Political divisions of Mexico
The United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a federal republic composed of 32 federal entities (Spanish: entidades federativas) (31 states and 1 federal district).
According to the Constitution of 1917, the states of the federation are free and sovereign and they have a congress and a constitution of their own, while the Federal District has only limited autonomy with a local Congress and its own government. The territory of the Federal District does not belong to any state but to the Federation as a whole, of which it serves as capital.
Contents |
History
Constitutional Empire
On September 27, 1821 after three centuries of Spanish rule, Mexico reached its independence. The Treaty of Córdoba recognized part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain as an Independent Empire, which was recognized as "Monarchist, constitutional and moderate." The new country adopted the name of Mexican Empire.
A minority of the Constituent Congress in search of stability elected as monarch Agustín de Iturbide and thus he was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico on May 18, 1822.[1] However, the Constitutional Empire soon demonstrated the incompatibility of its two main parts, the Emperor and the Constituent Congress. The deputies were imprisoned simply for expressing their disagreements with Iturbide and finally, Iturbide decided to permanently eliminate the Congress, establishing instead a National Junta Board.
The lack of Congress, the arbitrary nature of the Emperor and the absence of solutions to the serious problems that the country was facing increased conspiracies to change the imperial system. Antonio López de Santa Anna proclaimed the Plan of Casa Mata which was later joined by Vicente Guerrero and Nicolás Bravo. Iturbide then was forced to reestablish the Congress and in a vain attempt to save the order and keep the situation favorable to his supporters, he abdicated to the crown of the Empire on March 19, 1823.[2]
However, the Congress nullified the designation of Iturbide and therefore the recognition of the abdication and made seem the coronation of Iturbide as a logic error in the consummation of Independence.[2]
The dissolution of the Empire gave birth to the first political realignment of independent Mexico.
Federal Republic
After the fall of the Empire the Supreme Executive Power surges, which would be responsible for the creation of the Federal Republic, was in effect from April 1, 1823 to October 10, 1824.
The agitation in the provinces was such that on May 21, 1823 the article 6. of the basic project of the Federal Republic states that: The component parts of the Republic are free, sovereign and independent States in what concerns their administration and government. In other words, they were free to follow their destiny as they saw fit. However, most of the now Free States who were summoned to form part of the Federal Republic, joined the Union except for the whole of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala which formed its own Federal Republic.
On January 31, 1824 the decree was issued which created the Constitutive Act of the Mexican Federation, which incorporated the article 6. of the basic project of the Federal Republic. To determine the country's territorial division the criterion was used that states invited to the federation,... Weren’t so few that by its size and wealth in a few years could aspire to become independent nations, breaking the federation, nor so many that lack of manpower and resources come to be an unworkable system.[3]
Between 1823 and 1824 some of the free states that would form part of a future federation had begun developing their own constitutions and others had already installed its Constituent Congress. Special cases were those of Yucatan, that on December 23, 1823 decided to join the federation but as a Federated Republic and Chiapas that decided by referendum to join the federation on September 14, 1824.[4]
Finally, the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 was enacted on October 4, 1824 by which the United Mexican States were officially born. The country was composed of 19 states: Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila y Texas, Durango, Guanajuato, México, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla de los Ángeles, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sonora y Sinaloa o Estado de Occidente, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Jalisco, Yucatán and Zacatecas. In addition, 4 federal territories were formed: the Alta California, Baja California, Colima and Santa Fe de Nuevo México.[5] After the publication of the constitution, in the same year on November 18, the Federal District was created.[6] Tlaxcala which had retained a special status since the time of the spanish conquest, was incorporated as a territory on November 24.[7]
On October 10, 1824, Guadalupe Victoria took office as the first President of Mexico.[8]
Centralist Republic
_Republica_Centralista.PNG)
The political structure of the Republic was amended by Law on October 3, 1835, when the centralist system. was established.
