Ojibwe

Ojibwe
Anishinabe.svg
Symbol of the Anishinaabe people
Total population
219,711
Regions with significant populations
United States, Canada
Languages

English, Ojibwe
Religion

Catholicism, Methodism, Midewiwin
Related ethnic groups

Ottawa, Potawatomi and other Algonquian peoples

The Ojibwe (also ojibwa or Ojibway) or Chippewa (also Chippeway) are among the largest groups of Native Americans-First Nations north of Mexico. They are the third-largest in the United States, surpassed only by Cherokee and Navajo. They are equally divided between the United States and Canada. Because they were formerly located mainly around Sault Ste. Marie, at the outlet of Lake Superior, the French referred to them as Saulteurs. Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the prairie provinces have retained the name Saulteaux. Ojibwe who were originally located about the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the Mississaugas.[1]

As a major component group of the Anishinaabe peoples—which includes the Algonquin, Nipissing, Oji-Cree, Odawa and the Potawatomi—the Ojibwe peoples number over 56,440 in the U.S., living in an area stretching across the north from Michigan to Montana. Another 77,940 of main-line Ojibwe, 76,760 Saulteaux and 8,770 Mississaugas, in 125 bands, live in Canada, stretching from western Quebec to eastern British Columbia. They are known for their birch bark canoes, sacred birch bark scrolls, the use of cowrie shells, wild rice, copper points, and for their use of gun technology from the British to defeat and push back the Dakota nation of the Sioux (1745). The Ojibwe Nation was the first to set the agenda for signing more detailed treaties with Canada's leaders before many settlers were allowed too far west. The Midewiwin Society is well respected as the keeper of detailed and complex scrolls of events, history, songs, maps, memories, stories, geometry, and mathematics.[2]

Contents

Name

The autonym for this group of Anishinaabeg is "Ojibwe" (plural: Ojibweg). This name is also commonly anglicized as "Ojibwa" or "Ojibway." The name "Chippewa" is an alternative anglicization. Although many variations exist in literature, "Chippewa" is more common in the United States and "Ojibwa" predominates in Canada, but both terms exist in both countries. However, in many Ojibwe communities throughout Canada and the U.S., the more generalized name "Anishinaabe(-g)" is becoming more common. The exact meaning of the name "Ojibwe" is not known; the most common explanations on the name derivations are:

Language

Main article: Anishinaabe language

The Ojibwe language is known as Anishinaabemowin or Ojibwemowin, and is still widely spoken. The language belongs to the Algonquian linguistic group, and is descended from Proto-Algonquian. Its sister languages include Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Cree, Fox, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Shawnee. Anishinaabemowin is frequently referred to as a "Central Algonquian" language; however, Central Algonquian is an area grouping rather than a genetic one. Ojibwemowin is the fourth most spoken Native language in North America (US and Canada) after Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut. Many decades of fur trading with the French established the language as one of the key trade languages of the Great Lakes and the northern Great Plains.

The Ojibwe presence was made highly visible among non-Native Americans and around the world by the popularity of the epic poem The Song of Hiawatha, written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in 1855. The epic contains many toponyms that originate from Ojibwe words.

History

Pre-contact and spiritual beliefs

According to their tradition, and from recordings in birch bark scrolls, many Ojibwe came from the eastern areas of North America, or Turtle Island, and from along the east coast. They traded widely across the continent for thousands of years and knew of the canoe routes west and a land route to the west coast. However the identification of the Ojibwe as a culture may only have occurred as a response to contact with Europeans. The Europeans would have preferred to deal with bounded groups.[7] According to the oral history, seven great miigis (radiant/iridescent) beings appeared to the peoples in the Waabanakiing (Land of the Dawn, i.e. Eastern Land) to teach the peoples of the mide way of life. However, one of the seven great miigis beings was too spiritually powerful and killed the peoples in the Waabanakiing when the people were in its presence. The six great miigis beings remained to teach while the one returned into the ocean. The six great miigis beings then established doodem (clans) for the peoples in the east. Of these doodem, the five original Anishinaabe doodem were the Wawaazisii (Bullhead), Baswenaazhi (Echo-maker, i.e., Crane), Aan'aawenh (Pintail Duck), Nooke (Tender, i.e., Bear) and Moozoonsii (Little Moose), then these six miigis beings returned into the ocean as well. If the seventh miigis being stayed, it would have established the Thunderbird doodem.

