Lockheed P-3 Orion

P-3 Orion
U.S. Navy P-3C Orion assigned to VP-22
Role	Maritime patrol aircraft
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Lockheed
First flight	November 1959[1]
Introduced	August 1962[1]
Status	Active
Primary users	United States Navy Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Royal Australian Air Force Royal New Zealand Air Force
Number built	Lockheed – 650, Kawasaki – 107, Total – 757
Unit cost	US$36 million (FY1987)[1]
Developed from	Lockheed L-188 Electra [2]
Variants	Lockheed AP-3C Orion Lockheed CP-140 Aurora Lockheed EP-3 Lockheed WP-3D Orion

The Lockheed P-3 Orion is a four-engine turboprop anti-submarine and maritime surveillance aircraft developed for the United States Navy and introduced in the 1960s. Lockheed based it on the L-188 Electra commercial airliner.^[2] The aircraft is easily recognizable by its distinct tail stinger or "MAD Boom", used for the magnetic detection of submarines. Over the years, the aircraft saw numerous design advancements, most notably to its electronics packages. The P-3 Orion is still in use by numerous navies and air forces around the world, primarily for maritime patrol, reconnaissance, anti-surface warfare and anti-submarine warfare.^[1]

Contents 1 Development 2 Design 2.1 Crew complement 2.2 Engine loiter shutdown 3 Operational history 3.1 Cuba 3.2 Vietnam 3.3 Iraq 3.4 Afghanistan 3.5 Somalia 3.6 Civilian uses 4 Variants 5 Operators 5.1 Military operators 5.2 Former military operators 5.3 Civilian operators 6 Accidents and incidents 7 Specifications (P-3C Orion) 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

Development

In August 1957, the US Navy called for replacement proposals for the aging P2V Neptune (later redesignated P-2) and P5M Marlin (later redesignated P-5) with a more advanced aircraft to conduct maritime patrol and antisubmarine warfare. Modifying an existing aircraft was expected to save on cost and allow rapid introduction into the fleet. Lockheed suggested a military version of their L-188 Electra, which was still in development and had yet to fly. In April 1958 Lockheed won the competition and was awarded an initial research and development contract in May.^[2]

The prototype YP3V-1/YP-3A BuNo 148276 was in fact modified from the third Electra airframe c/n 1003. The first flight of the aircraft's aerodynamic prototype, originally designated YP3V-1, was on August 19, 1958. While based on the same design philosophy as the Lockheed L-188 Electra, the aircraft was structurally different. The aircraft had 7 meters (23 ft) less fuselage forward of the wings, as well as internal, external, and airframe production technique enhancements.^[2] The Orion has four Allison T56 turboprops which give it a top speed of 411 knots (0.211 km) comparable to the fastest propeller fighters, or even slow turbofan jets such as the A-10 Thunderbolt II or the S-3 Viking. Similar airplanes include the Soviet Ilyushin Il-38, the British Hawker Siddeley Nimrod adaptation of the de Havilland Comet and the French Breguet Atlantique.

The first production version, designated P3V-1, launched on April 15, 1961. Initial squadron deliveries to Patrol Squadron EIGHT (VP-8) and Patrol Squadron FORTY FOUR (VP-44) at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland began in August 1962. On September 18, 1962, the U.S. military transitioned to a unified designation system for all services, naming it the P-3 Orion.^[2] Paint schemes have changed from early 1960s blue and white, to mid-1960s white and gray, to mid-1990s flat finish low visibility gray with fewer and smaller markings. In the early 2000s, the scheme changed to a gloss gray finish with the original full-size color markings. However, large size Bureau Numbers on the vertical stabilizer and squadron designations on the fuselage remained omitted.

More than 40 combatant & noncombatant P-3 variants have demonstrated the rugged reliability displayed by the platform flying 12 hour plus missions 200 ft (61 m) over salt water while maintaining an excellent safety record. Versions have been developed for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for research and hurricane hunting/hurricane wall busting, for the U.S. Customs Service (now U.S. Customs and Border Protection) for drug interdiction and aerial surveillance mission with a rotodome adapted from the E-2 Hawkeye or an AN/APG-66 radar adapted from the F-16 Fighting Falcon, and for NASA for research and development.

