Orphanage

Former Berlin Pankow orphanage
St. Nicholas Orphanage in Novosibirsk, Russia

Orphanage is the name to describe a residential institution devoted to the care of orphans – children whose parents are deceased or otherwise unable to care for them. Parents, and sometimes grandparents, are legally responsible for supporting children, but in the absence of these or other relatives willing to care for the children, they become a ward of the state, and orphanages are a way of providing for their care and housing. Children are educated within or outside of the orphanage.

Orphanages provide an alternative to foster care or adoption by giving orphans a community-based setting in which they live and learn.[1] In the worst cases, orphanages can be dangerous and unregulated places where children are subject to abuse and neglect.[2]

Today, the term orphanage has negative connotations. Other alternative names are group home, children's home, rehabilitation center and youth treatment center.

Contents

History

The first orphanages, called "orphanotrophia," were founded in the 1st century amid various alternative means of orphan support. Jewish law, for instance, prescribed care for the widow and the orphan, and Athenian law supported all orphans of those killed in military service until the age of eighteen, and Plato (Laws, 927) says: "Orphans should be placed under the care of public guardians. Men should have a fear of the loneliness of orphans and of the souls of their departed parents. A man should love the unfortunate orphan of whom he is guardian as if he were his own child. He should be as careful and as diligent in the management of the orphan's property as of his own or even more careful still." [3]. The care of orphans was particularly commended to bishops and, during the Middle Ages, to monasteries. Many orphanages practiced some form of "binding-out" in which children, as soon as they were old enough, were given as apprentices to households. This would ensure their support and their learning an occupation.

Such practices are assumed to be quite rare in the modern Western world, thanks to improved social security and changed social attitudes, but remain in force in many other countries.

Since the 1950s, after a series of scandals involving the coercion of birth parents and abuse of orphans (notably at Georgia Tann's Tennessee Children's Home Society), the United States and other countries have moved to de-institutionalize the care of vulnerable children—that is, close down orphanages in favor of foster care and accelerated adoption. Moreover, as it is no longer common for birth parents in Western countries to give up their children, and as far fewer people die of diseases or violence while their children are still young, the need to operate large orphanages has decreased.

Parents or the extended family that are unable to have the child will have them removed. Major charities are increasingly focusing their efforts on the re-integration of orphans in order to keep them with their parents or extended family and communities. Orphanages are no longer common in the European community, and Romania in particular has struggled to reduce the visibility of its children's institutions to meet conditions of its entry into the European Union. In the United States, the largest remaining orphanage is the Bethesda Orphanage, founded in 1740 by George Whitefield.

In many works of fiction (notably Oliver Twist and Annie), the administrators of orphanages are depicted as cruel monsters.

Europe

Bulgaria

"The Bulgarian child welfare system has changed. In November 2007 adopted a national strategic plan for the period 2008–2018 to improve the living standards of the country's children. Among annt expected results of strategy is a reduction in the number of children in institutions. Bulgaria has long worked on these problems and although the improvements shown statistics, a declining number of institutionalized children. Bulgaria is working hard to close institutions and find alternative ways to take care of the children. Support given to families who want to take care of their children and work during daytime corresponding day centers have started up on a small scale. A smaller number of children have also been able to be relocated into foster families". [4] In the still yet 144 orphanages there are living 8700 children wrongly classified as orphaned. Only 10% of whom are orphaned, the fact is that many of the children placed in orphanages in temporary periods when the family is in such crisis. [5]

United Kingdom

During the Victorian Era, child abandonment was rampant, and orphanages were set up to reduce infant mortality. Such places were often so full of children that "killing nurses" often administered Godfrey's Cordial, a special concoction of opium and treacle, to soothe colic in babies. [6]

Estonia

"In 2007, There are 45 orphanages, which about half of the state. 2007 approximately 1600 children living in Estonian orphanage". [7]

Hungary

A comprehensive national strategy for strengthening the rights of children adopted by Parliament in 2007 and will run until 2032. Children flow to the orphanage has been stopped. And they are now social service. Violation of children's rights leads to court. [8]

Lithuania

Overall disposed about 3 000 children each year in Lithuania, a figure that been constant for a number of years. 6 000 children reported to grow up in institutions, of a total of 14 000 children without parents present. [9]

Poland

They are many state orphanages "where several children in 1000 are kept and which are still part of an outdated child care system. "Option with, for example, foster parents are weak. [10]

Republic of Moldova

There are approximately 2000 children in orphanages, including 279 in orphanages "of the family type", in the Republic of Moldova.