At a later time, one of these miigis beings appeared in a vision to relate a prophecy. The prophecy stated that if more of the Anishinaabeg did not move further west, they would not be able to keep their traditional ways alive because of the many new settlements and European immigrants that would arrive soon in the east. Their migration path would be symbolized by a series of smaller Turtle Islands, which was confirmed with miigis shells (i.e., cowry shells). After receiving assurance from the their "Allied Brothers" (i.e., Mi'kmaq) and "Father" (i.e., Abnaki) of their safety in having many more of the Anishinaabeg move inland, they advanced along the St. Lawrence River to the Ottawa River to Lake Nipissing, and then to the Great Lakes. First of these smaller Turtle Islands was Mooniyaa, which Mooniyaang (Montreal, Quebec) now stands. The "second stopping place" was in the vicinity of the Wayaanag-gakaabikaa (Concave Waterfalls, i.e. Niagara Falls). At their "third stopping place" near the present-day city of Detroit, Michigan, the Anishinaabeg divided into six divisions, of which the Ojibwe was one of these six. The first significant new Ojibwe culture-centre was their "fourth stopping place" on Manidoo Minising (Manitoulin Island). Their first new political-centre was referred as their "fifth stopping place", in their present country at Baawiting (Sault Ste. Marie).

Continuing their westward expansion, the Ojibwe divided into the "northern branch" following the north shore of Lake Superior, and "southern branch" following the south shore of the same lake. In their expansion westward, the "northern branch" divided into a "westerly group" and a "southerly group". The "southern branch" and the "southerly group" of the "northern branch" came together at their "sixth stopping place" on Spirit Island () located in the St. Louis River estuary of Duluth/Superior region where the people were directed by the miigis being in a vision to go to the "place where there is food (i.e. wild rice) upon the waters." Their second major settlement, referred as their "seventh stopping place", was at Shaugawaumikong (or Zhaagawaamikong, French, Chequamegon) on the southern shore of Lake Superior, near the present La Pointe near Bayfield, Wisconsin. The "westerly group" of the "northern branch" continued their westward expansion along the Rainy River, Red River of the North, and across the northern Great Plains until reaching the Pacific Northwest. Along their migration to the west they came across many miigis, or cowry shells, as told in the prophecy.

Post-contact with Europeans

The first historical mention of the Ojibwe occurs in the Jesuit Relation of 1640. Through their friendship with the French traders (voyageurs), the Ojibwe gained guns, grew dependent upon White baubels, and began to dominate their traditional enemies, the Sioux and Fox to their west and south. They drove the Sioux from the Upper Mississippi region, and forced the Fox down from northern Wisconsin. The latter allied with the Sauk for protection.

By the end of the 18th century, the Ojibwe were the nearly unchallenged owners of almost all of present-day Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and Minnesota, including most of the Red River area, together with the entire northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior on the Canadian side and extending westward to the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota. In the latter area, they were called the Plains Ojibwe or Saulteaux (by the French Canadians).

The Ojibwe were part of a long-term alliance with the Anishinaabe Ottawa and Potawatomi peoples, called the Council of Three Fires. They fought against the Iroquois Confederacy, based mainly to the southeast of the Great Lakes in present-day New York, and the Sioux. The Ojibwe expanded eastward, taking over the lands along the eastern shores of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. The Ojibwe allied with the French against Great Britain and its colonists in the Seven Years War (also called the French and Indian War). By 1763 France was forced to cede its lands in Canada and east of the Mississippi River to Britain after losing the war. Adjusting to British colonial rule, the Ojibwe allied with them and against the United States in the War of 1812. They had hoped a British victory could protect against United States settlers' encroachment on their territory.

