Royal Canadian Mounted Police

Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Gendarmerie royale du Canada
The Mounties
Abbreviation RCMP/GRC
Royal Canadian Mounted Police.svg
Heraldic badge of the RCMP
Motto Maintiens le droit
Defending the Law[1][2]
Agency overview
Formed 1920
Preceding agencies
  • Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP) (1873, May 23)
  • Dominion Police (1868)
Legal personality Governmental: Government agency
Jurisdictional structure
Federal agency Canada
Constituting instruments
General nature
  • Federal law enforcement
  • Gendarmerie
Operational structure
Sworn members 18,991(Sept. 2009)[3]
Unsworn members 9,709 (Sept. 2009)[3]
Elected officer responsible The Honourable Vic Toews, Minister of Public Safety
Agency executive William J. S. Elliott, Commissioner
Divisions
Facilities
Planes 34
Helicopters 10
Website
www.rcmp-grc.ca
Footnotes
While a federal agency, the RCMP also provides direct policing to dependant territories. See Responsibilities

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) (French: Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC), literally ‘Royal Gendarmerie of Canada’; colloquially known as Mounties, and internally as ‘The Force’) is the national police force of Canada, and one of the most recognized of its kind in the world. It is unique in the world as a national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. The RCMP provides federal policing service to all of Canada and policing services under contract to the three territories, eight provinces (the RCMP does not serve as provincial or municipal police in Ontario and Quebec), more than 190 municipalities, 184 Aboriginal communities and three international airports.[4]

The RCMP was formed in 1920 by the merger of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP, founded 1873) with the Dominion Police (founded 1868). The former was originally named the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP), and was given the Royal prefix by King Edward VII in 1904. Much of the present-day organization's symbolism has been inherited from its days as the NWMP, including the distinctive Red Serge uniform, paramilitary heritage, and mythos as a frontier force. The RCMP/GRC wording is specifically protected under the Trade-marks Act.[5]

Contents

Responsibilities

Domestic responsibilities

RCMP officers in dress uniform

As the national police force of Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is primarily responsible for enforcing federal laws throughout Canada, while general law and order including the enforcement of the Criminal Code and applicable provincial legislation is constitutionally the responsibility of the provinces and territories. This responsibility is sometimes further delegated to municipalities which can form their own municipal police departments. This is common in the largest cities.

The two most populous provinces, Ontario and Quebec, maintain their own provincial forces; the Ontario Provincial Police and Sûreté du Québec. The other eight provinces, however, have chosen to contract most or all of their provincial policing responsibilities to the RCMP. Under these contracts the RCMP provides front-line policing in those provinces under the direction of the provincial governments in regard to provincial and municipal law enforcement. When Newfoundland joined confederation in 1949 the RCMP entered the province and absorbed the then Newfoundland Rangers and took over responsibilities in that area. Today the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary has reclaimed some of that province to their jurisdiction. In the three territories, the RCMP serves as the sole territorial police force. Additionally, many municipalities throughout Canada contract the RCMP to serve as their police force. The RCMP consequently provides policing services at the federal, provincial and municipal level.

The RCMP is responsible for an unusually large breadth of duties. Under their federal mandate, the RCMP provides policing throughout Canada, including Ontario and Quebec. Federal operations include; enforcing federal laws, including commercial crime, counterfeiting, drug trafficking, border integrity, organized crime and other related matters; providing counterterrorism and domestic security; providing protection services for the Monarch, Governor General, Prime Minister,their families and their residences, and other ministers of the Crown, visiting dignitaries, and diplomatic missions; and participating in various international policing efforts. Under provincial and municipal contracts the RCMP provides front-line policing in all areas outside of Ontario and Quebec that do not have an established local police force. There are detachments located in small villages in the far north, remote First Nations reserves, and rural towns, but also larger cities such as Surrey, BC (population 394,976). In these provinces the RCMP maintains units that provide investigational support to their own detachments, as well as smaller municipal police forces, including the investigation of major crimes such as homicides, forensic identification services, police dog services, emergency response teams, explosives disposal, undercover operations, and others. Under its National Police Services branch the RCMP provides support to all police forces in Canada through the operation of support services such as the Canadian Police Information Centre, the Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, Forensic Science and Identification Services, the Canada Firearms Centre and the Canadian Police College.

