Porto

Oporto (Porto)
Concelho do Porto
Municipality
The iconic D. Luís Bridge and skyline of São Nicolau and Bonfim (the old quarter of Porto), along the Douro River
Flag Coat of arms
Name origin: Portuguese for port
Country	Portugal
Region	Norte
Sub-region	Grande Porto
District	Porto
Civil Parishes	Aldoar, Bonfim, Campanhã, Cedofeita, Foz do Douro, Lordelo do Ouro, Massarelos, Miragaia, Nevogilde, Paranhos, Ramalde, São Nicolau, Santo Ildefonso, Sé, Vitória
Center	Porto
- coordinates
Highest point	Monte Tadeu
- elevation	149 m (489 ft)
- coordinates
Lowest point	Seal level
- location	Atlantic Ocean
- elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Area	41.66 km² (16 sq mi)
- urban	389 km² (150 sq mi)
- metro	1,883.61 km² (727 sq mi)
Population	221,800 (2008)
- urban	1,115,000
- metro	1,355,000
Density	5,324.1 / km² (13,789 / sq mi)
Municipality	Executive & Council
President/Mayor	Rui Fernando da Silva Rio
- Municipal Chair	Luís Francisco Valente de Oliveira
Timezone	Portugal (UTC0)
- summer (DST)	Portugal (UTC-1)
Código Postal & Codex	4000-286 Porto
Country Code & Fix Line	+351 222
Demonym	Portuense
Patron Saint	Nossa Senhora de Vandoma
Municipal Holiday	24 June (São João)
Municipal Offices	Praça General Humberto Delgado, n.º 266
Administrative location of the municipality of Porto
Website: http://www.cm-porto.pt

Historic Centre of Oporto*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Porto as seen from Vila Nova de Gaia
State Party	Portugal
Type	Cultural
Criteria	iv
Reference	755
Region**	Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription	1996  (20th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO.

Porto (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpoɾtu]), also known as Oporto (English), is the second largest city in Portugal: its administrative limits (an area of 41.66 km²/16 sq.mi) includes a population of 220,000 inhabitants distributed with in 15 civil parishes. Further, the urbanized area of Porto, which extends beyond the administrative limits of the city, includes a population of 1.1 million residents^[1][2] in an area of 389 km² (150 sq mi),^[1] (representing the second-largest urban area in Portugal): the Porto Metropolitan Area includes approximately 1.3 million people^[3][4][5], and is recognized as a Gamma-level global city by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group.

Located along the Douro river estuary (in northern Portugal), it is one of the oldest European centres, and registered as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO (in 1996). It's settlement dates back several centuries, when it was an outpost of the Roman Empire: its Latin name, Portus Cale,^[6] has been referred to as the origin for the name "Portugal" (a transliteration and oral evolution of the Latin). Further, in Portuguese the city is spelt with a definite article as "o Porto" (English:  the port). Consequently, its English name evolved from a misinterpretation of the oral pronunciation and referred to as "Oporto", in modern literature and by many speakers.

One of Portugal's internationally famous exports, Port wine, is named for this city, since the metropolitan area (and in particular the adegas of Vila Nova de Gaia) were responsible for the production and export of the fortified wine^[7].

History

Early history

The history of Porto dates back to the 4th century, to the Roman occupation of the Iberian Peninsula, although the Celts, and Proto-Celtic ruins, have been discovered in several areas. During the Roman occupation, the city developed as an important commercial port, primarily in the trade between Olissipona (Lisbon) and Bracara Augusta (today Braga).

It fell under the control of the Moors during their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 711. But, in 868, Vímara Peres, a Christian warlord from Gallaecia, and a vassal of the King of Asturias, Léon and Galicia, Alfonso III, was sent to reconquer and secure the lands from the Moors, that included the area from the Minho to the Douro Rivers: the settlement of Portus Cale and the area that is today known as Vila Nova de Gaia. Portus Cale, later referred to as Portucale, would be origin for the modern name of Portugal. But, in 868 Count Vímara Peres established the First County of Portugal (Portuguese: Condado de Portucale), after the reconquering the region north of the Douro river.