The United States Navy remains the largest P-3 operator, currently distributed between a single fleet replacement (i.e., "training) patrol squadron, 12 active duty patrol squadrons, two Navy Reserve patrol squadrons, two active duty special projects patrol squadrons and two active duty test and evaluation squadrons. Two additional active duty fleet reconnaissance squadrons operate the EP-3 Aries signals intelligence (SIGINT) variant. The U.S. Navy's fleet is slated for replacement beginning in 2013 by the Boeing P-8 Poseidon, which is based upon the Boeing 737 airliner.

Design

The P-3 has an internal bomb bay under the front fuselage which can house conventional Mark 50 torpedoes or Mark 46 torpedoes and/or special (nuclear) weapons. Additional underwing stations, or pylons, can carry other armament configurations including the AGM-84 Harpoon, AGM-84E SLAM, AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER, the AGM-65 Maverick, 127 inches (323 cm) Zuni rockets, and various other sea mines, missiles, and gravity bombs. The aircraft also had the capability to carry the AGM-12 Bullpup guided missile until that weapon was withdrawn from U.S./NATO/Allied service.^[3]

The P-3 is equipped with a Magnetic Anomaly Detector (MAD) in the tail. This instrument is able to detect the magnetic anomaly generated by a submarine in the Earth's magnetic field. The limited range of this instrument requires the aircraft to be overhead or very close to the submarine. Because of this it is primarily is used for pinpointing the location of a submarine prior to a torpedo attack. Due to the incredibly sensitive nature of the detector, electro-magnetic noise can interfere with its operation. For this reason, the detector is placed in P-3's distinct tail stinger or "MAD boom", far away from rest of the electronics on the aircraft.^[4]

Crew complement

The crew complement varies depending on the role being flown, the variant being operated, and the country who is operating. In US Navy service, the normal complement is 11.^[1]

• three Naval Aviators
  • Patrol Plane Commander (PPC)
  • Patrol Plane 2nd Pilot (PP2P)
  • Patrol Plane 3rd Pilot (PP3P)
• two Naval Flight Officers
  • Patrol Plane Tactical Coordinator (PPTC or TACCO)
  • Patrol Plane Navigator/Communicator (PPNC or NAVCOM)
• two enlisted aircrew flight engineers (FE1 and FE2)
• three enlisted sensor operators
  • Radar/MAD/EWO (SS-3)
  • two Acoustic (SS-1 and SS-2)
• one enlisted in-flight technician (IFT)
• one aviation ordnanceman (ORD position no longer used on USN crews; duties assumed by IFT.)

The senior of either the PPC or TACCO will be designated as the aircraft Mission Commander (MC).

Engine loiter shutdown

Once on station, one engine is often shut down (usually the No. 1 engine - the port outer engine) to conserve fuel and extend the time aloft and/or range when at low level. On occasion, both outboard engines can be shut down, weight, weather, and fuel permitting. Long deep-water, coastal or border patrol missions can last over ten hours and may include extra crew. The record time aloft for a P-3 is 21.5 hours, undertaken by the Royal New Zealand Air Force's No. 5 Squadron in 1972.

Engine 1 is the primary candidate for loiter shutdown because uniquely it has no generator, and provides no electrical power. Eliminating the exhaust from engine 1 also improves visibility from the aft observer station on the port side of the aircraft.

Operational history

Developed during the Cold War, the P-3's primary mission was to track and eliminate ballistic missile and fast attack submarines in the event of war. Reconnaissance missions in international waters led to occasions where Soviet fighters would "bump" a U.S. Navy P-3 or other P-3 operators such as the Royal Norwegian Air Force. On April 1, 2001, a mid-air collision between a United States Navy EP-3E ARIES II signals surveillance aircraft and a People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) J-8II interceptor fighter jet resulted in an international dispute between the United States and the People's Republic of China (PRC) called the Hainan Island incident.^[5]

Cuba

In October 1962, P-3A aircraft flew several blockade patrols in the vicinity of Cuba. Having just recently joined the operational Fleet earlier that year, this was the first employment of the P-3 in a real world "near conflict" situation.