The entities which formed the Republic thus lost its freedom, independence and sovereignty, being totally subordinated to the central government. However, the territorial division itself remained the same, because the text of Article 8 of the Law determined only: The national territory is divided into departments, on the basis of population, location and other leading circumstances : their number, extent and subdivisions, will be detailed by constitutional law.[9]
The Seven Constitutional Laws (Spanish: Siete Leyes Constitucionales) were promulgated on December 30, 1836.[10] It was the sixth law which dealt with the territorial configuration in the articles 1 and 2; the 1st determined, confirming the view of the law of October 3, 1835, that the Republic be divided into departments, these in districts and the districts in parties. The 2nd article provided that the division of the Republic in departments would be under a special law with constitutional character.[11] On December 30, 1835 a transitory decree was added to theSeven Laws wich stated that the states would become departments. The territory of Tlaxcala and the Federal District would become a part of the Department of Mexico. The territories of Alta and Baja California would form the department of the Californias. Coahuila y Texas would be divided into two departments. Colima would form part of Michoacán and Aguascalientes would be declared a department.
During this period of political instability several regional problems and conflicts between the center and the entities of the country also began. Rebellions were raised in several locations, including:[12]
- Yucatán under its condition of Federated Republic declared itself independent in 1840 (officially in 1841). The República de Yucatán (English: Republic of Yucatán), definitely rejoined the nation in 1848.
- Texas declared independence by reason of the change of the federal system to centralized and refused to participate in the latter, called a convention in Austin that declared the people of Texas in war against the central government in Mexico, ignoring, therefore, the authorities and laws. Thus arose the Republic of Texas.
- The states of Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and Coahuila briefly declared themselves de facto independent from México (just under 250 days); the República del Río Grande never consolidated because independence forces were defeated by the centralist forces.
- Tabasco enacted its separation from Mexico in February 1841, in protest against centralism and due to the imposed sanctions by centralist president Anastasio Bustamante, rejoined in December, 1842.
- In Chiapas the problem was that the region of Soconusco had remained undecided about joining Mexico or Guatemala since the declaration of independence of both nations in 1821. The matter was solved with the decree of September 11, 1842, by which Soconusco joined Mexico as part of the department of Chiapas.
Restoration of the Republic and Second Empire
The Federal Republic was restored by the interim president José Mariano Salas on August 22, 1846, as modifications to the territorial structure the state of Guerrero was erected in 1849 (provisionally) conditioned by the acceptance of the legislatures of the State of México, Puebla and Michoacán which were the regions affected. On February 5, 1857 a new constitution was promulgated known as the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857. On 1864, however, after the French intervention, the conservative mexicans restored the constitutional monarchy, known as the Second Mexican Empire, led by the emperor Maximilian of Habsburg and supported by the french army under Napoleon III. He would be deposed in 1867 and the Federal Republic would be restored again under the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857. The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1917 that would arise from the Mexican Revolution confirmed the federal system of government that has lasted until today.[13]
Federal entities of Mexico
Federal district
| Entity | Official name | Flag | Area | Population (2009)[14] | Date of establishment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ciudad de México | Distrito Federal |  |