The RCMP Security Service was a specialized political intelligence and counterintelligence branch with national security responsibilities, but was replaced with the Canadian Security Intelligence Service in 1984, following revelations of illegal covert operations relating to the Quebec separatist movement.[6] CSIS is not part of the RCMP, but is its own entity.

Duties, conduct and operational and reporting guidelines are very specifically laid out in a detailed document known as the Commissioner's Standing Orders, or CSOs.

International responsibilities

The RCMP International Operations Branch assists the Liaison Officer Program to deter international crime relating to Canadian criminal laws. The IOB is a section of the International Policing, which is part of the RCMP Federal and International Operations Directorate. Thirty-five Liaison Officers are placed in 25 other countries and are responsible for organizing Canadian investigations in other countries, developing and maintaining the exchange of criminal intelligence, especially national security with other countries, to provide assistance in investigations that directly affect Canada, to coordinate and assist RCMP officers on foreign business and to represent the RCMP at international meetings.[7]

Liaison Officers are located in:

History

North-West Mounted Police

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police has its beginnings in the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP). The police was established by an act of legislation from the Temporary North-West Council the first territorial government of the Northwest Territories.[8] The Act was approved by the Government of Canada and established on May 23, 1873, by Queen Victoria, on the advice of her Canadian Prime Minister, John A. Macdonald, with the intent of bringing law and order to, and asserting sovereignty over, the Northwest Territories. The need was particularly urgent given reports of American whiskey traders, in particular those of Fort Whoop-Up, causing trouble in the region, culminating in the Cypress Hills Massacre. The new force was initially to be called the North West Mounted Rifles, but this proposal was rejected as sounding too militaristic in nature, which Macdonald feared would antagonize both aboriginals and Americans; however, the force was organized along the lines of a cavalry regiment in the British Army, and was to wear red uniforms.

The NWMP was modelled directly on the Royal Irish Constabulary, a civilian paramilitary armed police force with both mounted and foot elements under the authority of what was then the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.[9][10] First NWMP commissioner, Colonel George Arthur French visited Ireland to learn its methods.[10]

A North-West Mounted Police Lancer, 1875.

The initial force, commanded by Commissioner French, was assembled at Fort Dufferin, Manitoba. They departed on July 8, 1874, on a march to what is now Alberta.

The group comprised 22 officers, 287 men – called constables and sub-constables – 310 horses, 67 wagons, 114 ox-carts, 18 yoke of oxen, 50 cows and 40 calves.[11] A pictorial account of the journey was recorded in the diary of Henri Julien, an artist from the Canadian Illustrated News, who accompanied the expedition.[12]

Their destination was Fort Whoop-Up, a notorious whiskey trading post located at the junction of the Belly and Oldman Rivers. Upon arrival at Whoop-Up and finding it abandoned the troop continued a few miles west and established headquarters on an island in the Oldman, naming it Fort MacLeod.

Historians have theorized that failure of the 1874 March West would not have completely ended the Canadian federal government's vision of settling the country's western plains, but could have delayed it for many years. It could also have encouraged the Canadian Pacific Railway to seek a more northerly route for its transcontinental railway that went through the well-mapped and partially settled valley of the North Saskatchewan River, touching on Prince Albert, Battleford and Edmonton, and through the Yellowhead Pass, as originally proposed by Sandford Fleming.[13] This would have offered no economic justification for the existence of cities like Brandon, Regina, Moose Jaw, Swift Current, Medicine Hat, and Calgary, which could, in turn, have tempted American expansionists to make a play for the flat, empty southern regions of the Canadian prairies.

The NWMP's early activities included containing the whiskey trade and enforcing agreements with the First Nations peoples; to that end, the commanding officer of the force arranged to be sworn in as a justice of the peace, which allowed for magisterial authority within the Mounties' jurisdiction. In the early years, the force's dedication to enforcing the law on behalf of the First Nations peoples impressed the latter enough to encourage good relations between them and the Crown. In the summer of 1876, Sitting Bull and thousands of Sioux fled from the US Army towards what is now southern Saskatchewan, and James Morrow Walsh of the NWMP was charged with maintaining control in the large Sioux settlement at Wood Mountain. Walsh and Sitting Bull became good friends, and the peace at Wood Mountain was maintained. In 1885, the NWMP helped to quell the North-West Rebellion led by Louis Riel. They suffered particularly heavy losses during the Battle of Duck Lake, but saw little other active combat.