In the U.S., the government attempted to remove all the Ojibwe to Minnesota west of Mississippi River. Violence arose over this effort, and many Ojibwe were killed in the Sandy Lake Tragedy, which resulted in several hundred deaths. Through the efforts of Chief Buffalo and popular opinion against Ojibwe removal, the bands east of the Mississippi were allowed to return to reservations on ceded territory. A few families were removed to Kansas as part of the Potawatomi removal.

In British North America, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 following the Seven Years War governed the cession of land by treaty or purchase . Subsequently France ceded most of the land in Upper Canada to Great Britain. Even with the Jay Treaty signed between the Great Britain and the United States, the newly formed United States did not fully uphold the treaty. Illegal United States immigration into Ojibwe and other Native American lands continued, and the tribes retaliated in the series of battles called the Northwest Indian War. As it was still preoccupied by war with France, Great Britain ceded to the United States much of the lands in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, parts of Illinois and Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota and North Dakota to settle the boundary of their holdings in Canada.

Many of the land cession treaties the British made with the Ojibwe provided for their rights for continued hunting, fishing and gathering of natural resources after the land sales. The government signed numbered treaties in northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. British Columbia had no signed treaties until the late 20th century, and most areas have no treaties yet. The government and First Nations are continuing to negotiate treaty land entitlements and settlements. The treaties are constantly being reinterpreted by the courts because many of them are vague and difficult to apply in modern times. The numbered treaties were some of the most detailed treaties signed for their time. The Ojibwe Nation set the agenda and negotiated the first numbered treaties before they would allow safe passage of many more settlers to the prairies.

Often, earlier treaties were known as "Peace and Friendship Treaties" to establish community bonds between the Ojibwe and the European settlers. These earlier treaties established the groundwork for cooperative resource sharing between the Ojibwe and the settlers. The United States and Canada viewed later treaties offering land cessions as offering territorial advantages. The Ojibwe did not understand the land cession terms in the same way because of the cultural differences in understanding the uses of land. The governments of the US and Canada considered land a commodity of value that could be freely bought, owned and sold.

The Ojibwe believed it was a fully shared resource, along with air, water and sunlight. At the time of the treaty councils, they could not conceive of separate land sales or exclusive ownership of land. Consequently, today in both Canada and the US, legal arguments in treaty-rights and treaty interpretations often bring to light the differences in cultural understanding of treaty terms to come to legal understanding of the treaty obligations.[8]

During Indian Removal of the 1830s, US government attempted to relocate tribes from the east to the west of the Mississippi River as the white pioneers colonized the areas. By the late 19th century, the government policy was to move tribes onto reservations within their territory. The government attempted to do this to the Anishinaabe in the Keweenaw Peninsula in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.

Culture

Details of Ojibwe Wigwam at Grand Portage by Eastman Johnson, c. 1906

The Ojibwe live in groups (otherwise known as "bands"). Most Ojibwe, except for the Great Plains bands, lived a sedentary lifestyle, engaging in fishing and hunting to supplement the women's cultivation of numerous varieties of maize and squash, and the harvesting of manoomin (wild rice). Their typical dwelling was the wiigiwaam (wigwam), built either as a waginogaan (domed-lodge) or as a nasawa'ogaan (pointed-lodge), made of birch bark, juniper bark and willow saplings.

They developed a form of pictorial writing, used in religious rites of the Midewiwin and recorded on birch bark scrolls and possibly on rock. The many complex pictures on the sacred scrolls communicate much historical, geometrical, and mathematical knowledge. Ceremonies also used the miigis shell (cowry shell), which is found naturally in distant coastal areas. Their use of such shells demonstrates there was a vast trade network across the continent at some time. The use and trade of copper across the continent has also been proof of a very large area of trading that took place for thousands of years, as far back as the Hopewell culture. Certain types of rock used for spear and arrow heads were also traded over large distances. The use of petroforms, petroglyphs, and pictographs was common throughout the Ojibwe traditional territories. Petroforms and medicine wheels were a way to teach the important concepts of four directions and astronomical observations about the seasons, and to use as a memorizing tool for certain stories and beliefs.