1,485 km2 (573.4 sq mi) |
8,720,916 | 18-11-1824[15] |
States
| State | Official Name | Flag | Capital | Largest city | Area[16] | Population (2009)[14] | Order of Admission to Federation |
Date of Admission to Federation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aguascalientes | Aguascalientes |  |
Aguascalientes | Aguascalientes | 5,618 km2 (2,169.1 sq mi) | 1,135,016 | 24 | 05-02-1857[17] |
| Baja California | Baja California |  |
Mexicali | Tijuana | 71,446 km2 (27,585.5 sq mi) | 3,122,408 | 29 | 16-01-1952[18] |
| Baja California Sur | Baja California Sur |  |
La Paz | La Paz | 73,922 km2 (28,541.4 sq mi) | 558,425 | 31 | 08-10-1974[19] |
| Campeche | Campeche |  |
San Francisco de Campeche | San Francisco de Campeche | 57,924 km2 (22,364.6 sq mi) | 791,322 | 25 | 29-04-1863[20] |
| Chiapas | Chiapas |  |
Tuxtla Gutiérrez | Tuxtla Gutiérrez | 73,289 km2 (28,297.0 sq mi) | 4,483,886 | 19 | 14-09-1824[21] |
| Chihuahua | Chihuahua |  |
Chihuahua | Ciudad Juárez | 247,455 km2 (95,542.9 sq mi) | 3,376,062 | 18 | 06-07-1824[21] |
| Coahuila1 4 | Coahuila de Zaragoza |  |
Saltillo | Torreón | 151,563 km2 (58,518.8 sq mi) | 2,615,574 | 16 | 07-05-1824[21] |
| Colima | Colima |  |
Colima | Manzanillo | 5,625 km2 (2,171.8 sq mi) | 597,043 | 23 | 09-12-1856[22][23] |
| Durango | Durango |  |
Victoria de Durango | Victoria de Durango | 123,451 km2 (47,664.7 sq mi) | 1,547,597 | 17 | 22-05-1824[21] |
| Guanajuato | Guanajuato |  |
Guanajuato | León | 30,608 km2 (11,817.8 sq mi) | 5,033,276 | 2 | 20-12-1823[21] |
| Guerrero | Guerrero |  |
Chilpancingo de los Bravo |
Acapulco de Juárez | 63,621 km2 (24,564.2 sq mi) | 3,143,292 | 21 | 27-10-1849[24] |
| Hidalgo | Hidalgo |  |
Pachuca de Soto | Pachuca de Soto | 20,846 km2 (8,048.7 sq mi) | 2,415,461 | 26 | 16-01-1869[25] |
| Jalisco | Jalisco |  |
Guadalajara | Guadalajara | 78,599 km2 (30,347.2 sq mi) | 6,989,304 | 9 | 23-12-1823[21] |
| México | México | .png){kind=small} |
Toluca de Lerdo | Ecatepec de Morelos | 22,357 km2 (8,632.1 sq mi) | 14,739,060 | 1 | 20-12-1823[21] |
| Michoacán | Michoacán de Ocampo |  |
Morelia | Morelia | 58,643 km2 (22,642.2 sq mi) | 3,971,225 | 5 | 22-12-1823[21] |
| Morelos | Morelos |  |
Cuernavaca | Cuernavaca | 4,893 km2 (1,889.2 sq mi) | 1,668,343 | 27 | 17-04-1869[26] |
| Nayarit | Nayarit |  |
Tepic | Tepic | 27,815 km2 (10,739.4 sq mi) | 968,257 | 28 | 26-01-1917[27] |
| Nuevo León4 | Nuevo León |  |
Monterrey | Monterrey | 64,220 km2 (24,795.5 sq mi) | 4,420,909 | 15 | 07-05-1824[21] |
| Oaxaca | Oaxaca |  |
Oaxaca de Juárez | Oaxaca de Juárez | 93,793 km2 (36,213.7 sq mi) | 3,551,710 | 3 | 21-12-1823[21] |
| Puebla | Puebla |  |
Puebla de Zaragoza | Puebla de Zaragoza | 34,290 km2 (13,239.4 sq mi) | 5,624,104 | 4 | 21-12-1823[21] |
| Querétaro | Querétaro |  |
Santiago de Querétaro | Santiago de Querétaro | 11,684 km2 (4,511.2 sq mi) | 1,705,267 | 11 | 23-12-1823[21] |
| Quintana Roo | Quintana Roo |  |
Chetumal | Cancún | 42,361 km2 (16,355.7 sq mi) | 1,290,323 | 30 | 08-10-1974[28] |
| San Luis Potosí | San Luis Potosí |  |
San Luis Potosí | San Luis Potosí | 60,983 km2 (23,545.7 sq mi) | 2,479,450 | 6 | 22-12-1823[21] |
| Sinaloa | Sinaloa |  |
Culiacán Rosales | Culiacán Rosales | 57,377 km2 (22,153.4 sq mi) | 2,650,499 | 20 | 14-10-1830[29] |
| Sonora2 | Sonora |  |
Hermosillo | Hermosillo | 179,503 km2 (69,306.5 sq mi) | 2,499,263 | 12 | 10-01-1824[21] |
| Tabasco5 | Tabasco |  |
Villahermosa | Villahermosa | 24,738 km2 (9,551.4 sq mi) | 2,045,294 | 13 | 07-02-1824[21] |
| Tamaulipas4 | Tamaulipas |  |
Ciudad Victoria | Reynosa | 80,175 km2 (30,955.7 sq mi) | 3,174,134 | 14 | 07-02-1824[21] |
| Tlaxcala | Tlaxcala |  |
Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl | Vicente Guerrero | 3,991 km2 (1,540.9 sq mi) | 1,127,331 | 22 | 09-12-1856[30] |
| Veracruz | Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave |
 |
Xalapa-Enríquez | Veracruz | 71,820 km2 (27,729.9 sq mi) | 7,270,413 | 7 | 22-12-1823[21] |
| Yucatán3 | Yucatán |  |
Mérida | Mérida | 39,612 km2 (15,294.3 sq mi) | 1,909,965 | 8 | 23-12-1823[21] |
| Zacatecas | Zacatecas |  |
Zacatecas | Fresnillo | 75,539 km2 (29,165.8 sq mi) | 1,380,633 | 10 | 23-12-1823[21] |
Notes:
- Joined the federation with the name of Coahuila y Texas.