Klondike Gold Rush

North-West Mounted Police officers, Yukon, 1900

In 1896, concerned about the influence of American miners and the ongoing liquor trade, the Canadian government sent inspector Charles Constantine to report on conditions in the Yukon. Constantine correctly forecast a coming gold rush and urgently recommended sending a force to secure Canadian sovereignty there and collect customs duties; he returned the following year with a force of 20 men. Under the command of Constantine, and his successor in 1898, the more famous Sam Steele, the NWMP distinguished itself during the Klondike Gold Rush, which started in 1896, making it one of the most peaceful and orderly such affairs in history. The NWMP not only enforced criminal law, but also collected customs duties, established a number of rules such as the "ton of goods" requirement for prospectors to enter the Yukon to avoid another famine, mandatory boat inspections for those wanting to travel the Yukon River, and created the Blue Ticket used to expel undesirables from the Klondike. The Mounties did tolerate certain illegal activities, such as gambling and prostitution, and the force did not succeed in its attempt to establish order and Canadian sovereignty in Skagway, Alaska, at the head of the Lynn Canal, instead creating the customs post at the summit of the Chilkoot Pass. At that same time, the dissolution of the NWMP was being discussed in the House of Commons, but the gold rush prospectors were so impressed by the conduct of the Mounted Police that the force became world famous and its continuation was ensured.

Evolution of the force

The North-West Mounted Police's jurisdiction was extended northward to the Yukon Territory in 1895 and then again in 1903 to the Arctic coast, with the establishment of a post at Cape Fullerton. In June 1904, the prefix "Royal" was conferred on the NWMP by King Edward VII.[14] Jurisdiction was extended to the new provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905, and to Manitoba's new annexation in 1912. During World War I the RNWMP was responsible for "border patrols, surveillance of enemy aliens, and enforcement of national security regulations".[14] In 1917, provincial policing contracts were terminated, and the RNWMP was responsible only for federal policing in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and the Territories. Come 1918, however, enforcement was once again extended to all four Western Provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba).[14] A squadron was deployed to Vladivostok, Russia in late 1918 as part of the Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force. Six months later, in June 1919, the RNWMP was called in to repress the general strike in Manitoba's capital, Winnipeg, where officers fired into a crowd of strikers, killing two and causing injury to thirty others. Another strike of that scale was never seen again, but clashes between the RNWMP and strikers continued; Mounties killed three strikers in 1931, when striking coal miners from Bienfait, Saskatchewan demonstrated in nearby Estevan. These incidents did not help the image of the RNWMP, which, since the end of First World War, was being looked at as an outdated institution, more suited to the 19th century frontier than with an industrialising 20th century Canada.

Aylesworth Perry served as Commissioner of the North-West Mounted Police from 1900 to 1922. It was in this period that the force was faced, again, with dissolution, but was saved in 1920 when it merged with the Dominion Police and was renamed as the "Royal Canadian Mounted Police". The new organization was charged with federal law enforcement in all the provinces and territories, and immediately set about establishing its modern role as protector of Canadian national security, as well as assuming responsibility for national counterintelligence.

As part of its national security and intelligence functions, the RCMP was responsible for infiltrating any ethnic or political groups that were considered to be dangerous to Canada's existing order. This included the Communist Party of Canada, but also a variety of minority cultural and nationalist groups. The force was also deeply involved in immigration matters, and especially deportations of suspected radicals. They were especially concerned with Ukrainian groups, both nationalist and socialist.[15] The Chinese community was also targeted because the perceived link to opium dens. Historians estimate that fully two per cent of the Chinese community was deported between 1923 and 1932, largely under the provisions of the Opium and Narcotics Drugs Act (ONDA).[16] Besides the RCMP's new responsibilities in intelligence, drugs enforcement, and immigration, the force also and provided assistance to numerous other federal agencies, such as enforcing the residential school system for First Nations' children.