During the summer months, the people attend jiingotamog for the spiritual and niimi'idimaa for a social gathering (pow-wows or "pau waus") at various reservations in the Anishinaabe-Aki (Anishinaabe Country). Many people still follow the traditional ways of harvesting wild rice, picking berries, hunting, making medicines, and making maple sugar. Many of the Ojibwe take part in sun dance ceremonies across the continent. The sacred scrolls are kept hidden away until those who are worthy and respect them are given permission to see and interpret them properly.

The Ojibwe would bury their dead in a burial mound. Many erect a jiibegamig or a "spirit-house" over each mound. A traditional burial mound would typically have a wooden marker, inscribed with the deceased's doodem (clan sign). Because of the distinct features of these burials, Ojibwe graves have been often looted by grave robbers. In the United States, many Ojibwe communities safe-guard their burial mounds through the enforcement of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.

The Ojibwe viewed the world in two genders: animate and inanimate, rather than male and female. As an animate, a person could serve the society as a male-role or a female-role. John Tanner and anthropologist Hermann Baumann have documented that Ojibwe peoples do not fall into the European ideas of gender and its gender-roles. Some, called egwakwe (or Anglicised to "agokwa"), contribute in ways that cross European gender lines. Though these egwakweg may contribute to their community in whatever way brings out their best character, these documented male-to-female transsexual Midew among the Ojibwe were more readily noticed by the non-Anishinaabe documenters.[9] A well-known egwakwe warrior and guide in Minnesota history was Ozaawindib.

Several Ojibwe bands in the United States cooperate in the Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission, which manages their treaty hunting and fishing rights in the Lake Superior-Lake Michigan areas. The commission follows the directives of U.S. agencies to run several wilderness areas. Some Minnesota Ojibwe tribal councils cooperate in the 1854 Treaty Authority, which manages their treaty hunting and fishing rights in the Arrowhead Region. In Michigan, the Chippewa-Ottawa Resource Authority manages the hunting, fishing and gathering rights about Sault Ste. Marie, and the waters of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. In Canada, the Grand Council of Treaty #3 manages the Treaty 3 hunting and fishing rights around Lake of the Woods.

Kinship and clan system

Ojibwe understanding of kinship is complex, and includes not only the immediate family but also the extended family. It is considered a modified bifurcate merging kinship system. As with any bifurcate-merging kinship system, siblings generally share the same term with parallel-cousins, because they are all part of the same clan. The modified system allows for younger siblings to share the same kinship term with younger cross-cousins. Complexity wanes further from the speaker's immediate generation, but some complexity is retained with female relatives. For example, ninooshenh is "my mother's sister" or "my father's sister-in-law"—i.e., my parallel-aunt, but also "my parent's female cross-cousin". Great-grandparents and older generations, as well as great-grandchildren and younger generations are collectively called aanikoobijigan. This system of kinship speaks of the nature of the Anishinaabe's philosophy and lifestyle, that is, of interconnectedness and balance between all living generations, as well as of all generations of the past and of the future.

The Ojibwe people were divided into a number of odoodeman (clans; singular: doodem) named primarily for animal totems (pronounced doodem). The five original totems were Wawaazisii (Bullhead), Baswenaazhi ("Echo-maker", i.e., Crane), Aan'aawenh (Pintail Duck), Nooke ("Tender", i.e., Bear) and Moozwaanowe ("Little" Moose-tail). The Crane totem was the most vocal among the Ojibwe, and the Bear was the largest — so large, in fact, that it was sub-divided into body parts such as the head, the ribs and the feet.

Traditionally, each band had a self-regulating council consisting of leaders of the communities' clans or odoodemaan. The band was often identified by the principal doodem. In meeting others, the traditional greeting among the Ojibwe peoples is, "What is your 'doodem'?" (Aaniin gidoodem?' or "Awanen gidoodem?"') to establish social conduct between the two meeting parties as family, friends or enemies. Today, the greeting has been shortened to "Aaniin."

