One Laptop per Child

One Laptop per Child
Formation January 2005
Type Non-profit
Headquarters Cambridge, Massachusetts
Official languages Multilingual
Chairman Nicholas Negroponte
Key people Charles Kane, Seymour Papert, Alan Kay, Mitch Bradley
Website www.laptop.org

The One Laptop Per Child Association, Inc. (OLPC) is a U.S. non-profit organization set up to oversee the creation of an affordable educational device for use in the developing world. Its mission is "to create educational opportunities for the world's poorest children by providing each child with a rugged, low-cost, low-power, connected laptop with content and software designed for collaborative, joyful, self-empowered learning."[1] Negroponte states that the mission is to eliminate poverty.[2] Its current focus is on the development, construction and deployment of the XO-1 laptop and its successors.

OLPC XO-1

The organization is led by chairman Nicholas Negroponte, and Charles Kane, President and Chief Operating Officer. OLPC is a non-profit organization funded by member organizations such as AMD, eBay, Google, News Corporation, Red Hat, and Marvell.

As of March 2010, there are 2 million free books available for OLPC computers.[3] OLPC has generated a great deal of interest in the Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D), Information and Communication Technologies in Education and one to one computing fields of research.

Contents

Mission

To create educational opportunities for the world's poorest children by providing each child with a rugged, low-cost, low-power, connected laptop with content and software designed for collaborative, joyful, self-empowered learning.
—OLPC Mission Statement, [1][4]
It's an education project, not a laptop project.
—Nicholas Negroponte, [5]

The goal of the foundation is to provide children around the world with new opportunities to explore, experiment, and express themselves. To that end, OLPC is designing a laptop, educational software, manufacturing base, and distribution system to provide children outside of the first-world with otherwise unavailable technological learning opportunities.

OLPC lists five core principles:[6]

  1. Child ownership
  2. Low ages.
    Both hardware and software are designed for elementary school children ages 6–12.
  3. Saturation
  4. Connection
  5. Free and open source

History

Children in a remote Cambodian school where a pilot laptop program has been in place since 2001

OLPC is based on constructionist learning theories pioneered by Seymour Papert, Alan Kay, and also on the principles expressed in Nicholas Negroponte’s book Being Digital.[7] These three individuals plus the several sponsor organizations are active participants in OLPC.

Many concepts preceding the OLPC project were discussed and explored at a number of conferences. The 2B1 Conference, held in 1997 at the Media Lab brought together educators from developing countries around the world to "break down world barriers of race, age, gender, language, class, economics and geography." The most immediate outcome of that conference was the establishment of the Nation1 project and the Junior Summit, held the following year, although many of the sessions at 2B1 helped inform OLPC.

Both the project and the organization were announced at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland in January 2005 and were created by faculty members of the MIT Media Lab. The OLPC project gained much more attention when Nicholas Negroponte and Kofi Annan unveiled a working prototype of the Children's Machine 1 (CM1) on November 16, 2005 at the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Tunis, Tunisia. Negroponte showed two prototypes of the CM1 laptop at the second phase of the World Summit: a non working physical model and a tethered version using an external board and separate keyboard. The device shown was a rough prototype using a standard development board. Negroponte estimated that the screen alone required three more months of development. The first working prototype was demonstrated at the project's Country Task Force Meeting on May 23, 2006. The production version is expected to have a larger display screen in the same size package. The laptops were originally scheduled to be available by early 2007, but production actually began in November, 2007.

At the 2006 World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) announced it would back the laptop. UNDP released a statement saying they would work with OLPC to deliver "technology and resources to targeted schools in the least developed countries".[8]

The project originally aimed for a price of 100 US dollars. In May 2006, Negroponte told the Red Hat's annual user summit: "It is a floating price. We are a nonprofit organization. We have a target of $100 by 2008, but probably it will be $135, maybe $140."[9] A BBC news article in April 2010 indicated the price still remains above $200.[10]

Mass production

OLPC XO-1 original design proposal

When the laptop started mass production in November 2007, the unit price was estimated to be $188 when bought by thousand units. At the same time, the laptop was made available under the "Give 1 Get 1" program at $199 for a single unit, or $399 for 2 units.

Mary Lou Jepsen was CTO until her resignation at the end of 2007 to found a new company, Pixel Qi, to continue the development and commercialization of ideas from the XO.

Intel was a member of the association for a brief period in 2007. It resigned its membership on 3 January 2008, citing disagreements with requests from OLPC's founder, Nicholas Negroponte, for Intel to stop dumping their Classmate PCs.[11][12]

Ivan Krstić (former OLPC Director of Security Architecture) resigned in late February 2008 because, he said, learning wasn't what the OLPC was about even for Negroponte (see quote below).[13][14] On April 22, 2008, Walter Bender, who was the former President of Software and Content for the OLPC project, stepped down from his post and left OLPC to found Sugar Labs. Bender reportedly had a disagreement with Negroponte about the future of the OLPC and their future partnerships.[13] Negroponte also showed some doubt about the exclusive use of open source software for the project[15] and made suggestions supporting a move towards adding Windows XP which Microsoft was in the process of porting over to the XO hardware.[16] Microsoft's Windows XP, however, is not seen by some as a sustainable operating system.[17] Microsoft announced on May 16, 2008, that Windows XP would be offered as an option on XO-1 laptops and possibly be able to dual boot alongside Linux.[18]

OLPC XO-1 laptop in Ebook-Mode.