In 1935, the RCMP, collaborating with the Regina Police Service, crushed the On-to-Ottawa Trek by sparking the Regina Riot, in which one city police officer and one protester were killed. The Trek, which had been organized to call attention to the abysmal conditions in the relief camps, therefore failed to reach Ottawa, but nevertheless had profound political reverberations.

RCMP patrolling with sled dogs, 1957.

The RCMP employed special constables to assist with strikebreaking in the interwar period. For a brief period in the late 1930s, a volunteer militia group, the Legion of Frontiersmen were affiliated with the RCMP. Many members of the RCMP belonged to this organization, which was prepared to serve as an auxiliary force. In later years, special constables performed duties such as policing airports and, in certain Canadian provinces, the court houses.

In 1932, men and vessels of the Preventive Service, National Revenue, were absorbed, creating the RCMP Marine Section. The acquisition of the RCMP schooner St. Roch facilitated the first effective patrol of Canada's Arctic territory. It was the first vessel to navigate the Northwest Passage from west to east (1940–42), the first to navigate the Passage in one season (1944), and the first to circumnavigate North America (1950).

Counterintelligence work was moved from the RCMP's Criminal Investigation Department to a specialized intelligence branch, the RCMP Security Service, in 1939.

Post-war

April 1, 1949, Newfoundland joined in full confederation with Canada and the Newfoundland Rangers amalgamated with the RCMP.

Following the 1945 defection of Soviet cipher clerk, Igor Gouzenko and his revelations of espionage, the RCMP Security Service implemented measures to screen out “subversive” elements from the public sector.[17] What began as a perceived need to create a bulwark against communism had, by the 1950s, been extended to homosexuality because homosexual acts were illegal, considered a sign of “character weakness,” and because the KGB could use it to blackmail civil servants into revealing state secrets.[18] Scores of people were fired as part of this campaign, which included the development of a “fruit machine.” This machine was based on the premise that changes in pupil dilation when viewing beefcake photos of nude men would scientifically determine whether or not a test subject was gay.[19][20] After four years, the machine failed to produce results, and the program was discontinued.[21]

Queen Elizabeth II approved in Regina, Saskatchewan on 4 July 1973 a new badge for the RCMP, in recognition of which the force presented the sovereign with a tapestry rendering of the new design.[22]

In the late 1970s, revelations surfaced that the RCMP Security Service force had in the course of their intelligence duties engaged in crimes such as burning a barn and stealing documents from the separatist Parti Québécois, and other abuses. This led to the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP, better known as the "McDonald Commission," named for the presiding judge, Mr Justice David Cargill McDonald. The Commission recommended that the force's intelligences duties be removed in favor of the creation of a separate intelligence agency, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS).

Modern era

An RCMP Toyota Prius school liaison car in Ottawa.
Chevrolet Tahoe RCMP SUV in Ottawa.
Ford Crown Victoria RCMP car in Vancouver.

In 1993, the Special Emergency Response Team (SERT), were transferred to the Canadian Forces, creating a new unit called Joint Task Force Two (JTF2). JTF2 inherited some equipment and SERT's former training base near Ottawa.

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police have been involved in training and logistically supporting the Haitian National Police since 1994, a controversial matter in Canada considering allegations of widespread human rights violations on the part of the HNP. Some Canadian activist groups have called for an end to the RCMP training.[23] The RCMP has also provided training overseas in Iraq and other peace-keeping missions.

On March 3, 2005, four RCMP officers were fatally shot during an operation to recover stolen property and investigate a possible marijuana grow-op in Rochfort Bridge, Alberta. Shooter Jim Roszko, 46, then killed himself. It was the single worst multiple killing of RCMP officers since the Northwest Rebellion. One of the four Mounties killed had been on the job for only 17 days. The victims were:

On October 29, 2005, constable Paul Koester shot and killed Ian Bush while he was in custody. An internal investigation resulted in no action being taken against the constable, and, as a result, a public inquest was commissioned. The inquest recommended that the RCMP refrain from carrying out internal investigations with regard to fatal incidents involving the RCMP and the public.