Spiritual beliefs

The Ojibwe have a number of spiritual beliefs passed down by oral tradition under the Midewiwin teachings. These include a creation myth and a recounting of the origins of ceremonies and rituals. Spiritual beliefs and rituals were very important to the Ojibwe because spirits guided them through life. Birch bark scrolls and petroforms were used to pass along knowledge and information, as well as for ceremonies. Pictographs were also used for ceremonies. The sweatlodge is still used during important ceremonies about the four directions, when oral history is recounted. Teaching lodges are common today to teach the next generations about the language and ancient ways of the past. These old ways, ideas, and teachings are preserved and practiced in these living ceremonies.

Popular culture

Bands

In his History of the Ojibway People (1855), William W. Warren recorded 10 major divisions of the Ojibwe in the United States, but omitted Ojibwe located in Michigan, western Minnesota and westward, and all of Canada. When identified major historical bands located in Michigan and Ontario are added, the count becomes 15:

English Name Ojibwe Name
(in Double-vowel spelling)		 Location
Saulteaux Baawitigowininiwag about Sault Ste. Marie
Border-Sitters Biitan-akiing-enabijig St. Croix-Namakegon River valleys in eastern Minnesota and northern Wisconsin
Lake Superior Band Gichi-gamiwininiwag south shore of Lake Superior
Mississippi River Band Gichi-ziibiwininiwag upper Mississippi River in Minnesota
Rainy Lake Band Goojijiwininiwag Rainy Lake and River, about the northern boundary of Minnesota
Ricing-Rails Manoominikeshiinyag along headwaters of St. Croix River in Wisconsin and Minnesota
Pillagers Makandwewininiwag North-central Minnesota and Mississippi River headwaters
Mississaugas Misi-zaagiwininiwag north of Lake Erie, extending north of Lake Huron about the Mississaugi River
Algonquins (Nipissing) Odishkwaagamiig Quebec-Ontario border, about Lake Nipissing
Dokis Band N/A Along French River region in Ontario, near Lake Nipissing
Ottawa Lake (Lac Courte Oreilles) Band Odaawaa-zaaga'iganiwininiwag Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin
Bois Forte Band Zagaakwaandagowininiwag north of Lake Superior
Lac du Flambeau Band Waaswaaganiwininiwag head of Wisconsin River
Muskrat Portage Band Wazhashk-Onigamininiwag northwest side of Lake Superior at the Canadian border
Nopeming Band Noopiming Azhe-ininiwag northeast of Lake Superior and west of Lake Nipissing

These 10 major divisions and other major groups that Warren did not record developed into these Ojibwe Bands and First Nations of today. Bands are listed under their respective tribes where possible. See also the listing of Saulteaux communities.