Charles Kane became the new President and Chief Operating Officer of the OLPC Association on May 2, 2008.[19][20] In late 2008, the NYC Department of Education began a project to purchase large numbers of XO computers for use by New York schoolchildren.[21]

Advertisements for OLPC began streaming on the video streaming website Hulu and others in 2008. One such ad has John Lennon advertising for OLPC, with an unknown voice actor redubbing over Lennon's voice.[22]

The 2008 economic downturn and increased netbook competition reduced OLPC's annual budget from $12 million to $5 million and a major restructuring resulted effective January 7, 2009. Development of the Sugar operating environment was moved entirely into the community, the Latin America support organization was spun out and staff reductions, including Jim Gettys, affected approximately 50% of the paid employees. The remaining 32 staff members also saw salary reductions.[23][24]

Impact on the PC industry

Although OLPC was unable to lower costs to reach their initial target price of $100, their mere presence in the industry has exerted competitive force on other manufacturers of consumer notebooks (such as Acer and Hewlett-Packard) to launch their own lower-cost devices that could be used both in developing countries as well as in the United States.

In addition, software companies like Microsoft contributed to lowering costs by offering Windows, Office, and other educational programs at $3 each when used in schools. This substantial discount led to OLPC allowing Windows on the XO.[25]

Technology

Main article: OLPC XO-1
OLPC XO-1 laptop

The XO-1, previously known as the "$100 Laptop" or "Children's Machine", is an inexpensive laptop computer designed to be distributed to children in developing countries around the world,[26] to provide them with access to knowledge, and opportunities to "explore, experiment and express themselves" (constructionist learning).[27] The laptop is manufactured by the Taiwanese computer company Quanta Computer.

The rugged, low-power computers use flash memory instead of a hard drive, run a Fedora-based operating system and use the Sugar user interface.[28] Mobile ad-hoc networking based on the 802.11s wireless mesh network protocol allows students to collaborate on activities and to share Internet access from one connection. The wireless networking has much greater range than typical consumer laptops. The XO-1 has also been designed to be lower cost and much longer lived than typical laptops.

OLPC XO-2 design study (retired)

The laptops include an anti-theft system which can, optionally, require each laptop to periodically make contact with a server to renew its cryptographic lease token. If the cryptographic lease expires before the server is contacted, the laptop will be locked until a new token is provided. The contact may be to a country specific server over a network or to a local, school-level server that has been manually loaded with cryptographic "lease" tokens that enable a laptop to run for days or even months between contacts. Cryptographic lease tokens can be supplied on a USB flash drive for un-networked schools.[29] The mass production laptops are also tivoized, disallowing installation of additional software or replacement of the operating system. Users, interested in development, need to obtain the unlocking key separately (most of developer laptops for Western users already come unlocked). It is claimed that locking prevents unintentional bricking and is part of the anti - theft system.[30]

Microsoft developed a modified version of Windows XP and announced in May 2008 that Windows XP will be available for an additional cost of 10 dollars per laptop.[31]

XO-3 concept

In 2009, OLPC announced an updated XO (dubbed XO-1.5) that takes advantage of the latest component technologies. The XO-1.5 includes a new VIA C7-M processor and a new chipset providing a 3D graphics engine and an HD video decoder. It has 1GB of RAM memory and built-in storage of 4 GB, with an option for 8 GB. The XO-1.5 uses the same display, and a network wireless interface with half the power dissipation.[32] Early prototype versions of the hardware were available in June 2009, and they are available for software development and testing available for free through a developer's program.[33]

XO-3 concept

An XO-1.75 model is being developed that will use an ARM processor, targeting a price below $150 and date in 2011.[34]

An XO-3 concept resembles a tablet PC and is planned to have the inner workings of the XO 1.75.[35] Price goal is below $100 and date is 2012.[36] The XO-2 two sheet design concept was canceled in favor of the one sheet XO-3.

As of May 2010, OLPC is working with Marvell on other unspecified future tablet designs.[37]

XO-1 Specifications

Physical dimensions

Core electronics

Display

Integrated peripherals

Internet access through wireless mesh networking

External connectors

Anatomy of the OLPC

Battery

Distribution

Distribution model

At a primary school in Kigali, Rwanda in 2009

The laptops are sold to governments,[38] to be distributed through the ministries of education with the goal of distributing "one laptop per child". The laptops are given to students, similar to school uniforms and ultimately remain the property of the child. The operating system and software is localized to the languages of the participating countries.

