarkhan bath  · House of Khomeini  · House of Mulla Sadra  · Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine  · Feyzieh Seminary  · Jamkaran  · Khourabad Castle  · Qom Bazaar  · Green dome garden  ·  · Namak Lake  · Howz-e Soltan Salt Lake  · Kahak cave  ·