Romania

The Romanian government says after an investigation by the reporter Chris Rogers of the orphanages November 2006. "The child protection system is reformed and it possible for local authorities to prevent abandonment and protect all children in need, by appropriate placement in substitute families. The investigation makes clear is that some county authorities are not implementing the child right legislation". [6] When Chris Rogers came back to Romania in December 2009 and reopened a new investigation revealed still significant hardship for orphans. And they sent the complaint to the Government targets. The Government's response: "The problems we highlighted are not representative of them care system" adding... "Romania has constantly paid attention in the field of disability and has assumed responsibility to Ensure the most appropriate frame in order to meet human rights in this domain" [11]

Romania has the highest number in Europe and specially in EU of orphaned children. Number of children in the care of the state in the year.

# year Total children in care of the state. Number of them children in Orphanage
1. 1990 &000000000004740500000047,405 25870[12]
2. 1994 52986[13]
3. 1997 &000000000005146800000051,468 39569
4. 1998 &000000000005564100000055,641 38597
5. 1999 &000000000005708700000057,087 33356
6. 2000 &000000000008775300000087,753 57181
7. 2001 &000000000008788900000087,889 57060
8. 2002 &000000000008786700000087,867 49965 [14]
9. 2003 &000000000008637900000086,379 43092 [15]
10. 2004 &000000000008444500000084,445 37660 [16]
11. 2005 &000000000008305900000083,059 32821 [17]
12. 2006 &000000000007876600000078,766 28786
13. 2007 &000000000007379300000073,793 26599 [18]
14. 2008 &000000000007104700000071,047 24979 [19]
15. 2009 &000000000006885800000068,858 24227 [20]
16. 2010 &000000000006200000000062,000 19000 [21]

[22]

Slovakia

The Committee gave some recommendations, such as proposals for the adoption of a new national 14 action plan for children for at least five years ahead, and the creation of a independent institution for protection of child rights. [23]

Sweden

In Sweden there are 5000 children in the care of the state. None of them is living in orphanage because there is a social service law which prevent the children only in family homes.

Africa

Egypt

"The [Mosques of Charity] orphanage houses about 120 children in Giza, Menoufiya and Qalyubiya." "We [Dar Al-Iwaa] provide free education and accommodation for over 200 girls and boys." "Dar Al-Mu'assassa Al-Iwaa'iya (Shelter Association), a government association affiliated with the Ministry of Social Affairs, was established in 1992. It houses about 44 children." The are also 192 children at The Awladi, 30 at Sayeda Zeinab orphanage, and 300 at My Children Orphanage.

Note: There are about 185 orphanages in Egypt. The above information was taken from the following articles: "Other families" by Amany Abdel-Moneim. Al-Ahram Weekly (5/1999). "Ramadan brings charity to Egypt's orphans". Shanghai Star (12/13/2001). "A Child by Any Other Name" by Réhab El-Bakry. Egypt Today (11/2002).

Orphanage Project in Egypt—www.littlestlamb.org

Ethiopia

"For example, in the Jerusalem Association Children's Home (JACH), only 160 children remain of the 785 who were in JACH's three orphanages." / "Attitudes regarding the institutional care of children have shifted dramatically in recent years in Ethiopia. There appears to be general recognition by MOLSA and the NGOs with which Pact is working that such care is, at best, a last resort, and that serious problems arise with the social reintegration of children who grow up in institutions, and deinstitutionalization through family reunification and independent living are being emphasized." [24]

Ghana A 2007 survey sponsored by OrphanAid Africa and carried out by the Department of Social Welfare came up with the figure of 4800 children in institutional care in 148 orphanages.Of these at least four have since been closed. The website www.ovcghana.org details these reforms.

Kenya

A 1999 survey of 35,000 orphans found the following number in institutional care: 64 in registered institutions and 164 in unregistered institutions.[25]

Rwanda

Out of 400,000 orphans, 5,000 are living in orphanages. [26]

Tanzania

"Currently, there are 52 orphanages in Tanzania caring for about 3,000 orphans and vulnerable children." [27]

Nigeria

In Nigeria, a rapid assessment of orphans and vulnerable children conducted in 2004 with UNICEF support revealed that there were about seven millions orphans in 2003 and that 800,000 more orphans were added during that same year. Out of this total number, about 1.8 million are orphaned by HIV/AIDS. With the spread of HIV/AIDS, the number of orphans is expected to increase rapidly in the coming years to 8.2 million by 2010. [28]