Early deployments

Approximately 500 developer boards (Alpha-1) were distributed in mid-2006; 875 working prototypes (Beta 1) were delivered in late 2006; 2400 Beta-2 machines were distributed at the end of February 2007;[39] full-scale production started November 6, 2007.[40] Around one million units were manufactured in 2008.

Give 1 Get 1 program

OLPC initially stated that no consumer version of the XO laptop was planned.[41] The project, however, later established the laptopgiving.org website to accept direct donations and ran a "Give 1 Get 1" (G1G1) offer starting on November 12, 2007. The offer was initially scheduled to run for only two weeks, but was extended until December 31, 2007 to meet demand. With a donation of $399 (plus US$25 shipping cost) to the OLPC "Give 1 Get 1" program, donors received an XO-1 laptop of their own and OLPC sent another on their behalf to a child in a developing country. Shipments of "Get 1" laptops sent to donors were restricted to addresses within the United States, its territories, and Canada.

Some 83,500 donors participated in the program. Delivery of all of the G1G1 laptops was completed by April 19, 2008.[42] Delays were blamed on order fulfillment and shipment issues both within OLPC and with the outside contractors hired to manage those aspects of the G1G1 program.[43]

Give 1 Get 1 2008

Between November 17 and December 31, 2008, a second G1G1 program was run through Amazon.com and Amazon.co.uk.[44] This partnership was chosen specifically to solve the distribution issues of the G1G1 2007 program. The price to consumers was the same as in 2007, at USD$399.

The program aimed to be available worldwide. Laptops could be delivered in the USA, in Canada and in more than 30 European countries, as well as in some Central and South American countries (Colombia, Haiti, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay), African countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Madagascar, Rwanda) and Asian countries (Afghanistan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nepal).[45] Despite this, the program sold only about 12,500 laptops and generated a mere $2.5 million – a 93 percent decline from the year before.[46]

Deployment of XO laptops

Summary of laptop orders

Year Confirmed number (approximate) Date confirmed Purchaser
2007 100,000 October 2007 Uruguay[47][48]
15,000 November 14, 2007 Birmingham, Alabama, United States[49]
260,000 December 1, 2007 Peru[50]
50,000 December 1, 2007 Mexico (Mexican businessman Carlos Slim)[51]
167,000 January 5, 2008 G1G1 2007 program[50]
2008 65,000 May 29, 2008 Colombia (Caldas) [52]
+200,000 June 2008 Uruguay[53]
+30,000 October 2008 Peru[54]
10,000 November 10, 2008 Ghana[55]
12,500 January 9, 2009 G1G1 2008 program[46]
2009 5,000 April 24, 2009 Sierra Leone
100,000 May 14, 2009 Rwanda [56]
+160,000 October 13, 2009 Uruguay (total: 362,000 children, 18000 teachers)
2010 +260,000 March 17, 2010 Peru [57]
+60,000 April 13, 2010 Argentina [58]
Total 1,494,500    

Participating countries

In October 2007, Uruguay placed an order for 100,000 laptops, making Uruguay the first country to purchase a full order of laptops. The first real, non-pilot deployment of the OLPC technology happened in Uruguay in December 2007.[47] Since then, 200,000 more laptops have been ordered to cover all public school children between 6 and 12 years old.

President Tabaré Vázquez of Uruguay presented the final laptop at a school in Montevideo on 13 October 2009.[59] Over the last two years 362,000 pupils and 18,000 teachers have been involved, and has cost the state $260 (£159) per child, including maintenance costs, equipment repairs, training for the teachers and internet connection.[59] The annual cost of maintaining the programme, including an information portal for pupils and teachers, will be US$21 (£13) per child.[59]

The country reportedly became the first in the world where every primary school child received a free laptop on 13 October 2009 as part of the Plan Ceibal (Education Connect).[59][60] However, the South Pacific island nation of Niue also claimed this in August 2008.[61]

Laptops have been delivered to the following countries, either following an order or as part of the Give One Get One program:

OLPC in the United States

Originally OLPC announced the United States would not be part of this effort. In 2008, Nicholas Negroponte said "OLPC America already has a director and a chairman and will likely be based in Washington, D.C.,"[72] however such an organization was not set up. As of 2010, Birmingham, Alabama is the largest deployment in the US. Some said the changing economic landscape forced OLPC to adjust their distribution strategy. Negroponte cited patriotism, "building critical mass", and providing a means for children all over the world to communicate.