  • Aamjiwnaang First Nation
  • Batchewana First Nation of Ojibways
  • Bay Mills Indian Community
  • Biinjitiwabik Zaaging Anishnabek First Nation
  • Chapleau Ojibway First Nation
  • Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point
  • Chippewas of Lake Simcoe and Huron (Historical)
    • Beausoleil First Nation
    • Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation
    • Chippewas of Rama First Nation (formerly known as Chippewas of Mnjikaning First Nation)
  • The Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation
  • Chippewa of the Thames First Nation
  • Chippewas of Saugeen Ojibway Territory (Historical)
    • Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation
    • Saugeen First Nation
  • Chippewa Cree Tribe of Rocky Boys Indian Reservation
  • Curve Lake First Nation
  • Cutler First Nation
  • Dokis First Nation
  • Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
  • Garden River First Nation
  • Grassy Narrows First Nation (Asabiinyashkosiwagong Nitam-Anishinaabeg)
  • Islands in the Trent Waters
  • Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation
  • Koocheching First Nation
  • Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation
  • Lac La Croix First Nation
  • Lac Seul First Nation
  • Lake Nipigon Ojibway First Nation
  • Lake Superior Chippewa Tribe
    • Bad River Chippewa Band
    • Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
    • Keweenaw Bay Indian Community
      • L'Anse Band of Chippewa Indians
      • Ontonagon Band of Chippewa Indians
    • Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians
      • Bois Brule River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
      • Chippewa River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
      • Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians
      • Removable St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
    • Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
    • Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
    • Sokaogon Chippewa Community
    • St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
  • Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians
  • Magnetawan First Nation
  • Minnesota Chippewa Tribe
  • Mississaugi First Nation
    • Bois Forte Band of Chippewa
      • Bois Forte Band of Chippewa
      • Lake Vermilion Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
      • Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux
    • Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
    • Grand Portage Band of Chippewa
    • Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe
      • Cass Lake Band of Chippewa
      • Lake Winnibigoshish Band of Chippewa
      • Leech Lake Band of Pillagers
      • Removable Lake Superior Bands of Chippewa of the Chippewa Reservation
      • White Oak Point Band of Mississippi Chippewa
    • Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe
      • Mille Lacs Indians
      • Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
      • Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
      • St. Croix Band of Chippewa Indians of Minnesota
        • Kettle River Band of Chippewa Indians
        • Snake and Knife Rivers Band of Chippewa Indians
    • White Earth Band of Chippewa
      • Gull Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
      • Otter Tail Band of Pillagers
      • Rabbit Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
      • Removable Mille Lacs Indians
      • Removable Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
      • Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
  • North Caribou Lake First Nation
  • Ojibway Nation of Saugeen First Nation
  • Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation
  • Osnaburg House Band of Ojibway (Historical)
    • Cat Lake First Nation
    • Mishkeegogamang First Nation (formerly known as New Osnaburgh First Nation)
    • Slate Falls First Nation
  • Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians (Historical)
  • Pikangikum First Nation
  • Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians
    • Lac des Bois Band of Chippewa Indians
  • Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation
  • Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Council
  • Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians
  • Saulteau First Nation
  • Shawanaga First Nation
  • Southeast Tribal Council
    • Berens River First Nation
    • Bloodvein First Nation
    • Brokenhead First Nation
    • Buffalo Point First Nation (Saulteaux)
    • Hollow Water First Nation
    • Black River First Nation
    • Little Grand Rapids First Nation
    • Pauingassi First Nation (Saulteaux)
    • Poplar River First Nation
  • Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians
  • Wabasseemoong Independent Nation
  • Wabauskang First Nation
  • Wabun Tribal Council
    • Beaverhouse First Nation
    • Brunswick House First Nation
    • Chapleau Ojibwe First Nation
    • Matachewan First Nation
    • Mattagami First Nation
    • Wahgoshig First Nation
  • Wabigoon Lake Ojibway Nation
  • Wahnapitae First Nation
  • Washagamis Bay First Nation
  • Whitefish Bay First Nation
  • Whitefish Lake First Nation
  • Whitefish River First Nation
  • Whitesand First Nation
  • Whitewater Lake First Nation
  • Wikwemikong Unceded First Nation

Other tribes known by their Ojibwe/Ottawa names

Known
Name		 Ojibwe
Name		 Ojibwe
Meaning		 Own
Name
Arkansas (Quapaw) Aakaanzhish(ag) Dang little Kansas Ugahxpa (down-stream people)
Assiniboine Asiniibwaan(ag) Stoney Cookers Nakota (allies)
Blackfoot Makadewanazid(ag) Black-foot Niitsítapi (original people)
Chipewyan Ojiibwayaan(ag) Pointed Skin Dënesųłiné
Eskimo Ashki-amaw Eats It Raw Inupiaq
Flathead Nebagindibe(g) Flat-head Salish
Iroquois Naadowe(g) Massassauga Rattlesnake Akunęhsyę̀niˀ in Tuscarora, Rotinonsionni in Mohawk
Kansas Aakaans(ag) [Lives at the] Little Hello-hole Kaw (People of the South Wind)
Kaskaskia Gaaskaaskeyaa(g) Hide-scraper
Kickapoo Giiwigaabaw(ag) Stands here-and-there Kiikaapoa
Menominee Omanoominii(g) Wild Rice People Omāēqnomenew
Miami Omaamii(g) Downstream people Myaamia
Micmac Miijimaa(g) Allied-Brothers Mi'kmaq / L'nu
Moingwena Moowiingwenaa(g) Have a Filthy Face
Ottawa Odaawaa(g) Trader Odawa
Potawatomi Boodewaadamii(g) Fire Keeper Bodéwadmi
Sauk/Sac Ozaagii(g) [Lives at the] Outlet Asakiwaki
Shawnee Zhaawanoo(g) Southerners Chowanoc
Sioux Naadowensiw(ag) Little like the Iroquois Aioe-Dakota-Lakota-Nakota
Snake (Shoshoni) Ginebigowinini(wag) Snake People Panamint (grass house), Tukuaduka (sheep eaters), or Toi Ticutta (cattail eaters)
Wea Waawiyaataan(oog) [Those at the] Rounded [Lake] Waayaahtanwa
Winnebago Wiinibiigoo(g) [Lives at the] Stinking Waters Ho-Chunk ([people of the] Big Voice)