- Joined the federation with the name of Estado de Occidente also recognized as Sonora y Sinaloa.
- Joined the federation as República Federada de Yucatán[31] (English: Federated Republic of Yucatán) formed by the current states of Yucatan, Campeche and Quintana Roo. Became independent in 1841 constituting the second Republic of Yucatán and definitely rejoined in 1848.
- States of Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and Coahuila became independent de facto in 1840 to form the República del Río Grande (English: Republic of the Rio Grande); never consolidated its independence because independent forces were defeated by the centralist forces.[32]
- State of Tabasco seceded from Mexico on two occasions, the first on February 13, 1841, rejoining again on December 2, 1842. And the second time was from November 9, 1846 to December 8 of that year.
Mexican states
The states of the Mexican Federation are free, sovereign, autonomous, and independent of each other. They are free to govern themselves according to their own laws; each state has a constitution that cannot contradict the federal constitution, which covers issues of national competence. The states cannot make alliances with other states or any independent nation without the consent of the whole federation, except those of defense and security arrangements necessary to keep the border states secure in the event of an invasion. The political organization of each state is based on a separation of powers in a congressional system: legislative power is vested in a unicameral congress (the federal congress has two chambers); executive power is independent of the legislature and vested in a governor elected by universal suffrage; and judicial power is vested in a Superior Court of Justice. Since states have legal autonomy, each has its own civil and penal codes and judicial body.
In the Congress of the Union, the federative entities – the States and the Federal District – are each represented by 3 senators, 2 elected by universal suffrage on the principle of relative majority and 1 assigned to the party which obtains the largest minority. In addition, the federation makes up a constituency in which 32 senators are elected by the method of proportional representation. Federal Deputies, however, do not represent the states, but rather the citizens themselves. The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate together comprise the Congress of the Union.
Internal Organization of States
The states are internally divided into municipalities. Each municipality is autonomous in its ability to elect their own council. The council is headed by a Mayor elected every 3 years with no possibility of immediate reelection. Each municipality has a council composed of councilors in terms of population size. The council is responsible, in most cases, to provide all utilities required for its population. This concept, which arises from the Mexican Revolution, is known as a "free municipality". In total there are 2438 municipalities in Mexico, the state with the highest number of municipalities is Oaxaca, with 570, and the state with the lowest number is Baja California, with only 5.[33]
Distrito Federal
Mexico City has a special status within the federation. According to Article 44 of the federal constitution, Mexico City is the Federal District, seat of government of the Union and the capital of the United Mexican States. The city is coextensive with the Federal District territorially and administratively. If the federal government moves to another city, the Federal District would be transformed into another state of the Union, called "State of the Valley of Mexico" with new borders and area that the Congress of the Union would give it.