Countries with pilot projects

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, president of Brazil, with a prototype
In Najmi, Al Muthanna Governorate, Iraq

In addition to pilot projects in the participating countries listed above, pilot projects (from a few dozen to a few hundred laptops) took place or are currently taking place in the following countries (see also Google map of OLPC pilot projects):[73]

Other interested countries

The following countries have shown interest in the past, but no concrete projects have resulted up to now:

Criticism

An OLPC class in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Controversy regarding mission

OLPC's dedication to "Free and open source" was questioned with their May 15, 2008, announcement that large-scale purchasers would be offered the choice to add an extra cost, special version of the proprietary Windows XP OS developed by Microsoft alongside the regular, free and open Linux-based "Sugar" OS. James Utzschneider, from Microsoft, said that initially only one operating system could be chosen.[74][75] OLPC, however, said that future OLPC work would enable XO-1 laptops to dual boot either the free and open Linux/Sugar OS or the proprietary Microsoft Windows XP. Negroponte further said that "OLPC will sell Linux-only and dual-boot, and will not sell Windows-only [XO-1 laptops]". OLPC released the first test firmware enabling XO-1 dual-boot on July 3, 2008.[74][76][77][78][79]

OLPC's stated ethos that "It's an education project, not a laptop project" was contradicted according to Ivan Krstić, OLPC's former Director of Security Architecture[80]

Negroponte and Charles Kane made statements explaining OLPC's decision to enable XO-1 laptops to dual-boot either open source Fedora or proprietary Microsoft Windows XP:

[Nicholas] Negroponte says that within OLPC, the open-source scrap had become a distraction. "I think that means and ends, as often happens, got confused," he says. "The mission is learning and children. The means of achieving that were, amongst others, open source and constructionism. In the process of doing that, open source in particular became an end in itself, and we made decisions along the way to remain very pure in open source that were not in the long-term interest of the project."
—Nicholas Negroponte, May 2, 2008, [81]
"The OLPC mission is a great endeavor, but the mission is to get the technology in the hands of as many children as possible," [Charles Kane] said. "Whether that technology is from one operating system or another, one piece of hardware or another, or supplied or supported by one consulting company or another doesn't matter."

"It's about getting it into kids' hands," he continued. "Anything that is contrary to that objective, and limits that objective, is against what the program stands for."

—Charles Kane, OLPC President and COO, May 2, 2008, [81]

Other discussions question whether OLPC laptops should be designed to promote anonymity or to facilitate government tracking of stolen laptops. A recent New Scientist article critiqued Bitfrost's P_THEFT security option, which allows each laptop to be configured to transmit an individualized, non-repudiable digital signature to a central server at most once each day to remain functioning.[82]

Approach

At The World Summit on the Information Society held by the United Nations in Tunisia from November 16–18, 2005, several African officials, most notably Marthe Dansokho of Cameroon and Mohammed Diop of Mali, voiced suspicions towards the motives of the OLPC project and claimed that the project was using an overly U.S. mindset that presented solutions not applicable to specifically African problems. Dansokho said the project demonstrated misplaced priorities, stating that clean water and schools were more important for African women, who, he stated, would not have time to use the computers to research new crops to grow. Diop specifically attacked the project as an attempt to exploit the governments of poor nations by making them pay for hundreds of millions of machines.[83]

Lee Felsenstein, a computer engineer who played a central role in the development of the personal computer, criticized the centralized, top-down design and distribution of the OLPC, calling it "imperialistic”.[84]

John Wood, founder of Room to Read, emphasizes affordability and scalability over high-tech solutions. While in favor of the One Laptop per Child initiative for providing education to children in the developing world at a cheaper rate, he has pointed out that a $2,000 library can serve 400 children, costing just $5 a child to bring access to a wide range of books in the local languages (such as Khmer or Nepali) and English; also, a $10,000 school can serve 400–500 children ($20–$25 a child). According to Wood, these are more appropriate solutions for education in the dense forests of Vietnam or rural Cambodia.[85]

The Scandinavian aid organization FAIR proposed setting up computer labs with recycled second-hand computers as a more economical alternative.[86] Computer Aid International doubted the OLPC sales strategy would succeed, citing the "untested" nature of its technology. CAI refurbishes computers and printers and sends them to developing countries.[87]

Environmental issues

In 2005 and prior to the final design of the XO-1 hardware, OLPC received criticism because of concerns over the environmental and health impacts of hazardous materials found in most computers.[88] The OLPC asserted that it aimed to use as many environmentally friendly materials as it could; that the laptop and all OLPC-supplied accessories would be fully compliant with the EU's Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS); and that the laptop would use an order of magnitude less power than the typical consumer notebooks available as of 2007 thus minimizing the environmental burden of power generation.[89]

The XO-1 delivered (starting in 2007) uses environmental friendly materials, complies with the EU's RoHS and uses between 0.25 and 6.5 watts[90] in operation. According to the Green Electronics Council's Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool, whose sole purpose is assessing and measuring the impact laptops have on the environment, the XO is not only non-toxic and fully recyclable, but it lasts longer, costs less, and is more energy efficient. The XO-1 is the first laptop to have been awarded an EPEAT Gold level rating.[91][92]

Nigeria

Lagos Analysis Corp., also called Lancor, a Lagos, Nigeria-based company, sued OLPC in the end of 2007 for $20 million, claiming that the computer's keyboard design was stolen from a Lancor patented device.[93] OLPC responded by claiming that they had not sold any multi-lingual keyboards in the design claimed by Lancor,[94] and that Lancor had misrepresented and concealed material facts before the court.[95] In October 2008, the Middlesex Superior Court granted OLPC’s motions to dismiss all of Lancor's claims against OLPC, Nicholas Negroponte, and Quanta.[96]