Notable people

Ojibwe treaties

Tribal Treaty Administrants
  • 1854 Treaty Authority - 1854CT
  • Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority - 1836CT fisheries
  • Grand Council of Treaty 3 - Treaty 3
  • Grand Council of Treaty 8 - Treaty 8
  • Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission - 1837CT, 1836CT, 1842CT and 1854CT
  • Nishnawbe Aski Nation - Treaty 5 and Treaty 9
  • Red Lake Band of Chippewa - 1886CT and 1889CT
  • Union of Ontario Indians - RS, RH1, RH2, misc. pre-confederation treaties
Treaties with France
  • La Grande Paix de Montréal (1701)
Treaties with Great Britain
  • Treaty of Fort Niagara (1764)
  • Treaty of Fort Niagara (1781)
  • Indian Officers' Land Treaty (1783)
  • The Crawford Purchases (1783)
  • Between the Lakes Purchase (1784)
  • The McKee Purchase (1790)
  • Between the Lakes Purchase (1792)
  • Chenail Ecarte (Sombra Township) Purchase (1796)
  • London Township Purchase (1796)
  • Land for Joseph Brant (1797)
  • Penetanguishene Bay Purchase (1798)
  • St. Joseph Island (1798)
  • Toronto Purchase (1805)
  • Head-of-the-Lake Purchase (1806)
  • Lake Simcoe-Lake Huron Purchase(1815)
  • Lake Simcoe-Nottawasaga Purchase (1818)
  • Ajetance Purchase (1818)
  • Rice Lake Purchase (1818)
  • The Rideau Purchase (1819)
  • Long Woods Purchase (1822)
  • Huron Tract Purchase (1827)
  • Saugeen Tract Agreement (1836)
  • Manitoulin Agreement (1836)
  • The Robinson Treaties
    • Ojibewa Indians of Lake Superior (1850)
    • Ojibewa Indians of Lake Huron (1850)
  • Manitoulin Island Treaty (1862)
Treaties with Canada
  • Treaty No. 1 (1871) - Stone Fort Treaty
  • Treaty No. 2 (1871)
  • Treaty No. 3 (1873) - Northwest Angle Treaty
  • Treaty No. 4 (1874) - Qu'Appelle Treaty
  • Treaty No. 5 (1875)
  • Treaty No. 6 (1876)
  • Treaty No. 8 (1899)
  • Treaty No. 9 (1905–1906) - James Bay Treaty
  • Treaty No. 5, Adhesions (1908–1910)
  • The Williams Treaties (1923)
    • The Chippewa Indians
    • The Mississauga Indians
  • Treaty No. 9, Adhesions (1929–1930)
Treaties with the United States
  • Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1785)
  • Treaty of Fort Harmar (1789)
  • Treaty of Greenville (1795)
  • Fort Industry (1805)
  • Treaty of Detroit (1807)
  • Treaty of Brownstown (1808)
  • Treaty of Spring Wells (1815)
  • Treaty of St. Louis (1816) - Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi
  • Treaty of Miami Rapids (1817)
  • St. Mary's Treaty (1818)
  • Treaty of Saginaw (1819)
  • Treaty of Saúlt Ste. Marie (1820)
  • Treaty of L'Arbre Croche and Michilimackinac (1820)
  • Treaty of Chicago (1821)
  • Treaty of Prairie du Chien (1825)
  • Treaty of Fond du Lac (1826)
  • Treaty of Butte des Morts (1827)
  • Treaty of Green Bay (1828)
  • Treaty of Prairie du Chien (1829)
  • Treaty of Chicago (1833)
  • Treaty of Washington (1836) - Ottawa & Chippewa
  • Treaty of Washington (1836) - Swan Creek & Black River Bands
  • Treaty of Detroit (1837)
  • Treaty of St. Peters (1837) - White Pine Treaty
  • Treaty of Flint River (1837)
  • Saganaw Treaties
    • Treaty of Saganaw (1838)
    • Supplemental Treaty (1839)
  • Treaty of La Pointe (1842) - Copper Treaty
    • Isle Royale Agreement (1844)
  • Treaty of Potawatomi Creek (1846)
  • Treaty of Fond du Lac (1847)
  • Treaty of Leech Lake (1847)
  • Treaty of La Pointe (1854)
  • Treaty of Washington (1855)
  • Treaty of Detroit (1855) - Ottawa & Chippewa
  • Treaty of Detroit (1855) - Sault Ste. Marie Band
  • Treaty of Detroit (1855) - Swan Creek & Black River Bands
  • Treaty of Sac and Fox Agency (1859)
  • Treaty of Washington (1863)
  • Treaty of Old Crossing (1863)
  • Treaty of Old Crossing (1864)
  • Treaty of Washington (1864)
  • Treaty of Isabella Reservation (1864)
  • Treaty of Washington (1866)
  • Treaty of Washington (1867)