On July 7, 2006, two RCMP officers were shot to death near Mildred, Saskatchewan. The killer, Curtis Dagenais, 41, was missing until July 18, when he turned himself in. The victims were:

Dagenais was subsequently convicted of two counts of murder and one count of attempted murder of a third Mountie who arrived shortly after the initial firefight.

In 2006, the United States Coast Guard's Ninth District and the RCMP began a program called "Shiprider," in which 12 Mounties from the RCMP detachment at Windsor and 16 Coast Guard boarding officers from stations in Michigan ride in each other's vessels. The intent is to allow for seamless enforcement of the international border. (PA1 John Masson, "Territorial Teamwork," Coast Guard Magazine 2/2006, pp. 26–27).

On December 6, 2006, RCMP Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli resigned one day after informing the House of Commons Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security that his earlier testimony about the Maher Arar case was inaccurate. The RCMP had improperly given information to the US that resulted in Arar, a Canadian returning to Montreal via the US, being sent to Syria where he was imprisoned for 10 months and tortured into signing a false confession of links to terrorists. Earlier, on September 28, 2006, and before the same Commons committee, Commissioner Zaccardelli had issued a carefully worded public apology to Arar and his family:

Mr. Arar, I wish to take this opportunity to express publicly to you and to your wife and to your children how truly sorry I am for whatever part the actions of the RCMP may have contributed to the terrible injustices that you experienced and the pain that you and your family endured.[25]

On January 26, 2007, after months of negotiations between the Canadian government and Arar's Canadian legal counsel, Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued a formal apology "for any role Canadian officials may have played in what happened to Mr. Arar, Monia Mazigh and their family in 2002 and 2003" and announced that Arar would receive $10.5 million settlement for his ordeal and an additional $1 million for legal costs.

On October 6, 2007, Constable Christopher John Worden of Hay River Detachment, Northwest Territories was shot and killed in Hay River while on duty in that community. A nationwide arrest warrant was issued for Emrah Bulatci. Bulatci was apprehended on October 12 in Edmonton, Alberta.

On October 14, 2007, Robert Dziekański, an emigrant from Poland, was killed at Vancouver International Airport. Dziekański had failed to clear Customs and after eight hours of loitering became agitated, perhaps because he spoke no English and therefore was unable to ask for assistance. Four RCMP officers were summoned after he threw a computer and a small table. During his arrest, he was Tasered at least twice within 25 seconds of the officers' arrival. After dropping to the floor, he was held down and handcuffed by the officers. Paramedics pronounced him dead at the scene. The incident was videotaped and eventually released to the public, resulting in outrage over the RCMP's handling of the unarmed man. The Dziekanski confrontation has provoked considerable debate about the use of Tasers in policing.

On November 6, 2007, Constable Doug Scott, 20, was killed in Kimmirut, Nunavut when responding to a report of a possible impaired driver. He had been with the service for only six months.[26]

In 2007, the RCMP was named Newsmaker of the Year by the Canadian Press.[27]

History of the RCMP uniform

The RCMP are famous for their distinctive Red Serge, referred to as "Review Order" (of dress uniform) consisting of: high collared scarlet tunic, midnight blue breeches with yellow leg strip, Sam Browne belt with shoulder cross strap and white sidearm lanyard, brown riding boots (possibly with spurs), brown Stetson hat (wide, flat brimmed) and brown gloves (with brown leather gauntlets for riders). Review Order is worn by the mounted troop performing the Musical Ride, an equestrian drill in which mounted members demonstrate their riding skills and handling of the penneted cavalry lance (but not cavalry sabre). The manoeuvres of "The Ride" are performed to musical accompaniment, including the finale, which is a line abreast charge with lances carried horizontally with tips forward as for a mounted assault. On normal duties, the RCMP uses standard police methods, equipment, and uniforms. Horses are still used for such ceremonial operations as escorting the Governor General to the Opening of Parliament, that is when escorting His or Her Excellency's open landau (carriage).

The Red Serge tunic that identified initially the NWMP, and later the RNWMP and RCMP, is of the standard British military pattern. The NWMP was originally kitted out from militia stores, resulting initially in several different styles of tunic, although the style later became standardized. This style was used both to emphasize the British nature of the force and to differentiate it from the blue American military uniforms. The blue shoulder epaulets were added in the 1920s, long after King Edward VII granted the Force "Royal" status for its service in the Second Boer War, replacing gold-trimmed scarlet straps from the earlier uniforms. Currently, RCMP personnel under the rank of inspector wear blue "gorget" patches on the collar, while officers from inspector to commissioner have solid blue collars, along with blue pointed-sleeve cuffs.