In 1387, Porto was the sight of the marriage of John I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, and was used to symbolize a long-standing military alliance between Portugal and England^[8]

In the 14th and the 15th centuries, Porto's shipyards were a direct contributor to the development of the Portuguese naval fleet. It was also from the port that, in 1415, Prince Henry the Navigator (son of John I of Portugal) embarked on the conquest of the Moorish port of Ceuta, in northern Morocco. This first expedition by the Prince, led to later exploration along the coast of Africa, that would be responsible for beginning the Portuguese Age of Discovery. Henry provided for his crews, leading to a nickname given the people of Porto; Portuenses are to this day, colloquially, referred to as tripeiros ({{en: tripe peoples}}), referring to this period of history, when higher-quality cuts of meat were shipped from Porto with their sailors, while off-cuts and by-products, such as tripe, were left behind for the citizens of Porto: tripe remains a culturally important dish in modern day Porto.

18th century

Avenida dos Aliados

Pavilhão Rosa Mota

Sculpture of Ângelo de Sousa at Avenida da Boavista, a services avenue

View from the Clerics Tower

Wine, produced in the Douro valley, was already in the 13th century transported to Porto in barcos rabelos (flat sailing vessels). In 1703 the Methuen Treaty established the trade relations between Portugal and England. In 1717, a first English trading post was established in Porto. The production of port wine then gradually passed into the hands of a few English firms. To counter this English dominance, Prime Minister Marquis of Pombal established a Portuguese firm receiving the monopoly of the wines from the Douro valley. He demarcated the region for production of port, to ensure the wine's quality; this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. The small winegrowers revolted against his strict policies on Shrove Tuesday, burning down the buildings of this firm. The revolt was called Revolta dos Borrachos (revolt of the drunks) and became a symbol of the freedom spirit of the inhabitants of Porto.

Between 1732 and 1763, Italian architect Nicolau Nasoni designed a baroque church with a tower that would become its icon: the Torre dos Clérigos (English: Clerics Tower). During the 18th and 19th centuries the city became an important industrial centre and saw its size and population increase.

19th century

The invasion of the Napoleonic troops in Portugal under Marshal Soult is still vividly remembered in Porto. On 29 March 1809, as the population fled from the advancing troops and tried to cross the river Douro over the Ponte das Barcas (a pontoon bridge), the bridge collapsed under the weight. This event is still remembered by a plate at the Ponte D. Luis I. The French army was rooted out of Porto by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, when his troops crossed the Douro river from the Mosteiro da Serra do Pilar (a former convent) in a brilliant daylight coup de main. In August 1820, Porto rebelled against the English presence, resulting in a civil war in Portugal. In 1822, a liberal constitution was accepted, partly through the efforts of the liberal assembly of Porto (Junta do Porto). When Miguel of Portugal took the Portuguese throne in 1828, he rejected this constitution and reigned as an absolutist monarch. Porto rebelled again and had to undergo a siege of eighteen months between 1832 and 1833 by the absolutist army. Porto is also called "Cidade Invicta" (English: Unvanquished City) after resisting the Miguelist siege. After the abdication of king Miguel the liberal constitution was re-established.

Known as the city of bridges, the first permanent bridge – the Ponte das Barcas (a pontoon bridge) – was built in 1806, but three years later, sabotaged. It was replaced by the Ponte D. Maria II popularised under the name Ponte Pênsil (suspended bridge) and built between 1841–43 and of which only the supporting pylons remain.

The Ponte D. Maria, a railway bridge inaugurated the 4th of November of that same year, considered by then to be a feat of wrought iron engineering and designed by no other than Gustave Eiffel himself. But this bridge is not to be mistaken for the later Ponte Dom Luís I, which was in turn to substitute the aforementioned Ponte Pênsil. This last bridge was made by Teophile Seyrig, a former partner of Eiffel, and its project won a governmental competition that took place in 1879. Building began in 1881 and it was opened to the public on 31 October 1886.

Unrest by Republicans led to a revolt in Porto on 31 January 1891. This would result ultimately in the creation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910.

A higher learning institution in nautical sciences (Aula de Náutica, 1762) and a stock exchange (Bolsa do Porto, 1834) were established in the city but would be discontinued later.

20th century

In 1958 and 1960, Porto's streets hosted the Formula One Portuguese Grand Prix.