Gallery

A-na-cam-e-gish-ca (Aanakamigishkaang/"[Traces of] Foot Prints [upon the Ground]"), Ojibwe chief, painted by Charles Bird King

Bust of Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay (Eshkibagikoonzhe or "Flat Mouth"), a Leech Lake Ojibwe chief

Chief Beautifying Bird (Nenaa'angebi), by Benjamin Armstrong, 1891

Bust of Beshekee, war chief, modeled 1855, carved 1856

Caa-tou-see, an Ojibwe, painted by Charles Bird King

Hanging Cloud, a female Ojibwe warrior

Jack-O-Pa (Shák'pí/"Six"), an Ojibwe/Dakota chief, painted by Charles Bird King

Kay be sen day way We Win, by Eastman Johnson, 1857

Kei-a-gis-gis, a Plains Ojibwe woman, painted by George Catlin

Leech Lake Ojibwe delegation to Washington, 1899

Chippewa baby teething on "Indians at Work" magazine while strapped to a cradleboard at a rice lake in 1940.

Milwaukee Ojibwe woman and baby, courtesy of the Wisconsin Historical Society

Ne-bah-quah-om, Ojibwe chief

"One Called From A Distance" (Midwewinind) of the White Earth Band, 1894.

Pee-Che-Kir, Ojibwe chief, painted by Thomas Loraine McKenney, 1843

Ojibwe chief Rocky Boy

Ojibwe woman and child, painted by Charles Bird King

Tshusick, an Ojibwe woman, painted by Charles Bird King

Notes

  1. ↑ "First Nations Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization. http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml. 
  2. ↑ "Anishinabe". eMuseum @ Minnesota State University. Minnesota State University. Mankato. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/mncultures/anishinabe.html. Retrieved 2010-03-16. 
  3. ↑ Multilingual Dictionary for Multifaith and Multicultural Mediation and Education
  4. ↑ Warren, William W. (1885; reprint: 1984) History of the Ojibway People. ISBN 0-87351-162-X.
  5. ↑ L. Erdrich, Books and Islands in Ojibwe Country (2003)
  6. ↑ Johnston, Basil. (2007) Anishinaubae Thesaurus ISBN 0-87013-753-0
  7. ↑ Anthony, David The Horse, the Wheel and Language page 102, Princeton University Press 2007
  8. ↑ "The Atlas of Canada: Historical Indian Treaties". http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/indiantreaties/historicaltreaties. Retrieved 2010-05-09. 
  9. ↑ Feinberg, Leslie: Transgender Warriors, page 40. Beacon Press, 1996.

References

Further reading

External links