Reenactors portraying the NWMP K Troop.

Initially the NWMP wore buff trousers. Later dark blue trousers with yellow-gold strapping (stripes) were adopted. Members of the NWMP were known to exchange kit with U.S. cavalry units along the border and it is suggested that this was the initial source for the trousers; however, blue trousers were considered early on, although with a white strap. Dark blue with yellow-gold strapping is another British cavalry tradition, and Canadian city police forces frequently wear dark blue trousers with a narrow red strap of artillery tradition.

The wide, flat-brimmed Stetson hat was not adopted officially until about 1904. Although the NWMP contingent at Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee wore the Stetson, it was an unofficial item of dress. The primary official summer headdress at the time was the white British foreign service helmet, also known as a pith helmet. This was not particularly practical as headdress in the Canadian west, and members wore a Stetson type hat on patrol and around camp. Sam Steele is often credited with introducing the Stetson-type hat, and when he left the force to command Lord Strathcona's Horse and took the regiment to South Africa he also adopted the Stetson for this unit. For winter a Canadian military fur wedge cap or busby was worn.

Black riding boots were later changed to the modern brown style. The original crossbelts were later changed to the brown Sam Browne type currently worn. The brown color of the boots and belt worn with the Red Serge come from the individual member applying numerous coats of polish, often during their time in training at Depot Division.

Sidearms are standard now, but were often not worn in the early years.

The everyday uniform consists of a grey shirt with dark blue tie, dark blue trousers with gold strapping, regular patrol boots called "ankle boots," regular duty equipment, and a regular policeman's style cap. A blue Gore-Tex open-collar jacket (patrol jacket) is worn by members on operational duty, while a dark blue jacket (blue serge),is worn by sergeants major and certain non-commissioned officers (NCOs) usually involved in aspects of recruit training or media relations. Officers wear white shirts and the patrol jacket or blue serge, depending on their duties. Short-sleeved shirts are worn in the summer by all members with no tie. Winter dress consists of a long-sleeved shirt and tie for all members and, depending on the climate of the detachment area, heavier boots, winter coats (storm coats) and a fur cap are worn.

In British Columbia the hat features a black bearskin rim belt.

In 1990, Baltej Singh Dhillon became the first Sikh officer in the RCMP to be allowed to wear a turban instead of the traditional Stetson. On March 15, the federal government, despite protests, decided that Sikhs would be permitted to wear turbans while on duty as RCMP officers.

Women in the RCMP

A female member of the RCMP rides at the 2008 Calgary Stampede

On May 23, 1974, RCMP Commissioner M.J. Nadon announced that the RCMP would begin to accept applications from females as regular members of the force. This opened up positions that had been previously reserved for male members. Troop 17 was the first group of 32 females who arrived at Depot in Regina on September 18 and 19, 1974, to begin training to become regular members. This first all-female troop graduated from Depot on March 3, 1975. After an initial period of being required to wear rather unflattering discrete female rig, women officers were ultimately given standard RCMP uniforms and all officers are now identically attired regardless of gender.

In 1981 the first female was promoted to corporal and the first females served on the musical ride; in 1987 the first female served in a foreign post; in 1990 the first female was appointed detachment commander; in 1992 the first female officers were commissioned and in 1998 the first female Assistant Commissioner was appointed.