Mexico City was separated from the State of Mexico, of which it was the capital, in November 18, 1824, to become the capital of the federation. As such, it does not belong to any state in particular but to all (i.e., to the federation). Therefore, it was the president of Mexico, in representation of the federation, who designated its head of government (previously called regente, "regent" or jefe del departamento del Distrito Federal, "head of the department of the Federal District"). However, the Federal District received full autonomy in 1997 and its citizens now elect directly their chief of government, the head of the boroughs (or delegaciones) and the representatives of the unicameral legislature called the Asamblea Legislativa, "Legislative Assembly". It does not have a constitution but a statute of autonomy. Nonetheless it enjoys many privileges as the capital of the federation.
Internal divisions of the Federal District
For administrative purposes, the Federal District is divided into 16 delegaciones or boroughs. While not fully equivalent to a municipality (nor the concept of a municipio libre), the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy and since 2000 the heads of government of the boroughs are elected directly by plurality (they were previously appointed by the head of government of the Federal District). Given that Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District most of the city services are provided by the Government of the Federal District and not by the boroughs themselves, while in the constituent states these services would be provided by the municipalities. It should be noted that while other municipalities within the constituent states of the federation exercise their autonomy through the municipal council, some, like Mexicali or Querétaro, have further subdivided the municipality into delegaciones or boroughs for administrative purposes as well.
Self-determination of the Indigenous Peoples
The second article of the constitution recognizes the multicultural composition of the nation founded upon the indigenous peoples to whom the government grants the right of self-(free) determination and autonomy. According to this article the indigenous peoples are granted
- The right to decide the internal forms of social, economic, political and cultural organization;
- The right to apply their own normative systems of regulation as long as human rights and rights of women (gender equality) are granted;
- The right to preserve and enrich their languages and culture;
- The right to elect representatives before the municipal council in which their territories are located; amongst other rights.
The nation commits to and demands the constituent states and municipalities to promote the economic and social development of the indigenous communities as well as an intercultural and bilingual education. According to the Law of Linguistic Rights, the nation recognizes 62 indigenous languages as "national languages" with the same validity as Spanish in the territories in which they are spoken and the indigenous peoples are entitled to request public services in their languages.
Notes
- ^a Some of these flags are used in states like Civil or Historic Flags (Yucatán, Hidalgo, Baja California, Michoacán) and are even more recognized by people as the official state flags assigned by President Ernesto Zedillo in 1999 and can be found waving in homes of the people. The others are proposed by citizen or groups to state legislatures, but have not yet been approved. Only two states in Mexico have changed the flags and have formalized their own, Jalisco and Tlaxcala.
See also
| Mexico |
 This article is part of the series: |
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Executive
Legislative
Judiciary
States
Elections
Political parties
General
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Other countries · Atlas |
- Territorial evolution of Mexico
- Administrative division
- List of Mexican state governors
- List of Mexican states by HDI
- List of Mexican states by area
- List of Mexican states by population
- Ranked list of Mexican states
- List of Latin American subnational entities by HDI
- Mexican state name etymologies
References
- ↑ Álvarez Cuartero, Izaskun Op.cit. p.266
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "La Transicion del Imperio a la Republica o la Participacion Indiscriminada" (in Spanish). http://www.iih.unam.mx/moderna/ehmc/ehmc11/136.html.
- ↑ "Acta constitucional presentada al soberano Congreso Constituyente por su comisión." (in Spanish). http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1823_122/Acta_constitucional_presentada_al_soberano_Congres_183.shtml.
- ↑ "Aniversario de la Federación de Chiapas a México" (in Spanish). http://www.blogsentrelagente.com.mx/blog_home.asp?idU=230&idP=5871.
- ↑ "Decreto. Constitución federal de los Estados-Unidos Mexicanos." (in Spanish). http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1824_121/Decreto_Constituci_n_federal_de_los_Estados-Unidos_Mexicanos.shtml.
- ↑ "Decreto. Se señala á México con el distrito que se expresa para la residencia de los supremos poderes de la federación" (in Spanish). http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1824_121/Decreto_Se_se_ala_M_xico_con_el_distrito_que_se_expresa_para_la_residencia_de_los_supremos_poderes_de_la_federaci_n.shtml.