In 2007, XO laptops in Nigeria were reported to contain pornographic material belonging to children partaking in the OLPC Program.[97] In response, OLPC made plans for adding content filters.[97] The OLPC foundation maintained the position that such issues were societal, not laptop related.[98] Similar responses have led some to suggest the OLPC takes an indifferent stance concerning this issue.[99] According to Wayan Vota Senior Director at Inveneo and founder of the independent OLPC News, "The use of computers to look at porn is [a] social problem, not a hardware one... Children have to be taught what's good and what's bad, based on the cultural context."[100][101]

India

India's Ministry of Human Resource Development, in June 2006, rejected the initiative, saying “it would be impossible to justify an expenditure of this scale on a debatable scheme when public funds continue to be in inadequate supply for well-established needs listed in different policy documents”[102][103]. Later they stated plans to make laptops at $10 each for schoolchildren. Two designs submitted to the Ministry from a final year engineering student of Vellore Institute of Technology and a researcher from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in May 2007 reportedly describe a laptop that could be produced for "$47 per laptop" for even small volumes.[104] The Ministry announced in July, 2008 that the cost of their proposed "$10 laptop" would in fact be $100 by the time the laptop became available.[105] This project is called Sakshat. In 2009 a combination of states announced plans to order 250,000 OLPCs.[106][107]

In 2010, a $35 Sakshat Tablet was unveiled in India.[108][109]

Photo gallery

These captions visualize the run of OLPC Thailand pilot (Ban Samkha).

The XO band

First encounter with the laptops

Packing the laptop into bag

Field research

Parents are intrigued by the machine, especially with the video camera.

Students showing an XO to a local monk

The following links demonstrate work at Katha Khazana, a school set up at a slum community in New Delhi, India. [1]–Satish Jha

See also

  • Ceibal project - the national project in Uruguay
  • Bitfrost
  • Comparison of netbooks and subnotebooks
  • Wizzy Digital Courier
  • No Child Left Unplugged
  • Quanta Computer
  • Dynabook
  • Digital Textbook
  • Classmate PC
  • VIA pc-1 Initiative
  • Elonex ONE
  • Sinomanic
  • Inveneo
  • Appropedia:Educational Television Computer
  • Sakshat Tablet