Vietnam

Beginning in 1964, forward deployed P-3 aircraft began flying a variety of missions under Operation Market Time from bases in the Philippines and Vietnam. The primary focus of these coastal patrols was to stem the supply of materials to the Viet Cong by sea, although several of these missions also became overland "feet dry" sorties. During one such mission, a small caliber artillery shell passed through a P-3 without rendering it mission incapable. During another overland mission, it is rumored, but not confirmed, that a P-3 shot down a North Vietnamese MiG with Zuni missiles. The only confirmed combat loss of a P-3 also occurred during Operation Market Time. In April 1968, a U.S. Navy P-3B of Patrol Squadron 26 (VP-26) was downed by anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) fire in the Gulf of Thailand with the loss of the entire crew. Two months earlier, in February 1968, another one of VP-26's P-3B aircraft was operating in the same vicinity when it crashed with the loss of the entire crew. Originally attributed to an aircraft mishap at low altitude, later conjecture is that this aircraft may have also fallen victim to AAA fire from the same source as the April incident.^[6]

Iraq

On August 2, 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait and was poised to strike Saudi Arabia. Within forty-eight hours of the initial invasion, U.S. Navy P-3C aircraft were the first American forces to arrive in the area. One was a modified platform with a prototype system known as "Outlaw Hunter." Undergoing trials in the Pacific after being developed by the Navy’s Space & Naval Warfare Systems Command, "Outlaw Hunter" was testing a specialized over-the-horizon targeting (OTH-T) system package when it responded. Within hours of the start of the coalition air campaign, "Outlaw Hunter" detected a large number of Iraqi patrol boats and naval vessels attempting to move from Basra and Umm Qasr to Iranian waters. "Outlaw Hunter" vectored in strike elements which attacked the flotilla near Bubiyan Island destroying 11 vessels and damaging scores more. During Desert Shield, a P-3 using infrared imaging detected a ship with Iraqi markings beneath freshly painted bogus Egyptian markings trying to avoid detection. Several days before the January 7, 1991 commencement of Operation Desert Storm, a P-3C equipped with an APS-137 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) conducted coastal surveillance along Iraq and Kuwait to provide pre-strike reconnaissance on enemy military installations. Fifty-five of the one hundred and eight Iraqi vessels destroyed during the conflict were targeted by P-3C aircraft.^[7]

The P-3 Orion's mission expanded in the late 1990s and early 2000s to include battlespace surveillance both at sea and over land. The long range and long loiter time of the P-3 Orion have proved to be an invaluable asset during Operation Iraqi Freedom. It can instantaneously provide information about the battlespace it can see to ground troops, particularly the U.S. Marines.^[1]

Afghanistan

Although the P-3 is a Maritime Patrol Aircraft, armament and sensor upgrades in the Anti-surface Warfare Improvement Program (AIP) ^[8] have made it suitable for sustained combat air support over land.^[8] Since the start of the current war in Afghanistan, U.S. Navy P-3 aircraft have been operating from Kandahar in that role.^[9] Australian Air Force P-3 aircraft also operated there early in the war.^[10] As of February 2010, the Australian P-3 aircraft have been operating in the area for a continuous 7 years.^[11]

Recently the United States Geological Survey used the Orion to survey parts of southern and eastern Afghanistan for lithium, copper, and other mineral deposits.^[12]

Somalia

Spanish Air Force deployed P-3s to assist the international effort against piracy in Somalia. On October 29, 2008, a Spanish P-3 aircraft patrolling the coast of Somalia reacted to a distress call from an oil tanker in the Gulf of Aden. In order to deter the pirates, the aircraft flew over the pirates three times as they attempted to board the tanker, dropping a smoke bomb on each pass. After the third pass, the attacking pirate boats broke off their attack.^[13] Later, on March 29, 2009, the same P-3 pursued the assailants of the German navy tanker Spessart (A1442), resulting in the capture of the pirates.^[14]

Civilian uses

Several P-3 aircraft have been N-registered and are operated by civilian agencies. The US Customs & Border Protection has a number of P-3A and P-3B aircraft that are used for aircraft intercept and maritime patrol. NOAA operates two WP-3D variants specially modified for hurricane research. One P-3B, N426NA, is used by NASA as an Earth science research platform, primarily for the NASA Science Mission Directorate's Airborne Science Program. It is based at Goddard Space Flight Center's Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia.