- ↑ "Decreto. Se declara á Tlaxcala territorio de la federación" (in Spanish). http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1824_121/Decreto_Se_declara_Tlaxcala_territorio_de_la_federaci_n.shtml.
- ↑ "Biography of Victoria, Guadalupe.". http://www.archontology.org/nations/mex/mex2/victoria.php.
- ↑ "Bases Constitucionales Expedidas por el Congreso Constituyente", en Felipe Tena Ramírez", Op.cit. p. 203
- ↑ "La Suprema Corte en las Constituciones Centralistas." (in Spanish). http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/2/721/37.pdf.
- ↑ "Division Territorial de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos de 1810 a 1995 (Page 27)." (in Spanish). http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/integracion/pais/divi_terri/1810-1985/eum/ESTADOS%20UNIDOS%20MEXICANOS.pdf.
- ↑ "Division Territorial de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos de 1810 a 1995 (Page 28)" (in Spanish). http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/integracion/pais/divi_terri/1810-1985/eum/ESTADOS%20UNIDOS%20MEXICANOS.pdf.
- ↑ "Division Territorial de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos de 1810 a 1995 (Page 29)" (in Spanish). http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/integracion/pais/divi_terri/1810-1985/eum/ESTADOS%20UNIDOS%20MEXICANOS.pdf.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 CONAPO
- ↑ "Conmemora la Secretaría de Cultura el 185 Aniversario del Decreto de Creación del Distrito Federal". http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/index.php/sala-de-prensa/boletines/2536-601-09-.
- ↑ "INEGI". http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/default.aspx?tema=me.
- ↑ "Calendario de Eventos Cívicos - Febrero". http://www.yucatan.gob.mx/servicios/c_civico/fechas.jsp?mes=2.
- ↑ "Transformación Política de Territorio Norte de la Baja California a Estado 29". http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx/portal/nuestro_estado/historia/transformacion.jsp.
- ↑ "Secretaria de Educación Publica". http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=8&mes=10.
- ↑ "Secretaria de Educación Publica". http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=29&mes=4.
- ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 21.13 21.14 21.15 21.16 21.17 21.18 "La Diputación Provincial y El Federalismo Mexicano". http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=i_GK_-6deKIC&lpg=PA227&ots=eyvDzsrMIz&dq=22%20De%20Mayo%20De%201824%20durango&pg=PA227#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ↑ "Portal Ciudadano de Baja California". http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx/portal/nuestro_estado/historia/efemerides/en-diciembre.jsp.
- ↑ "Universidad de Colima". http://elcomentario.ucol.mx/Noticia.php?id=1260333428.
- ↑ "Erección del Estado de Guerrero". http://www.guerrero.gob.mx/?P=readart&ArtOrder=ReadArt&Article=2177.
- ↑ "Congreso del Estado Libre y Soberano de Hidalgo". http://www.congreso-hidalgo.gob.mx/index.php?historia-de-las-divisiones-territoriales-de-los-municipios-del-estado-de-hidalgo-1.
- ↑ "Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México". http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/morelos/gobi.htm.
- ↑ "Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala". http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/tlaxcala/enero-febrero.html.
- ↑ "Gobierno del Estado de Quintana Roo". http://www.qroo.gob.mx/qroo/Estado/Historia.php.
- ↑ "500 años de México en documentos". http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1830_135/Ley_Reglas_para_la_divisi_n_del_Estado_de_Sonora_y_Sinaloa.shtml.
- ↑ "Portal Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala". http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/tlaxcala/nov-dic.html.
- ↑ "La historia de la República de Yucatán". http://www.sobrino.net/Dzidzantun/la_historia_de_la_rep_yuc.htm.
- ↑ "República de Río Grande, el País que no pudo ser." (in Spanish). http://www.ambosmedios.com/releases/2005/12/prweb321680.htm.
- ↑ "CATALOGO DE MUNICIPIOS Y LOCALIDADES POR ESTADO". http://portal.veracruz.gob.mx/portal/page?_pageid=433,4078171&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL.
- Political Constitution of the United Mexican States; articles 2, and 42 through 48
- Law of Linguistic Rights or "Ley de los Derechos Lingüísticos" approved in 2001.juihu b
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