The historic centre of Porto was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996. The World Heritage site is defined in two concentric zones; the "Protected area", and within it the "Classified area". The Classified area comprises the medieval borough located inside the 14th-century Romanesque wall. ^[9]

Highlights

Palácio da Bolsa

Porto Cathedral

In recent years, UNESCO recognised its historic centre as a World Heritage Site. Among the architectural highlights of the city, Oporto Cathedral is the oldest surviving structure, together with the small romanesque Church of Cedofeita, the gothic Igreja de São Francisco (Church of Saint Francis), the remnants of the city walls and a few 15th-century houses. The baroque style is well represented in the city in the elaborate gilt work interior decoration of the churches of St. Francis and St. Claire (Santa Clara), the churches of Mercy (Misericórida) and of the Clerics (Igreja dos Clérigos), the Episcopal Palace of Porto, and others. The neoclassicism and romanticism of the 19th and 20th centuries also added interesting monuments to the landscape of the city, like the magnificent Stock Exchange Palace (Palácio da Bolsa), the Hospital of Saint Anthony, the Municipality, the buildings in the Liberdade Square and the Avenida dos Aliados, the tile-adorned São Bento Train Station and the gardens of the Crystal Palace (Palácio de Cristal). A guided visit to the Palácio da Bolsa, and in particular the Arab Room, is a major tourist attraction.

In 2001, Porto shared the designation European Culture Capital. In the scope of these events, the construction of the major concert hall space Casa da Música, designed by the Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas, was initiated and finished in 2005.

Many of the city's oldest houses are at risk of collapsing. The population in Porto municipality dropped by nearly 100,000 since the 1980s, but the number of permanent residents in the outskirts and satellite towns has grown strongly.^[10]

Porto is ranked number 3 in the Portuguese most livable cities survey of living conditions published yearly by Expresso.^[11]

Climate

Porto City Hall in the Avenida dos Aliados

Porto features the Marine west coast variant of an oceanic climate (though Köppen climate classification is Csb) with substantial winter rainfall and a noticeable drying trend in the summer. The climate has noticeable Mediterranean influences and could technically qualify as a cool-summer Mediterranean climate, but the climatic characteristics of the city for the majority of the year is decidedly oceanic. As a result, its climate shares many characteristics with the coastal south: warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Unlike the south, however, cool and rainy interludes can interrupt the dry season and the season's average length is usually shorter.

Summers are typically sunny with average temperatures between 15 °C (59 °F) and 25 °C (77 °F) but can rise to as high as 35 °C (95 °F) during occasional heat waves. During such heat waves the humidity remains quite low but nearby forest fires can add haze and ash to the air making breathing somewhat uncomfortable, especially at night. Nearby beaches are often windy and usually cooler than the urban areas. In contrast, occasional summer rainy periods may last a few days and are characterised by showers and cool temperatures of around 20 °C (68 °F) in the afternoon.

Winter temperatures typically range between 5 °C (41 °F) during morning and 15 °C (59 °F) in the afternoon but rarely drop below 0 °C (32 °F) at night. The weather is often rainy for long stretches although prolonged sunny periods do occur.

Culture

Porto city centre

A typical street in Porto

Casa da Música a Rem Koolhaas's concert hall

The first Portuguese moving pictures were taken in Porto by Aurélio da Paz dos Reis and shown there on 12 November 1896 in Teatro do Príncipe Real do Porto, less than a year after the first public presentation by Auguste and Louis Lumière. The country's first movie studios Invicta Filmes was also erected in Porto in 1917 and was open from 1918 to 1927 in the area of Carvalhido. Manoel de Oliveira, a Portuguese film director and the oldest director in the world who is still active, is from Porto. Fantasporto is an international film festival organized in Porto every year. Many renowned Portuguese music artists and cult bands such as GNR, Rui Veloso, Sérgio Godinho, Clã, Pluto and Ornatos Violeta are from the city or its metropolitan area. Porto has several museums, concert halls, theaters, cinemas, art galleries, libraries and book shops. The best-known museums of Oporto are the National Museum Soares dos Reis (Museu Nacional de Soares dos Reis), which is dedicated especially to the Portuguese artistic movements from the 16th to the 20th century, and the Museum of Contemporary Art of the Serralves Foundation (Museu de Arte Contemporânea). The city has concert halls of a rare beauty and elegance such as the Coliseu do Porto by the Portuguese architect Cassiano Branco; an exquisite example of the Portuguese decorative arts. Other notable venues include the historical São João National Theatre, the Rivoli theatre, the Batalha cinema and the recent Casa da Música. The city has a magnificent, and beautiful bookshop, "Lello", that was featured in third place in The Guardian's list of world's top bookshops.^[14] From the three top bookshops, Lello was the only one that was originally built to be a bookshop, as the other ones were, respectively, a church and a theatre.