Aero Union, Inc. operates eight ex-USN P-3A aircraft configured as air tankers, which are leased to the U.S. Forest Service, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection and other agencies for firefighting use. Several of these aircraft were involved in the U.S. Forest Service airtanker scandal but have not been involved in any catastrophic aircraft mishaps.

Variants

Over the years, numerous variants of the P-3 have been created. A few notable examples are:

• WP-3D: Two P-3C aircraft as modified on the production line for NOAA weather research, including hurricane hunting.
• EP-3E Aries: 10 P-3A and 2 EP-3B aircraft converted into ELINT aircraft.
• EP-3E Aries II: 12 P-3C aircraft converted into ELINT aircraft.
• AP-3C: All Royal Australian Air Force P-3C/W aircraft which have been fully upgraded with totally new mission systems by L-3 Communications to include an Elta SAR/ISAR RADAR and a GD-Canada Acoustic Processor system.
• CP-140 Aurora: Long-range maritime reconnaissance, anti-submarine warfare aircraft for the Canadian Armed Forces. Based on the P-3C Orion airframe, but mounts the more advanced electronics suite of the S-3 Viking; 18 built
• CP-140A Arcturus: Three P-3s without ASW equipment for Canadian Aurora crew training and various coastal patrol missions.
• P-7 proposed new-build and improved variant as a P-3 Orion replacement later canceled.
• Orion 21 proposed new-build and improved variant as a P-3 Orion replacement; lost to Boeing P-8 Poseidon.

Operators

This list of P-3 Orion operators is a list of Lockheed P-3s that were used by Patrol Squadrons of the United States Navy and foreign governments. The P-3 has seen continuous use for almost five decades since it's introduction in 1962 as a Antisubmarine warfare and Antisurface warfare patrol aircraft.^[1]

Military operators

 Argentina

• Argentine Naval Aviation - 6 P-3B; based at Base Aeronaval Alte. Zar, Trelew

 Australia

• Royal Australian Air Force - 18 AP-3C, 1 P-3C (No. 92 Wing – 10 Sqn, 11 Sqn and No. 292 Sqn); based at RAAF Base Edinburgh

In 2002, the RAAF received significantly upgraded AP-3C. Also known as Australian Orions they are fitted with a variety of sensors. They include digital multi-mode radar, electronic support measures, electro-optics detectors (infra-red and visual), magnetic anomaly detectors, identification friend or foe systems, and acoustic detectors.^[15]

 Brazil

• Brazilian Air Force - 12 P-3AM(Upgraded) in 2008. Integrated with the CASA FITS (Fully Integrated Tactical System), it will be utilized in Anti-submarine warfare.^[16]

 Canada

• Canadian Forces Air Command - 18 CP-140 Aurora (P-3 Orion airframe with S-3 Viking electronics suite) & 3 CP-140A Arcturus (CP-140 Aurora without full ASW suite)

 Chile

• Chilean Navy - 4 P-3A; based at Base Aeronaval Torquemada, Con-Con

 Germany

• German Navy - 8 P-3C (ex Dutch Navy); based at NAS Nordholz, Marinefliegergeschwader 3 Graf Zeppelin

 Greece

• Hellenic Navy - 6 P-3B; based at Eleusina Air Base. (2 operational, 4 stored)

 Iran

• Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force - 5 P-3F (71ASW SQN); based at Shiraz International Airport (Shahid Douran Air Base)

 Japan

• Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force - 101 P-3C, 5 EP-3, 1 UP-3C, 3 UP-3D