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "One Laptop per Child (OLPC), a low-cost, connected laptop for the world's children's education". 2008-06-08. http://laptop.org/vision/index.shtml. Retrieved 2008-11-07. "Date based on wiki.laptop.org diffs" 
  2. ↑ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q81TmwXe3ZM 14 minutes into the video
  3. ↑ http://www.archive.org/iathreads/post-view.php?id=300273
  4. ↑ Nicholas Negroponte (2008-05-16). "[sugar Microsoft"]. OLPC via Sugar mailing list hosted at lists.laptop.org. http://lists.laptop.org/pipermail/sugar/2008-May/005794.html. Retrieved 2008-07-07. 
  5. ↑ "Vision". http://www.laptop.org/vision/index.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-13. 
  6. ↑ "Core principles - OLPC". http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Core_principles. Retrieved 2008-01-24. 
  7. ↑ Negroponte, Nicholas (1995). Being Digital. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-43919-6. 
  8. ↑ "U.N. Lends Backing to the $100 Laptop". Associated Press. January 26, 2006. http://www.linux.org/news/2006/01/27/0007.html. Retrieved 2006-01-27. 
  9. ↑ Donoghue, Andrew (2006-06-02). "$100 laptop 'will boost desktop Linux'". CNET News.com. http://www.news.com/100-laptop-will-boost-desktop-Linux/2100-1003_3-6079469.html. Retrieved 2006-08-19. 
  10. ↑ "'$100 laptop' targets East Africa". BBC News. 2010-04-29. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10091177.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-20. 
  11. ↑ "Intel Resigns From Board Of One Laptop Per Child". http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119940537839566305.html?mod=hpp_us_whats_news. Retrieved 2008-01-03. 
  12. ↑ Tom Krazit, CNET News.com (2008-01-04). "Intel leaves OLPC after Classmate sale embargo". ZDNet Australia. http://www.zdnet.com.au/news/hardware/soa/Intel-leaves-OLPC-after-Classmate-sale-embargo/0,130061702,339284835,00.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-16. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Top OLPC Executive Resigns After Restructuring". PC World. 2008-04-21. http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/144911/top_olpc_executive_resigns_after_restructuring.html. Retrieved 2008-06-16. 
  14. ↑ Ivan Krstić (2008-05-13). "ivan krstić · code culture » Sic Transit Gloria Laptopi". Ivan Krstić's code culture blog. http://radian.org/notebook/sic-transit-gloria-laptopi. 
  15. ↑ Eric Li. "Report: OLPC may eventually switch from Linux to Windows XP". IDG. http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9079798. Retrieved 2008-09-06. 
  16. ↑ Edward Cherlin (2008-04-23). ""Wow, Nicholas Negroponte is Further Gone Than I Thought"". OLPCNews. http://www.olpcnews.com/people/negroponte/negroponte_is_further_gone.html. Retrieved 2008-09-06. 
  17. ↑ Gaurav Chachra (2008-05-06). "Who Actually Needs Windows XP on the XO Laptop?". OLPCNews. http://www.olpcnews.com/software/operating_system/who_actually_needs_windows_xo.html. Retrieved 2008-09-06. 
  18. ↑ "'$100 laptop' embraces Windows XP". BBC. 2008-05-15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7402365.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-06. 
  19. ↑ "Technology Review: $100 Laptop Program's New President". http://www.technologyreview.com/Biztech/20711/. Retrieved 2008-09-06. 
  20. ↑ Wayan Vota. "OLPC's New President & Negroponte: Its a Laptop Project Now". OLPCNews. http://www.olpcnews.com/people/leadership/olpc_new_president_laptop_project.html. Retrieved 2008-09-06. 
  21. ↑ http://www.nysun.com/new-york/low-price-laptops-tested-at-city-schools/86861/
  22. ↑ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4b4GkGMiBDQ&feature=related
  23. ↑ Bray, Hiawatha (2009-01-09). "Fund loss staggers group giving laptops to poor children". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2009/01/09/fund_loss_staggers_group_giving_laptops_to_poor_children/?page=full. Retrieved 2009-01-29. 
  24. ↑ Negroponte, Nicholas (2009-01-17). "January 2009 restructuring". OLPC. http://wiki.laptop.org/go/January_2009_restructuring. Retrieved 2009-01-29. 
  25. ↑ Kraemer et al.: "One Laptop Per Child: Vision vs. Reality", Communications of the ACM, June 2009.
  26. ↑ "BBC NEWS - Technology - Portables to power PC industry". BBC News. 2007-09-27. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7006316.stm. Retrieved 2008-01-25. 
  27. ↑ One Laptop per Child. "Vision: Children in the developing world are inadequately educated". http://laptop.org/vision/index.shtml. Retrieved 2008-01-25. 
  28. ↑ "OLPC's Software". The OLPC Wiki. One Laptop per Child. http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Our_software#What_software_will_be_used_with_the_.24100_laptop.3F. Retrieved 2007-12-24. 
  29. ↑ Krstić, Ivan (February 7, 2007). The Bitfrost security platform (Draft-19 - release 1 ed.). One Laptop Per Child. pp. Line 968. http://dev.laptop.org/git?p=security;a=blob;f=bitfrost.txt#l968 .
  30. ↑ OLPC key explaining tivoization
  31. ↑ Fildes, Jonathan (15 May 2008). "'$100 laptop' embraces Windows XP" (web). Microsoft has joined forces with the developers of the "$100 laptop" to make Windows available on the machines. (BBC News). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7402365.stm. Retrieved 2008-05-15. 
  32. ↑ OLPC wiki, retrieved June 12, 2010
  33. ↑ "Kicking off a gen-1.5 development process: Updating the XO hardware". Official OLPC blog. 2009-04-17. http://blog.laptop.org/2009/04/17/announcing-the-xo-15-updated-hardware-for-the-xo-laptop/. Retrieved 2009-04-27. 