Entertainment

Porto's most popular event is St. John (São João Festival) on the night of 23–24 June.^[15] In this season it's a tradition to have a vase with bush basil decorated with a small poem. During the dinner of the great day people usually eat sardines and boiled potatoes together with red wine.

Another major event is Queima das Fitas, that starts in the first Sunday of May and ends in the second Sunday of the month. Basically, before the beginning of the study period preceding the school year’s last exams, academia tries to have as much fun as possible. The week comprehends 12 events, starting with the Monumental Serenata on Sunday, reaching its peak with the Cortejo Académico on Tuesday, when about 50,000 students of the city's higher education institutions march through the downtown streets till they reach the city hall. During every night of the week a series of concerts takes place on the Queimódromo, next to the city’s park; here it’s also a tradition for the students in the second last year to erect small tents where alcoholic beverages are sold in order to finance the trip that takes place during the last year of their course; an average of 50 000 students attend these shows.^[16]

Arts

On the waterfront, She Changes sculpture by artist Janet Echelman is the city's graphic symbol

In 2005, the municipality funded a public sculpture to be built in the Waterfront Plaza of Matosinhos. The resulting sculpture is entitled She Changes^[17] by American artist, Janet Echelman, and spans the height of 50 × 150 × 150 meters.

Cuisine

Port wine is what the city is best known for

Porto is home to a number of dishes from traditional Portuguese cuisine.

A typical dish from this city is Tripas à Moda do Porto (Tripes Porto style), which still can be found everywhere in the city today.

Bacalhau à Gomes de Sá (Gomes de Sá Bacalhau) is another typical codfish dish born in Porto and popular in Portugal.

The Francesinha - literally Frenchy, or more accurately little French (female) - is the most famous popular native snack food in Porto. It is a kind of sandwich with several meats covered with cheese and a special sauce made with beer and other ingredients.

Port wine, an internationally renowned wine, is widely accepted as the city's dessert wine, especially being that the wine is made along the Douro River which runs through the city.

Transport

Roads and bridges

D. Luís Iron Bridge and Porto viewed from Vila Nova de Gaia

Dom Luis I's bridge crossing by Metro

Trindade Station, Line D platform

Tiled main hall of train station

Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport

Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport

The road system capacity is augmented by the Via de Cintura Interna or A20, an internal highway connected to several motorways and city exits, complementing the Circunvalação 4-lane peripheric road, which borders the north of the city and connects the eastern side of the city to the Atlantic shore. The city is connected to Valença by highway A28, to Estarreja by the A29, to Lisbon by the A1, to Amarante by the A4 and to Braga by the A3. There is also an outer-ring road the A41 that connects all the main cities around Porto, linking the city to other major metropolitan highways such as the A7, A11, A42, A43 and A44. In the future a new highway, the A32, is to connect the city to São João da Madeira.

During the 20th century, major bridges were built: Arrábida Bridge, which at its opening had the biggest concrete supporting arch in the world, and connects north and south shores of the Douro on the west side of the city, S. João, to replace D. Maria Pia and Freixo, a highway bridge on the east side of the city. The newest bridge is Ponte do Infante, finished in 2003. Two more bridges are said to be under designing stages and due to be built in the next 10 years, one on the Campo Alegre area, nearby the Faculty of Humanities and the Arts, and another one in the area known as the Massarelos valley.

Nowadays, Porto is often known as Cidade das Pontes (City of Bridges), "Cidade Invicta" (Invincible City) and "Capital do Norte" (The Capital of the North).

Airports

Porto is served by Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport which is located in Pedras Rubras, Moreira civil parish of the neighbouring Municipality of Maia, some 15 km to the north-west of the city centre. The airport is a state-of-the-art facility, having undergone a massive programme of refurbishment due to the Euro 2004 football championships being partly hosted in the city.

Public transport

Railways

Porto's main railway station is situated in Campanhã, located in the eastern part of the city (connecting to the lines of Douro (Peso da Régua/Tua/Pocinho), Minho (Barcelos/Viana do Castelo/Valença) and Norte (on the main line to Aveiro, Coimbra and Lisbon). From here, both light rail and suburban rail services connect to the city centre. The main central station is São Bento Station, which is itself a notable landmark located in the heart of Porto.