After Lockheed bribery scandals, the Japan Defense Agency decided to officially adopt the Lockheed P-3C replaced the Kawasaki P-2J in 1977.^[17] The Kawasaki assembled five airframes produced by Lockheed, and the Kawasaki under license produced more than 100 P-3 variants in Japan.^[18]

 New Zealand

• Royal New Zealand Air Force - 6 P-3K2 (5 Sqn); based in RNZAF Base Auckland

 Norway

• Royal Norwegian Air Force - 4 P-3C, 2 P-3N (333 Sqn); based in Andøya Air Station

 Pakistan

• Pakistan Naval Air Arm - ~10 P-3C; based in Naval aviation base Faisal, Karachi. Upgraded P-3C MPA and P-3B AEW models (equipped with Hawkeye 2000 AEW system) ordered in 2006,^[19] first upgraded P-3C delivered in early 2007. In June 2010 Two more Upgraded P-3C joins Pakistan Navy with capabilities of Anti-ship and submarine warfare.^[20]

 Portugal

• Portuguese Air Force - 6 P-3P, 5 P-3C (Squadron 601); based in Beja Air Base (BA11)

 Republic of China (Taiwan)

• Republic of China Navy - 12 P-3C (Ordered, with deliveries starting in 2012);^[21] based in Taoyuan Air Base

 South Korea

• Republic of Korea Navy - 8 P-3C, 8 P-3CK; based in Pohang Airport and Jeju international airport

 Spain

• Spanish Air Force - 10 P-3M, modernized, based at Morón Air Base

 Thailand

• Royal Thai Navy - 2 P-3T, 1 VP-3T; based at RTNAB U-Tapao (102 Sqn)

 United States

• United States Navy - 154 P-3C and EP-3E; additional P-3A, P-3B, P-3C and EP-3J aircraft in long-term storage at AMARC ^[22] The US Navy plans to reduce this number to 130 by 2010.^[1]
• National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - 2 WP-3D flown by NOAA Commissioned Corps officers, based at MacDill AFB, Florida
• U.S. Customs and Border Protection - 4 P-3C and 4 P-3AEW&C. Used to track and intercept illegal drug operations.

Former military operators

 Netherlands

• Royal Netherlands Navy - Dutch Naval Aviation Service

Civilian operators

 United States

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration - 1 ex-USN P-3B; based at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia used for low altitude heavy lift airborne science missions, modified to support passive microwave instruments, such as NOAA’s Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR), NASA’s 2-DSTAR, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) polarimetric scatterometer (POLSCAT) instruments.^[23]
• United States Department of Homeland Security / Customs and Border Protection / Office of CBP Air - 8 P-3 AEW; based at NAS Corpus Christi, Texas and NAS Jacksonville, Florida. Used for border patrol and anti-drug duties. Former USN aircraft, modified and equipped with the same Airborne Early Warning radar as fitted to the E-2 Hawkeye.^[24]
• United States Department of Homeland Security / Customs and Border Protection / Office of CBP Air - 8 P-3 LRT (Long Range Tracker). Former USN aircraft also based at NAS Corpus Christi, Texas and NAS Jacksonville, Florida. Normally operate in tandem with P-3 AEW aircraft.^[25]
• Aero Union - 8 ex-USN P-3A; aircraft based at Chico Municipal Airport in Chico, California and converted into aerial firefighting platforms^[26]

Accidents and incidents

• March 21, 1991 - While patrolling near San Diego, two US Navy Orions collided in mid-air, killing all 27 people on board both planes.

Specifications (P-3C Orion)