South Africa

Since the year 2000 South Africa does not licence orphanages anymore but rather preferes community based family homes. One example is the homes operated by Thokomala, http://www.thokomala.org.za

Zambia

A 1996 national survey of orphans revealed no evidence of orphanage care. The breakdown of care was as follows: 38% grandparents 55% extended family 1% older orphan 6% non-relative Recently a group of students started a fundraising website for an orphanage in zambia. http://mmorphanage.org [25]

Zimbabwe

Statistics on the total number of children in orphanages nation-wide are unavailable, but caregivers say their facilities were becoming unmanageably overwhelmed almost on a daily basis. There are 38 privately run children's charity homes, or orphanages, in the country, and the government operates eight of its own.

Between 1994 and 1998, the number of orphans in Zimbabwe more than doubled from 200,000 to 543,000, and in five years, the number is expected to reach 900,000. (Unfortunately, there is no room for these children.) [29]

Togo

In Togo, there were an estimated 280,000 orphans under 18 years of age in 2005, 88,000 of them orphaned by AIDS.[30][30] Ninety-six thousand orphans in Togo attend school.[30].

Sierra Leone

Orphans, Children (0–17 years) orphaned by AIDS, 2005, estimate 31,000 [31] Orphans, Children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2005, estimate 340,000 [31] Orphans, Orphan school attendance ratio, 1999–2005 71,000 [31]

Senegal

Asia

Bahrain

The "Royal Charity Organization" is a Bahraini governmental charity organization founded in 2001 by King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah to sponsor all helpless Bahraini orphans and widows. Since then almost 7000 Bahraini families are granted monthly payments, annual school bags, and a number of university scholarships. Graduation ceremonies, various social and educational activities, and occasional contests are held each year by the organization for the benefit of orphans and widows sponsored by the organization.

Taiwan

"On the other hand, the number of orphanages and orphans drastically dropped from 15 institutions and 2,216 persons in 1971 to 9 institutions and 638 persons by the end of 2001."

South Korea

"There are now 17,000 children in public orphanages throughout the country and untold numbers at private institutions." [33]

Afghanistan

"At Kabul's two main orphanages, Alauddin and Tahia Maskan, the number of children enrolled has increased almost 80 percent since last January, from 700 to over 1,200 children. Almost half of these come from families who have at least one parent, but who can't support their children."[34] The non-governmental organisation Mahboba's promise assists orphans in contemporary Afghanistan.[35]

Bangladesh

"There are no statistics regarding the actual number of children in welfare institutions in Bangladesh. The Department of Social Services, under the Ministry of Social Welfare, has a major programme named Child Welfare and Child Development in order to provide access to food, shelter, basic education, health services and other basic opportunities for hapless children." (The following numbers mention "capacity: only, not actual numbers of orphans at present.) 9,500 -State institutions 250 -babies in three available "baby homes" 400 -Destitute Children's Rehabilitation Centre 100 -Vocational Training Centre for Orphans and Destitute Children 1,400 -Sixty-five Welfare and Rehabilitation Programmes for Children with Disability

The private welfare institutions are mostly known as orphanages and madrassahs. The authorities of most of these orphanages put more emphasis on religion and religious studies. One example follows: 400 – Approximately – Nawab Sir Salimullah Muslim Orphanage [36]

Cambodia

As in other parts of the world, non-government organizations such as Save the Children are increasingly focusing their efforts away from orphanages and into community-based care for orphans. The first community-based care program in Cambodia was established in 2000 by Servants to Asia's Urban Poor [7] and called Project HALO [8] (Hope, Assistance and Love for Orphans), mobilizing care for more than 1000 children orphaned by AIDS within their own communities and extended families. A large number of other organizations, such as World Orphans, who have funded construction for 47 orphanages in the past three years, house thousands of orphans in orphanages dotted across the country. Most Cambodian orphans are orphaned due to their parents dying from AIDS and some from land mines. The total number of orphans is unknown: "There are no accurate figures available on how many orphans there are in Cambodia."