Subway/Light rail

Currently the major project is the Porto Metro system. Consequently, the Infante bridge was built for urban traffic, replacing the Dom Luís I, which was dedicated to the subway on the second and higher of the bridge's two levels. Five lines are open: lines A (blue), B (red), C (green) and E (purple) all begin at Estádio do Dragão (home to FC Porto) and terminate at Senhor de Matosinhos, Póvoa de Varzim (via Vila do Conde), ISMAI (via Maia) and Francisco Sá Carneiro airport respectively. Line D (yellow) currently runs from Hospital S. João in the north to D. João II on the southern side of the Douro river. The lines intersect at the central Trindade station. Currently the whole network spans 60 km (37 miles) using 68 stations, thus being the biggest metro system in the country.

Buses

The city has an extensive bus network run by the STCP (Sociedade dos Transportes Colectivos do Porto, or Porto Public Transport Society) which also operates lines in the neighbouring cities of Gaia, Maia and Gondomar. Other smaller companies connect such towns as Paços de Ferreira and Santo Tirso to the town center. In the past the city also had trolleybuses.

Trams

A tram network, of which only four lines remain one of them being a tourist line on the shores of the Douro, saw its construction begin in 12 September 1895, therefore being the first in the Iberian Peninsula. Porto Light Rail opened in January 2003.^[18]

Historical part of Porto and the Douro river

Economy

One of the many shopping centers in Porto.

Port wine, what Porto is best known for producing.

Porto has always rivaled Lisbon in economic power. As the most important city in the heavily industrialised northwest, many of the largest Portuguese corporations from diverse economic sectors, like Altri, Ambar, Amorim, Bial, Cerealis, BPI, CIN, EFACEC, Frulact, Lactogal, Millennium bcp, Porto Editora, Grupo RAR, Sonae, Sonae Indústria, and Unicer, are headquartered in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto, most notably, in the core municipalities of Maia, Matosinhos, Porto, and Vila Nova de Gaia.

The country's biggest exporter (Petrogal) has one of its two refineries near the city, in Leça da Palmeira (13 km) and the second biggest (Qimonda, now bankrupt) has its only factory also near the city in Mindelo (26 km).^[19]

The city's former stock exchange (Bolsa do Porto) was transformed into the largest derivatives exchange of Portugal, and merged with Lisbon Stock Exchange to create the Bolsa de Valores de Lisboa e Porto, which eventually merged with Euronext, together with Amsterdam, Brussels, LIFFE and Paris stock and futures exchanges. The building formerly hosting the stock exchange is currently one of the city's touristic attractions, the Salão Árabe (Arab Room in English) being its major highlight.

Porto hosts a popular Portuguese newspaper, Jornal de Notícias. The building where its offices are located (which has the same name as the newspaper) was up to recently one of the tallest in the city (it has been superseded by a number of modern buildings which have been built since the 1990s).

Porto Editora, one of the biggest Portuguese publishers, is also in Porto. Its dictionaries are among the most popular references used in the country, and the translations are very popular as well.

The economic relations between the city of Porto and the Upper Douro River have been documented since the Middle Ages. However, they were greatly deepened in the modern ages. Indeed, sumach, dry fruits and nuts and the Douro olive oils sustained prosperous exchanges between the region and Porto. From the riverside quays at the river mouth, these products were exported to other markets of the Old and New World. But the greatest lever to interregional trade relations resulted from the commercial dynamics of the Port wine (Vinho do Porto) agro industry. It decidedly bolstered the complementary relationship between the large coastal urban centre, endowed with open doors to the sea, and a region with significant agricultural potential, especially in terms of the production of extremely high quality fortified wines, today known by the world-famous label Port. The development of Porto was also closely connected with the left margin of River Douro in Vila Nova de Gaia, where is located the amphitheatre-shaped slope with the Port wine cellars.

In a study concerning competitiveness of the 18 Portuguese district capitals, Porto was the worst-ranked. The study was made by Minho University economics researchers and was published in Público newspaper on 30 September 2006. The best-ranked cities in the study were Évora, Lisbon and Coimbra.^[20] Nevertheless, the validity of this study was questioned by some Porto's notable figures (such as local politicians and businesspersons) who argued that the city proper does not function independently but in conurbation with other municipalities.^[21] A new ranking, published in the newspaper Expresso (Portuguese Newspaper) in 2007 which can be translated to "The Best Cities to Live in Portugal" ranked Porto in third place (tied with Évora) below Guimarães and Lisbon.^[22] The two studies are not directly comparable as they use different dependent measures.