General characteristics

• Crew: 11^[1]
• Length: 116 ft 10 in (35.6 m^[27])
• Wingspan: 99 ft 8 in^[27] (30.4 m)
• Height: 38 ft 8 in^[27] (11.8 m)
• Wing area: 1300 ft² (120.8 m²)
• Airfoil: NACA 0014-1.10 (Root) - NACA 0012-1.10 (Tip)
• Empty weight: 77,200 lb (35,000 kg^[27])
• Loaded weight: 135,000 lb (61,400 kg)
• Useful load: 57,800 lb (26,400 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 142,000 lb (64,400 kg^[27])
• Powerplant: 4^[1]× Allison T56-A-14^[1] turboprop^[1], 4,600 shp ^[1] (3,700 kW) each
• Propellers: Four-bladed Hamilton Standard propeller^[1], 1 per engine
  • Propeller diameter: 13 ft 6 in (4.11 m)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 411 kn^[1] (750 km/h)
• Cruise speed: 328 kn^[1] (610 km/h)
• Range: 4,830 nmi ferry (8,944 km^[27])
• Service ceiling: 28,300 ft^[1] (10,400 m)
• Rate of climb: 3,140 ft/min (16 m/s)
• Wing loading: 107 lb/ft² (530 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 0.03 hp/lb (0.06 kW/kg)

Armament

• Guns: None
• Hardpoints: 4× under-wing, 4× under-wingroot pylon stations and an internal bomb bay with a capacity of 20,000 lb (9,100 kg)^[1] and provisions to carry combinations of:
  • Rockets: None
  • Missiles:
    
    • Air-to-surface missile: AGM-65 Maverick, AGM-84 Harpoon, Standoff Land Attack Missile^[1]
  • Bombs:
    
    • Depth charges
  • Other:
    
    • Mk 44 (mostly retired from service), Mk 46^[1], Mk 50, Mk 54 or MU90 Impact torpedoes
    • Mk 25, Mk 39, Mk 55, Mk 56, Mk 60 CAPTOR or Mk 65 Quickstrike naval mines^[28]
    • Active and passive Sonobuoys

Avionics

• Raytheon AN/APS-137(V) multi-mission surveillance radar^[28]
• Hazeltine Corporation AN/ARR-78(V) sonobuoy receiving system^[28]
• Fighting Electronics Inc AN/ARR-72 sonobuoy receiver^[28]
• AQA-7 directional acoustic frequency analysis and recording sonobuoy indicators^[28]
• AQH-4 (V) sonar tape recorder^[28]
• ASQ-81 magnetic anomaly detector (MAD)^[28]
• ASA-65 magnetic compensator^[28]
• Lockheed Martin AN/ALQ-78(V) electronic surveillance receiver^[28]

See also

• Lockheed P-2 Neptune
• Martin P-5 Marlin
  

Related development

• Lockheed CP-140 Aurora
• Lockheed EP-3
• Lockheed L-188 Electra
• Lockheed P-7
• Lockheed WP-3D Orion
  

Comparable aircraft

• Avro Shackleton
• Boeing P-8 Poseidon
• Breguet Atlantique
• EADS CASA C-295 MPA
• Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod
• Ilyushin Il-38
• Kawasaki P-1
  

Related lists

• List of military aircraft of the United States
• List of active United States military aircraft
• List of Lockheed aircraft
  

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• P-3C fact file and P-3 history page on U.S. Navy site
• Standard Aircraft Characteristics Chart for an P-3C (includes 3-view drawings)
• "P-3 Orion Research Group". Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20070630002940/http://home.planet.nl/~p3orion/. 
• NASA Wallops Flight Facility Aircraft Office operators of the NASA P-3

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United States tri-service patrol aircraft designations post-1962 P-1 (Unassigned) • P-2 • P-3 • P-4 • P-5 • P-6 (Unassigned) • P-7 • P-8

USN/USMC patrol aircraft designations 1923-1962 Patrol Boeing XPB • PB • P2B • P3B Douglas PD • P2D • P3D Grumman PF Hall PH • P2H General Aviation PJ Keystone PK Martin PM • P2M • P3M • P4M • P5M • P6M • P7M Naval Aircraft Factory PN • P2N • P4N Lockheed PO Sikorsky PS • P2S Lockheed PV • P2V • P3V Consolidated PY • P2Y • P3Y • P4Y-1/P4Y-2 • P5Y • P6Y Patrol Bomber Boeing PBB • PB2B North American PBJ Martin PBM • PB2M Naval Aircraft Factory PBN Lockheed PBO Sikorsky PBS Vickers Canada PBV Consolidated PBY • PB2Y • PB3Y • PB4Y Patrol, Torpedo Bomber Hall PTBH

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