China

"Currently there are 50,000 children in Chinese orphanages, while the number of abandoned children shows no sign of slowing." "Official figures show that fewer than 20,000 of China's orphans are now in any form of institutional care." Chinese official records fail to account for most of the country's abandoned infants and children, only a small proportion of whom are in any form of acknowledged state care. The most recent figure provided by the government for the country's orphan population, 100,000, seems implausibly low for a country with a total population of 1.2 billion. Even if it were accurate, however, the whereabouts of the great majority of China's orphans would still be a complete mystery, leaving crucial questions about the country's child welfare system unanswered and suggesting that the real scope of the catastrophe that has befallen China's unwanted children may be far larger than the evidence in this report documents.[37]

India

Orphans, Children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2005, estimate 25,700,000 "Unicef India Statistics". http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_statistics.html. Retrieved 11-12-2007. 

State of [Andhra Pradesh] -Children's Homes – 5,050 : 6 – 18 years of age Refer to “Children’s Homes.” Government of Andhra Pradesh

Maldives

Orphans, Children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2010, estimate 51 "Minivan News". http://minivannews.com/society/2010/04/04/vilingili-orphanage-understaffed-and-overcrowded/. Retrieved 06-04-2007. 

Iraq

UNICEF maintains the same number at present. "While the number of state homes for orphans in the whole of Iraq was 25 in 1990 (serving 1,190 children); both the number of homes and the number of beneficiaries has declined. The quality of services has also declined." A 1999 study by UNICEF "recommended the rebuilding of national capacity for the rehabilitation of orphans." The new project "will benefit all the 1,190 children placed in orphanages."

Laos

In the town of Phonsavan is one of the largest orphanages in Laos. It is an S.O.S. orphanage and there are over 120 orphans living in the facility.[38]

Palestinian Territory

"In 1999, the number of children living in orphanages witnessed a considerable drop as compared to 1998. This number dropped from 1,980 to 1,714 orphans. This is due to the policy of child re-integration in their household adopted by the Ministry of Social Affairs."

Fiji

Orphans, Children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2005, estimate 25,000 "Unicef Fiji Statistics". http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/fiji_statistics.html. 

Former Soviet Union

The Moscow Orphanage (founded in 1763, constructed in the 1770s)
Russia

There are some 153,000 children and teenagers living in state institutions according to Russia's Health Ministry. Some 15,000 young people graduate from the state-run orphanages every year. [9][39][40][41] There are many web pages of Russian orphanages, but very few of them are in English, such as St Nicholas Orphanage in Siberia or the Alapaevsk orphanage in the Urals. "Of a total of more than 600,000 children classified as being 'without parental care,' (most of them live with other relatives and fosters) as many as one-third reside in institutions." [42]

Azerbaijan

"Many children are abandoned due to extreme poverty and harsh living conditions. Family members or neighbors may raise some of these children but the majority live in crowded orphanages until the age of fifteen when they are sent into the community to make a living for themselves." [43]

Belarus

Approximate total – 1,773 (1993 statistics for "all types of orphanages")

Kyrgyzstan

Partial information: 85 – Ivanovka Orphanage [44]

Tajikistan

"No one can be sure how many lone children are there in the republic. About 9,000 are in internats and in orphanages."[45]

Ukraine

103 000 [46]

Other information:

Uzbekistan

Partial Information: 80 – Takhtakupar Orphanage

Oceania

Indonesia

No information for the number of children actually in orphanages. The number of orphaned and abandoned children is approximately 91,000. "Convention on the Rights of the Child" (PDF). http://193.194.138.190/html/menu2/6/crc/doc/report/srf-indonesia-1.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-12. 

North America & Caribbean

Haiti

"Children in Institutions: Haitians and expatriate childcare professionals are careful to make it clear that Haitian orphanages and children's homes are not orphanages in the North American sense, but instead shelters for vulnerable children, often housing children whose parent (s) are poor as well as those who are abandoned, neglected or abused by family guardians. Neither the number of children or the number of institutions is officially known, but Chambre de L’Enfance Necessiteusse Ha_tienne (CENH) indicated that is has received requests for assistance from nearly 200 orphanages from around the country for more than 200,000 children. Although not all are orphans, many are vulnerable or originate in vulnerable families that hoped to increase their children's opportunities by sending them to orphanages." / "The CENH figures seem high when compared to Schwarz's 1999 count of five rural and three urban orphanages in the Northwest Province and northern Artibonite, with a total of 376 children. Catholic Relief Services provides assistance to 120 orphanages with 9,000 children in the West, South, Southeast and Grand Anse, but these include only orphanages that meet their criteria. They estimate receiving ten requests per week for assistance from additional orphanages and children's homes, but some of these are repeat requests."[50]

Mexico

"…at least 10,000 Mexican children live in orphanages and more in unregistered charity homes"

United States

Partial information:

Central and South America

Guatemala

"…currently there are about 20,000 children in orphanages." [10]

In a Columbia orphanage, a nurse takes care of three children.