  34. ↑ http://blog.laptop.org/2009/12/22/xo-3-roadmap/
  35. ↑ http://blog.laptop.org/2009/12/24/xo-3-concept/
  36. ↑ http://www.olpcnews.com/laptops/xo-3/first_version_xo-3_laptop_to_b.html
  37. ↑ http://www.gizmag.com/olpc-marvell-partnership-project/15258/
  38. ↑ "Official OLPC FAQ - OLPC". http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Official_OLPC_FAQ#Can_I_or_my_organization_be_a_recepient_of_the_XO_laptop.3F. Retrieved 2008-01-24. 
  39. ↑ For $150, Third-World Laptop Stirs Big Debate. The New York Times, 30 November 2006.
  40. ↑ Jan Melin (November 7, 2007). 100-dollarsdatorn masstillverkas. NYTeknik. Retrieved on December 24, 2007.
  41. ↑ "One Laptop per Child has no plans to commercialize XO Computer". Business Wire. http://digital50.com/news/items/BW/2001/07/14/20070112005706/one-laptop-per-child-has-no-plans-to-commercialize-xo-computer.html. Retrieved 2007-01-16. 
  42. ↑ "OLPC News (2008-04-12)". One Laptop Per Child. http://lists.laptop.org/pipermail/community-news/2008-April/000108.html. Retrieved 2008-11-25. 
  43. ↑ "OLPC News (2008-01-19)". One Laptop Per Child. http://lists.laptop.org/pipermail/community-news/2008-January/000095.html. Retrieved 2008-11-25. 
  44. ↑ Nystedt, Dan (2008-11-17). "Amazon launches OLPC 'Give 1 Get 1' laptop drive". IDG. http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9120479&intsrc=news_ts_head. Retrieved 2008-11-17. 
  45. ↑ "G1G1 International : the US, Canada, and 42+ other countries". One Laptop Per Child. 2008-11-23. http://blog.laptop.org/2008/11/23/g1g1-international-update-44-countries-and-counting/. Retrieved 2008-11-26. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Bray, Hiawatha (2009-01-09). "Fund loss staggers group giving laptops to poor children". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2009/01/09/fund_loss_staggers_group_giving_laptops_to_poor_children/. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Ivan Krstić (2007-12-01). "ivan krstić · code culture » First OLPC deployment: now it’s real". Ivan Krstić's code culture blog. http://radian.org/notebook/first-deployment. Retrieved 2008-01-24. 
  48. ↑ OLPC Wiki, Country News, consulted on January 23, 2008
  49. ↑ "Birmingham to buy 15K laptops from OLPC - Mass High Tech: The Journal of New England Technology". http://www.bizjournals.com/masshightech/stories/2007/11/12/daily23.html. Retrieved 2008-01-24. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Markoff, John (2008-01-05). "Intel Quits Effort to Get Computers to Children - New York Times". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/05/technology/05laptop.html?ex=1357189200&en=9c2c17178c11e828&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=all+. Retrieved 2008-01-24. 
  51. ↑ "Peru, Mexico billionaire agree to buy $188 laptops" Betanews, December 3, 2007
  52. ↑ OLPC in Colombia
  53. ↑ "Ceibal Project Progress: Meshing Children with Sugar - One Laptop Per Child News". Olpcnews.com. http://www.olpcnews.com/countries/uruguay/ceibal_project_progress.html. Retrieved 2008-12-05. 
  54. ↑ Peruvian president talks OLPC
  55. ↑ "[Community-news] OLPC News (2008-11-10)". Lists.laptop.org. http://lists.laptop.org/pipermail/community-news/2008-November/000154.html. Retrieved 2008-12-05. 
  56. ↑ 120,000 XO Laptops Headed to OLPC Rwanda
  57. ↑ Latin America Leads in School, Miami Herald
  58. ↑ Argentina's La Rioja province receives the first 1,000 of 60,000 XOs ordered, BN Americas
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 Verónica Psetizki. (2009-10-16) "Laptop for every pupil in Uruguay", BBC
  60. ↑ Hayley Jarvis (2009-10-16). "Laptop for each pupil in Uruguay". SOS Children's Villages. http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/charity-news/uruguaychildrenlaptop.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-18. 
  61. ↑ "One laptop for every Niuean child". BBC. 2008-08-22. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7576573.stm. Retrieved 2009-10-18. 
  62. ↑ Linux Today Notes From a Senior Editor: A Close Look at the OLPC
  63. ↑ http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/03/21/1539828/latin-america-leads-in-school.html
  64. ↑ http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_United_States
  65. ↑ http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_Birmingham
  66. ↑ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=inxOg-dt6rw
  67. ↑ Uruguay logra la meta de una laptop para cada escolar, SciDev
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 "'$100 Laptop' Targets Older Class". BBC News. 2010-06-14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10309116.stm. 
  69. ↑ OLPC Wiki, Laptop News 2008-01-19, "3. Ulaan Baatar"
  70. ↑ "Microsoft Word - OLCP Oceania -- Concept Note -- Sep08" (PDF). 2008-09-17. http://wiki.laptop.org/images/c/c4/OLCP_Oceania_--_Concept_Note_--_Sep08.pdf. Retrieved 2008-12-05. 
  71. ↑ Map of deployed XOs in Australia
  72. ↑ PC World, January 2008
  73. ↑ OLPC Wiki - Pilot schools
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 James Utzschneider, General Manager of Marketing and Communications for the Unlimited Potential group at Microsoft (2008-05-15). "Look! Windows on the OLPC XO!". http://blogs.technet.com/jamesu/archive/2008/05/15/look-windows-on-the-olpc-xo.aspx. Retrieved 2008-07-04. ""This is the initial implementation customers will be able purchase when the product RTMs and will be a "Windows only" XO... Longer term, the OLPC [Association] plans to write a new BIOS and increase the amount of flash storage on the XO to support a "Dual Boot" option that would enable children to use either Linux or Windows on the same machine. This is fine with us as long there continues to be an excellent Windows experience on the XO."" 