Education

The University of Porto

The city has a large number of public and private basic and secondary schools, as well as kindergartens and nurseries. Due to the depopulation of the city's interior, however, the number of students has dropped substantially in the last decade, forcing a closure of some institutions. The largest and oldest international school located in Porto is the Oporto British School established in 1894.

Porto has several institutions of higher education, the largest one being the state-managed University of Porto (Universidade do Porto), which is the largest Portuguese university with approximately 28,000 students. There are also a state-managed polytechnic institute, the Instituto Politécnico do Porto (a group of technical colleges), and privately-owned institutions like the Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), the Porto's Higher Education School of Arts (ESAP- Escola Superior Artística do Porto) and a Vatican state university, the Portuguese Catholic University at Porto (Universidade Católica Portuguesa – Porto) and the Portucalense University at Porto (Universidade Portucalense – Infante D. Henrique). Due to the recognition, potential for employment and higher revenue, there are many students from the entire country and particularly from the north of Portugal, attending a college or university in Porto.

For foreigners wishing to study Portuguese in the city, there are a number of options. As the most popular city in Portugal for ERASMUS students, most universities have facilities to assist foreigners in learning the language. There are also several private learning institutions in the city, such as the Fast Forward Language Institute

Public health

Porto district has the highest rate of tuberculosis positive cases in Portugal. Porto tuberculosis rates are at Third World proportions (comparatively, London faces a similar phenomenon ^[23]). The incidence of positive cases was 23/100 000 nationwide in 1994, with a rate of 24/100 000 in Lisbon and 37/100 000 in Porto. Porto area represented the worst epidemiological situation in the country, with very high rates in some city boroughs and in some poor fishing and declining industrial communities. Epidemiological analysis indicated the existence of undisclosed sources of infection in these communities, responsible for continuing transmission despite a cure rate of 83% in the district.^[24] In 2002, the situation was not better with 34/100 000 nationwide and 64/100 000 in Porto district. In 2004 the situation improved to 53/100 000.^[25]

Sports

Estádio do Bessa XXI (Bessa's Stadium), home of Boavista FC until it was taken from the team

Estádio do Dragão is home place F.C. Porto

Like most Portuguese cities, football is the most important sport in the city. There are three main teams in Porto. The first one is Top division champion FC Porto. The second one is Boavista which was once a team from the top division , but due to problems it went from the top to the lowest division. The last one is Salgueiros, it was one of the most regular first division clubs during the 1980s and 1990s , but they felt into heavy debts and now they play in the regionals. The major ground on the city is the Estádio do Dragão , while Estádio do Bessa, which was also a major ground was taken from Boavista FC. Both stadiums were used for some Euro 2004 games which took place in Portugal. Salgueiros, who sold their Vidal Pinheiro ground to the Porto Metro company planned to build a new one in the Arca d'Água zone, few hundred meters away from the old grounds, but due to a large underground water pocket, it is impossible to build there, and so they moved to the Estádio do Mar in Matosinhos, owned by Leixões. There are other football grounds, with sand or dirt surfaces, owned by clubs in the amateur league, with the exception of FC Porto's old stadium, the Campo da Constituição, which is now a footballing school. FC Porto won the UEFA Champions League in 1987 (then known as the European Cup) and in 2004. Their long time president, Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa, is one a major figure in Portuguese football. He managed to establish FC Porto as one of the most powerful European football clubs and reduce the influence of the Lisbon clubs. José Mourinho coached Porto to a victory in the 2003 UEFA Cup (beating Celtic in the final in the Estadio Olímpico de Sevilla) and their 2004 Champions League win which was clinched with a victory over Monaco. FC Porto also won the Intercontinental Cup (also known as the Toyota Cup) in 1987 and once again in 2004.

There are other sports arenas in Porto, notably the city-owned Pavilhão Rosa Mota (now unused due to a bad relationship between the mayor and the FC Porto board), swimming pools in the Constituição area, between the Marquês and Boavista, and other minor arenas, such as the Pavilhão do Académico.