From December 15, 2006, to July 2007, Beverley Busson served as interim Commissioner of the RCMP, making her the first woman to hold the top position in the force. She was replaced by William J.S. Elliott on July 6, 2007, (Elliott was sworn in on July 16—the first civilian to lead the RCMP.)[28][29]

A regiment of dragoons

Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Gendarmerie royale du Canada
RCMP Cap Device.png
Cap badge of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Active 1873–present
Country Canada
Type Dragoons
Role Federal, National & Paramilitary Police Force
Size 15 divisions
Garrison/HQ RHQ—Ottawa
Nickname The Mounties
Motto Maintiens le droit (Defend the law)[2][30]
Battle honours see Battle honours
Commanders
Current
commander		 William J. S. Elliott (Commissioner)
Honorary Commissioner HM The Queen
Honorary Deputy Commissioner HRH The Earl of Wessex[31]
Insignia
Shoulder flash Canrcmp.jpg
Tartan RCMP
Abbreviation RCMP/GRC
Guidon of the RCMP
Canadian Mounted Rifles Recruitment poster
Canadian Mounted Rifles
Homecoming of Canadian Mounted Rifles World War I

Although the RCMP is a civilian police force, in 1921, following the service of many of its members during the First World War, King George V awarded the force the status of a regiment of dragoons, entitling it to display the battle honours it had been awarded.

Service in wartime

During the Second Boer War, members of the North-West Mounted Police were given leaves of absence to fight with the 2nd Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles (CMR) and Lord Strathcona's Horse. The force raised the Canadian Mounted Rifles, mostly from NWMP members, for service in South Africa. For the CMR's distinguished service there, King Edward VII honoured the NWMP by changing the name to the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP) on June 24, 1904.

During World War I, the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP) conducted border patrols, surveillance of enemy aliens, and enforcement of national security regulations within Canada. However, RNWMP officers also served overseas. On 6 August 1914, a squadron of volunteers from the RNWMP was formed to serve with the Canadian Light Horse in France. In 1918, two more squadrons were raised, A Squadron for service in France and Flanders and B Squadron for service in the Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force

In 1939, No. 1 Provost Company (RCMP), Canadian Provost Corps, was raised for service in Europe and served throughout World War II as Military Police.

Honours

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police were accorded the status of a regiment of Dragoons in 1921, with its first guidon presented in 1935.[32][33] As a regiment of dragoons, the RCMP was entitled to wear battle honours for its war service as well as carry a guidon. The RCMP mounted the King's Life Guard at Horse Guards Parade in 1937 leading up to the coronation of King George VI.

Battle honours
Honorary distinction

Organization

National

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is organized under the authority of the RCMP Act. In accordance with the Act, it is headed by the Commissioner, who, under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety Canada , has the control and management of the Force and all matters connected therewith.

Under the Commissioner, operational direction is provided by Deputy Commissioners in charge of:

Regional

In 1996, the RCMP began moving towards a more regional management system under the direction of deputy commissioners. These are: Pacific, Northwestern, Central and Atlantic. This was done to allow greater grass-roots involvement in decision-making and also allows the RCMP to invest more resources into frontline services.

The RCMP divides the country into divisions for command purposes. In general, each division is coterminous with a province (for example, C Division is Quebec). The province of Ontario, however, is divided into two divisions: A Division (Ottawa) and O Division (rest of the province). There is one additional division – Depot Division, which is the RCMP Academy at Regina, Saskatchewan, and the Police Dog Service Training Centre at Bowden, Alberta. The RCMP headquarters are located in Ottawa, Ontario.

Personnel

The RCMP employs 28,700 employees, including police officers, civilian members, and Public Service Employees.[3]

Actual Personnel Strength by Ranks:

Regular Members

The term "Regular Member," or RM, originates from the RCMP Act and refers to the 17,916 regular RCMP officers who are trained and sworn as Peace Officers, and include all the ranks from Constable to Commissioner. They are the police officers of the RCMP and are responsible for investigating crime and have the authority to make arrests. RMs operate in over 750 detachments, including 200 municipalities and more than 600 Aboriginal communities. RMs are normally assigned to general policing duties at an RCMP detachment for a minimum of three years. These duties will allow them to experience a broad range of assignments and experiences, such as responding to alarms, foot patrol, bicycle patrol, traffic enforcement, collecting evidence at crime scenes, testifying in court, apprehending criminals and plain clothes duties. Regular members also serve in over 150 different types of operational and administrative opportunities available within the RCMP, these include: major crime investigations, emergency response, forensic identification, international peacekeeping, bike or marine patrol, explosives disposal and police dog services. Also included are administrative roles including human resources, corporate planning, policy analysis and public affairs.

Auxiliary constables and other staff

Besides the regular RCMP officers, several types of designations exist which give them assorted powers and responsibilities over policing issues.

