Farad

Examples of various types of capacitors.
a 1-farad capacitor.
This is about the capacitance unit of measure. For the charge constant, see Faraday constant.

The farad (symbol: F) is the SI unit of capacitance. The term farad is named after the English physicist Michael Faraday.

Contents

Definition

A farad is the charge in coulombs a capacitor will accept for the potential across it to change 1 volt. A coulomb is 1 ampere second. Example: A 47 mA current causes the voltage across a capacitor to increase 1 volt per second. It therefore has a capacitance of 47 mF. It has the base SI representation of s4·A2·m−2·kg−1. Further equalities follow:

\mbox{F} = \,\mathrm \frac{A \cdot s}{V} = \dfrac{\mbox{J}}{\mbox{V}^2} = \dfrac{\mbox{W} \cdot \mbox{s}}{\mbox{V}^2} = \dfrac{\mbox{C}}{\mbox{V}} = \dfrac{\mbox{C}^2}{\mbox{J}} = \dfrac{\mbox{C}^2}{\mbox{N} \cdot \mbox{m}} = \dfrac{\mbox{s}^2 \cdot \mbox{C}^2}{\mbox{m}^{2} \cdot \mbox{kg}} = \dfrac{\mbox{s}^4 \cdot \mbox{A}^2}{\mbox{m}^{2} \cdot \mbox{kg}} = \dfrac{\mbox{s}}{\Omega}

The most commonly used multiples and submultiples in electrical and electronic usage are the microfarad, nanofarad and picofarad.

Explanation

The size of commercially available capacitors range from 100 fF to 5 kF.[1]

Values of capacitors are usually specified in ranges of farads (F), microfarads (μF or MFD), nanofarads (nF), or picofarads (pF), as one, millionths, billionths or trillionths of a farad, respectively.[2] When speaking of capacitor values a picofarad is sometimes referred to as a "puff" or "pic", as in "a ten puff capacitor".[3] If the Greek letter μ is not available, the notation uF is often used as a substitute for μF in electronics literature. A micro-microfarad (μμF) that can be found in older texts is the equivalent of a picofarad. The millifarad is rarely used in practice, so that a capacitance of 4.7 × 10−3 F, for example, is usually written as 4,700 µF. North American usage also avoids nanofarads: a capacitance of 1 × 10−9 F will frequently be indicated as 1000 pF; and a capacitance of 1 × 10−7 F as 0.1 μF. Very small capacitance values, such as those used in integrated circuits may also be expressed in femtofarads (fF), one femtofarad being equal to 1 × 10−15 F.

1 F = 1000 mF = 1,000,000 μF = 1,000,000,000 nF = 1,000,000,000,000 pF = 1,000,000,000,000,000 fF
1 μF = 1,000 nF = 1,000,000 pF = 1,000,000, 000 fF

The 'farad' should not be confused with the faraday, which is the charge carried by one mole of singly-charged ions.

The reciprocal of capacitance is called electrical elastance, the (non-standard, non-SI) unit of which is the daraf.[4]

A capacitor consists of two conducting surfaces, frequently referred to as plates, separated by an insulating layer usually referred to as a dielectric. The original capacitor was the Leyden jar developed in the 18th century. It is the accumulation of charges on the plates that results in capacitance. Modern capacitors are constructed using a range of manufacturing techniques and materials to provide the extraordinarily wide range of capacitance values used in electronics applications from femtofarads to farads, with voltage withstand capabilities ranging from a few volts to several kilovolts.

One picofarad is about the smallest value of capacitor available for general use in electronic design, since smaller capacitors would be dominated by the parasitic capacitances (stray capacitance) of other components, wiring or printed circuit boards. When capacitance values of 1 pF or lower are required, engineers sometimes create their own capacitors by twisting two short lengths of insulated wire together.[5][6]

The capacitance of the Earth's ionosphere with respect to the ground is calculated to be about 0.05 F.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Digikey
  2. ↑ Newton C. Braga (2001). Robotics, Mechatronics, and Artificial Intelligence. Google Books. pp. 336 pages. http://books.google.com/books?id=yqb-f-HKem0C&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=microfarad+%22common+measurement&source=web&ots=XKiRXY4zeQ&sig=RrHw5Zbb0ymkDh9dRRul_qjsvcw&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result. Retrieved 2008-09-17. "page 21: Common measurement units are the Farad, microFarad (uF), representing 0.000,001 F; the nanoFarad (nF), representing 0.000,000001 F; and the picoFarad (pF)" 
  3. ↑ http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Puff.html
  4. ↑ http://www.websters-dictionary-online.com/da/daraf.html
  5. ↑ What's All This Femtoampere Stuff, Anyhow?
  6. ↑ Electronic Design Welcome

References

External links

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