Porto is also home to the North of Portugal's only cricket club, the Oporto Cricket and Lawn Tennis Club. Every year, for more than 100 years, a match, the Kendall Cup, has been played between the Oporto Club and the Casuals Club of Lisbon, as well as various games against touring teams, mainly from England. The Club and pitch are located off Rua Campo Alegre.

In 1958 and 1960, Porto's streets hosted the Formula One Portuguese Grand Prix on the Boavista street circuit. Now every year , they do reenactments of the races. Circuito da Boavista also hosts a race of WTCC.

In Athletics competitions, every year in October is the Porto Marathon in the streets of the town.

Civil Parishes

• Aldoar
• Bonfim
• Campanhã
• Cedofeita
• Foz do Douro
• Lordelo do Ouro
• Massarelos
• Miragaia
• Nevogilde
• Paranhos
• Ramalde
• São Nicolau
• Santo Ildefonso
• Sé
• Vitória

Parishes of Porto municipality Aldoar | Bonfim | Campanhã | Cedofeita | Foz do Douro | Lordelo do Ouro | Massarelos Miragaia | Nevogilde | Paranhos | Ramalde | São Nicolau | Santo Ildefonso | Sé | Vitória

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Porto is twinned with:^[26]

Partner towns

Within the context of development cooperation, Porto is also linked to:

Famous inhabitants

Monument to Prince Henry the Navigator

• Alexandre Quintanilha – scientist
• Almeida Garrett (1799–1854) – writer and liberalist
• Álvaro Siza Vieira – architect
• António Pinho Vargas – composer
• António Nobre - writer
• Belmiro de Azevedo – entrepreneur (born in the district of Porto, in Marco de Canaveses)
• Charles Albert of Sardinia (1798–1849) – Italian monarch
• Eduardo Souto Moura – architect
• Fernão de Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan) – the globe circumnavigation navigator; probably born in Porto, but surely lived and studied in this town.
• Francisco Sá Carneiro – former Prime Minister
• Francisco Vieira de Matos (1765–1805), painter (a.k.a. Vieira Portuense)
• Freitas-Magalhaes – psychologist and scientist
• Guilhermina Suggia (1885–1950) – cellist; born at Porto
• J. K. Rowling (1965–) – famous author of the Harry Potter series
• Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa – President of Futebol Clube do Porto
• José Pacheco Pereira (born 6 January 1949), politician, professor and political analyst
• Júlio Dinis (1839–1871) – writer
• Kaúlza de Arriaga – general
• Manoel de Oliveira – film director
• Miguel Sousa Tavares – writer
• Pedro Abrunhosa – singer/songwriter
• Pedro de Escobar – Renaissance composer
• Pêro Vaz de Caminha – wrote the letter Carta do Achamento do Brasil, announcing the discovery of Brasil
• Prince Henry the Navigator (1394–1460)
• Ramalho Ortigão (1836–1912) – writer
• Rosa Mota – marathon runner, Olympic gold medalist (Seoul 1988)
• Rui Veloso – singer
• Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen – writer
• Soares dos Reis - sculptor
• Tiago Monteiro – racing driver
• Uriel da Costa (1580–1640), Jewish philosopher
• Carlos Lopes – marathon runner, Olympic gold medalist (Los Angeles 1984)
• Henrique Hilário – Chelsea Football Club goalkeeper; born in Porto
• Raul Meireles - footballer
• Duda - footballer
• Bruno Alves - footballer
• Bruno da Rocha - jewellery designer and manufacturer

See also

• Factory House

References

Notes

External links

• (Portuguese) Official homepage of Porto city council
• Porto travel guide from Wikitravel