Significant charities that help orphans

Prior to the establishment of state care for orphans in First World countries, many private charities existed to take care of destitute orphans.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Coalition for Residential Education
  2. ↑ [1], accessed September 3, 2009
  3. ↑ "The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI". http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11322b.htm. 
  4. ↑ http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080325/51cacb4e4318d3f2d78c62ef72787efe/Bulgarien.pdf
  5. ↑ http://www.oneheart-bg.org/
  6. ↑ Abernethy, Virginia D. _Population Politics_. New York: Plenum Press, 1993.
  7. ↑ http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080314/74c53f5440e23b5fa2b948c7b40eb5ca/Estland.pdf
  8. ↑ http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080325/eec1656e32f2e28fdd08acc8fa800070/Ungern.pdf
  9. ↑ http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080314/5c08d4415225dfc8695e0f535fbfe168/Litauen.pdf
  10. ↑ http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080317/20a0e4eb905a716c38ebac150e31965c/Polen.pdf
  11. ↑ "What became of Romania's neglected orphans?". BBC News. 2009-12-22. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8425001.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-20. 
  12. ↑ http://www.relieffundforromania.co.uk/romanian_orphans.html#orphans
  13. ↑ http://www.relieffundforromania.co.uk/romanian_orphans.html#orphans
  14. ↑ http://www.copii.ro/Files/ian2002ro_20073231017965.xls
  15. ↑ http://www.copii.ro/Files/ianuarie2003ro_20073232438465.xls
  16. ↑ http://www.copii.ro/Files/aprilie2004ro_20073231959852.xls
  17. ↑ http://www.copii.ro/Files/Prezentare_sistem_Ianuarie_2005_20073231527580.xls
  18. ↑ http://www.copii.ro/Files/statistica%20noua%20SISTEM%20PROTECTIE%20SPECIALA%20LA%2031.0.xls
  19. ↑ http://www.copii.ro/Files/martie%202008_20091271533500.xls
  20. ↑ http://www.copii.ro/Files/sinteza%20statistica%20copii%2031.03.%202009_2009645558187.xls
  21. ↑ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iFys757S1kugffpHRFj3zWz80oRw
  22. ↑ http://www.copii.ro/Files/NAPCR_brochure_200744184931.pdf
  23. ↑ http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080326/654ede7f41f8b2f5f95f901fa88fbd95/Slovakien.pdf
  24. ↑ [2]
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Social Protection and Risk Management – Social Safety Nets
  26. ↑ Africa – Africa Region Human Development Working Paper Series
  27. ↑ Table Of Contents
  28. ↑ http://www.unicef.org/media/media_27420.html
  29. ↑ [3]
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 "Unicef Togo Statistics". http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/togo.html. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Unicef Sierra Leona Statistics". http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/sierraleone_statistics.html. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "Unicef Senegal Statistics". http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/senegal_statistics.html. 
  33. ↑ MPAK – LA Times Article
  34. ↑ Poverty forces Kabul parents to send kids to orphanages |csmonitor.com
  35. ↑ Virginia Haussegger Mahboba's promise ABC TV 7.30 Report. 2009. http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2009/s2615472.htm (last accessed 15 July 2009)
  36. ↑ Women And Children In Disadvantaged Situations
  37. ↑ China: A Policy of Fatal Neglect in China’s State Orphanages
  38. ↑ "Phonsavan Orphanage". Cloud Depot Nine Charity. http://www.clouddepotnine.com/hand_warmers_charity.htm. 
  39. ↑ Russian Orphans Facts and Statistics
  40. ↑ Information about Russian orphans
  41. ↑ BBC NEWS |Health warning over Russian youth
  42. ↑ Human Rights Watch
  43. ↑ Azerbaijan
  44. ↑ Kyrgyzstan Children's Work
  45. ↑ [4]
  46. ↑ The parentless don’t need cheap pity. Alla KOTLIAR, Yekaterina SHCHETKINA | Society |People
  47. ↑ A photoreport: “From Heart to Heart – 2”: a trip to the rural orphanages of Zaporozhye region :: Zaporozhzhya orphans. Ukraine
  48. ↑ Kiev Children's Work
  49. ↑ Dnepropetrovsk Children's Work
  50. ↑ [5] page 14 and 15 of actual report, not web page counter

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