  75. ↑ Ina Fried (2008-05-15). "Microsoft, OLPC officially team up". http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-9945438-56.html. Retrieved 2008-12-07. ""Microsoft, meanwhile, said the first XO laptops with Windows that start rolling out in June will not be dual-boot machines."" 
  76. ↑ "AnnounceFAQ - OLPC". OLPC. 2008-05-15. http://wiki.laptop.org/go/AnnounceFAQ. Retrieved 2008-07-05. ""Nicholas says that OLPC will sell Linux-only and dual-boot, and will not sell Windows-only.--Mokurai 04:21, 16 May 2008 (EDT) The only firmware technology that Microsoft had (/has today) was a proprietary Insyde BIOS that didn't work with OLPC's Linux kernel, so that's what they talked about. But OLPC has created OLPC:OLPC Firmware q2e10 new technology that supports both Windows and Linux. (Also, Linux kernels in general do support running under proprietary BIOSes. The difference in the XO's Linux kernel is that it relies on the firmware for the XO's special power management and anti-theft system.) --Gnu 13:23, 19 May 2008 (EDT)" 
  77. ↑ "Microsoft and One Laptop per Child Partner to Deliver Affordable Computing to Students Worldwide". Microsoft. 2008-05-15. http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2008/may08/05-15MSOLPCPR.mspx. Retrieved 2008-07-04. "This is the initial implementation customers will be able purchase when the product RTMs and will be a "Windows only" XO" 
  78. ↑ "OLPC Firmware q2e10". 2008-07-03. http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_Firmware_q2e10. Retrieved 2008-07-07. ""This firmware is the first test candidate for the new OFW2 series which supports dual-boot of Linux and WindowsXP."" 
  79. ↑ Paul McDougall (2008-05-16). ""OLPC Adds Windows XP To XO Laptop"". http://www.informationweek.com/news/windows/operatingsystems/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=207800623. Retrieved 2008-07-04. 
  80. ↑ "Ivan Kristic - OLPC People". http://laptop.org/vision/people/IvanKrstic/. Retrieved 2008-09-06. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 David Talbot (2008-05-02). "$100 Laptop Program's New President". Technology Review (Cambridge, Massachusetts,: MIT): pp. 1,2. http://www.technologyreview.com/Biztech/20711/page1/. Retrieved 2008-07-07 
  82. ↑ Colin Barras (2008-06-05). "Laptops could betray users in the developing world". http://technology.newscientist.com/channel/tech/electronic-threats/mg19826596.100-laptops-could-betray-users-in-the-developing-world.html?feedId=electronic-threats_rss20. 
  83. ↑ “The $100 laptop — is it a wind-up?” CNN, December 1, 2005. Retrieved December 1, 2005.
  84. ↑ Problems with the $100 laptop by Lee Felsenstein
  85. ↑ Software 2006 conference, Scaling Organizations Panel (32:40)
  86. ↑ War of words between aid organization and OLPC erupts. 24 Jan 2007
  87. ↑ $100 laptop project is 'fundamentally flawed' 20 Jun 2006
  88. ↑ How Much E-Waste Per Child?, WorldChanging, December 19, 2005
  89. ↑ OLPC Frequently Asked Questions, OLPC Wiki, Retrieved April 25, 2006
  90. ↑ XO power draw, OLPC Wiki, Retrieved November 3, 2008
  91. ↑ OLPC:Environmental Impact
  92. ↑ "IEEE 1680-2006 EPEAT Criteria Detail for OLPC". EPEAT. 2007-09-07. http://wiki.laptop.org/images/c/cf/Epeat.ps. Retrieved 2009-02-14. 
  93. ↑ "Lawsuit over keyboard design."
  94. ↑ "Discussion of the Lancor lawsuit at groklaw.net"
  95. ↑ "Discussion of the OLPCs first legal response to the Lancor lawsuit at groklaw.net"
  96. ↑ "OLPC Patent Infringement Suit Dismissed by Middlesex Judge"
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 "News | Africa - Reuters.com". Africa.reuters.com. 19 July 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL1966647020070720. Retrieved 2010-07-23. 
  98. ↑ "Ask OLPC a Question about Social Issues"
  99. ↑ "성인물을 막는 방법은?"
  100. ↑ "LinuxInsider on OLPC"
  101. ↑ "About Wayan Vota". Wayan Vota. http://www.wayan.com/about-wayan-vota.html. Retrieved 2008-07-01. 
  102. ↑ "HRD rubbishes MIT's laptop scheme for kids". The Times of India. July 3, 2006. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1698603,curpg-1.cms. 
  103. ↑ Kraemer, Kenneth L., Parkul Sharma, and Jason Dedrick. "One Laptop Per Child: Vision vs. Reality." Communications of the ACM 52.6 (2009): 73-73. Web.
  104. ↑ Akshaya Mukul (2007-05-07). "HRD hopes to make $10 laptops a reality". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Business/HRD_hopes_to_make_10_laptops_a_reality/articleshow/1999828.cms. Retrieved 2008-07-01. 
  105. ↑ Presented by CDW (July 29, 2008). "India's '$10 Laptop' to Cost US$100 After All - Business Center - PC World". Pcworld.com. http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/149131/indias_10_laptop_to_cost_us100_after_all.html. Retrieved 2008-12-05. 
  106. ↑ OLPC's Negroponte offers to help India realize $35 tablet, http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2010/08/olpcs-negroponte-offers-to-help-india-realize-35-tablet.ars?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss 
  107. ↑ , http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_India 
  108. ↑ $35 tablet from India looks to be worth every paisa (video) - Tim Stevens - Engadget
  109. ↑ India unveils prototype for $35 touch-screen computer BBC World news-South Asia Retrieved 25 July 2010

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