Porto Libraries and bookstores Biblioteca Almeida Garrett • Biblioteca Infantil • Biblioteca Pública Municipal do Porto • Livraria Lello e Irmão Houses and Palaces Casa Aristides Ribeiro • Casa da Pedra • Casa da Prelada • Casa das Artes • Casa de Ramalde • Casa da Rua de D. Hugo • Casa de Serralves • Casa do Beco dos Redemoinhos • Casa do Dr. Domingos Barbosa • Casa do Infante • Casa dos Maias • Casa Manoel de Oliveira • Casa Primo Madeira • Casa Tait • Casa Vicent • Palacete de Belomonte • Palacete dos Condes de Santiago de Lobão • Palacete Manuelino • Palacete dos Viscondes de Balsemão • Palácio da Bolsa • Palácio da Justiça • Palácio das Sereias • Palácio de São João Novo • Palácio do Freixo • Palácio dos Carrancas • Solar das Virtudes • Solar do Conde de Bolhão • Torre Medieval do Porto • Torre de Pedro-Sem Streets and squares Avenida Rodrigues de Freitas • Avenidas da Boavista e do Marechal Gomes da Costa • Campo Alegre e Arrábida • Foz Velha • Passeio Alegre • Passeio das Virtudes • Passeio Marítimo e Avenida Montevideu • Praça da Batalha • Praça da Liberdade, Avenida dos Aliados e Praça do General Humberto Delgado • Praça de D. João I • Ribeira • Rotunda da Boavista • Rua Álvares Cabral • Rua de Cedofeita • Centro Histórico do Porto Buildings Antiga Casa da Câmara • Antigo Clube dos Ingleses • Bloco de Costa Cabral • Bloco Luso-Lima • Casa Arte Nova na Rua Cândido dos Reis • Casa Neoárabe na Rua de José Falcão • Casa Arte Nova na Rua da Galeria de Paris • Casa na Rua de São Miguel • Colégio dos Maristas • Edifício da Liga dos Combatentes • Edifício do Aljube • Edifício Mutual • Edifício na Rua das Taipas • Edifício na Rua de Pereira Reis • Edifício Parnaso • Feitoria Inglesa • Ourivesaria Cunha • Palácio Atlântico Fountains Chafariz da Colher • Chafariz da Rua das Taipas • Chafariz da Rua de São Domingos • Chafariz da Rua de São João • Chafariz da Rua Escura • Chafariz das Virtudes • Chafariz de São Miguel • Chafariz do Jardim de São Lázaro • Chafariz do Passeio Alegre • Fonte das Oliveiras • Fonte dos Leões Gardens Jardim Botânico • Jardim da Cordoaria • Jardim da Praça da Corujeira • Jardim da Praça da República • Jardim de São Lázaro • Jardins do Palácio de Cristal Bridges Ponte da Arrábida • Ponte de D. Luís • Ponte de D. Maria Pia • Ponte de São João • Ponte do Freixo • Ponte do Infante • Ponte Pênsil Farms Quinta da Macieirinha • Quinta da Prelada • Quinta da Revolta • Quinta de Bonjóia • Quinta de Vilar d'Allen • Quinta do Viso Kiosks Quiosque do Serviço de Transportes Colectivos do Porto • Quiosque na Praça Marquês de Pombal • Quiosque na Praça Mouzinho de Albuquerque • Quiosque no Largo da Ramadinha • Quiosque no Largo Mompilher Theatres and cinemas Auditório Nacional Carlos Alberto • Casa da Música • Cinema Batalha • Coliseu do Porto • Teatro de São João • Teatro Rivoli Universities Faculdade de Arquitetura • Faculdade de Belas-Artes • Faculdade de Economia • Planetário e Centro Astrofísico • Reitoria Other monuments Alfândega Nova • Cadeia da Relação • Café Majestic • Câmara Municipal do Porto • Estação de São Bento • Estádio do Bessa • Estátua equestre de D. Pedro IV • Farol da Senhora da Luz • Farol de São Miguel-O-Anjo • Hospital de Santo António • Hotel D. Henrique • Mercado do Bolhão • Mercado Ferreira Borges • Obeliscos da Quinta da Prelada • Pavilhão Rosa Mota • Pelourinho do Porto • Restaurante Comercial

Municipalities of Porto District Amarante · Baião · Felgueiras · Gondomar · Lousada · Maia · Marco de Canaveses · Matosinhos · Paços de Ferreira Paredes · Penafiel · Porto · Póvoa de Varzim · Santo Tirso · Trofa · Valongo · Vila do Conde · Vila Nova de Gaia

World Heritage Sites in Portugal Norte Alto Douro Wine Region · Historic Centre of Guimarães · Historic Centre of Porto · Prehistoric Rock-Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde1 Centro Alcobaça Monastery · Batalha Monastery · Convent of Christ, Tomar · Prehistoric Rock-Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde1 Lisboa Cultural Landscape of Sintra · Monastery of the Hieronymites and Belém Tower, Lisbon Alentejo Historic Centre of Évora Azores Historic Centre of Angra do Heroísmo · Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture Madeira Laurisilva of Madeira 1 Shared with other region/s and Spain