Currently, there are:[3]

Auxiliary constables (A/Cst.)
Volunteers within their own community, appointed under provincial police acts. They are not police officers and can not identify themselves as such. However, they are given peace officer powers when on duty with a regular member (RM). Their duties consist mainly of assisting the RM in routine events, for eg. cordoning off crime scene areas, crowd control, participating in community policing, assistance during situations where regular members might be overwhelmed with their duties (eg. keep watch of a backseat detainee while RM interviews a victim). They are identified by the wording of 'RCMP Auxiliary' on cars, jackets and shoulder flashes.
Community Safety Officers (CSO)
In 2008, a new designation within the RCMP in the Province of British Columbia was created based on the UK Police Community Support Officer program. Community Safety Officers are paid, unarmed RCMP staff members with similar RCMP uniform but distinct shoulder crests with baton and pepper spray.[34][35] CSOs work with regular members in five areas: Community Safety; Crime Prevention; Traffic Support; Community Policing and Investigation Support.[36] They are peace officers but do not have full police powers. The RCMP Community Safety Officer program is a pilot project that will be evaluated in December 2009.[35]
Reserve constables (R/Cst.)
A program reinstated in 2004 in British Columbia to allow for retired, regular RCMP members or other provincially trained officers to provide extra manpower when a shortage is identified.[37] R/Cst. are appointed under Section 11 of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act as paid part time, armed officers with the same powers as regular members.[38] However, they are not allowed to carry force-issued sidearms and use of force options unless they are called upon to duty.[37] They generally carry out community policing roles but may also be called upon if an emergency occurs.[37][39]
Special constables (S/Cst.)
Employees of RCMP, have varied duties depending on where they are deployed, but are often given this designation because of an expertise they possess which needs to be applied in a certain area. For example, an Aboriginal person might be appointed a special constable in order to assist regular members as they police an Aboriginal community where English is not well understood, and where the special speaks the language well.
From the early years of policing in northern Canada, and well into the 1950s, local aboriginal people were hired by the RCMP as special constables and were employed as guides and to source and care for sled dog teams. Many of these former special constables still reside in the North to this day and are still involved in regimental functions of the RCMP, especially with Canada's declaration that 2005 be recognized as the "Year of the Veteran".
Civilian members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
While not delegated the powers of police officers, they are instead hired for their specialized scientific, technological, communications and administrative skills. Since the RCMP is a multi-faceted law enforcement organization with responsibilities for federal, provincial and municipal policing duties, it offers employment opportunities for civilian members as professional partners within Canada's national police force.

Civilian members represent approximately 14% of the total RCMP employee population, and are employed within RCMP establishments in most geographical areas of Canada. The following is a list of the most common categories of employment that may be available to interested and qualified individuals.

Public Service Employees
Also referred to as Public Servants, PSes or PSEs, they provide much of the administrative support for the RCMP in the form of detachment clerks and other administrative support at the headquarters level. They are not police officers, do not wear a uniform, have no police authority and are not bound by the RCMP Act.
Municipal Employees

Abbreviated as "ME" they are found in RCMP detachments where a contract exists with a municipality to provide front-line policing. MEs are not actually employees of the RCMP, but are instead employed by the local municipality to work in the RCMP detachment. They conduct the same duties that a PSE would and are required to meet the same reliability and security clearance to do so. Many detachment buildings house a combination of municipal and provincially funded detachments, and therefore there are often PSEs and MEs found working together in them.

Ranks

The rank system of the RCMP illustrates their origin as a paramilitary force. The insignia were based upon the Canadian army of the time, which is almost identical to that of the current British Army. Higher ranks have been increased over the years since the formation of the force, whereas the rank of inspector, which was initially a subaltern, is now a field officer level, the lower officer ranks having been dropped. With the military introducing the warrant officer, the RCMP non-commissioned officers were maintained using the older military style.

The ranks of the RCMP, in English and French, are (numbers as of September 1, 2009):[3]

Enlisted Rank Structure of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Commissioned officers
Commissioner/Commissaire
1		 Deputy Commissioner/Sous-commissaire
8		 Assistant Commissioner/Commissaire adjoint
26
Chief Superintendent/Surintendant principal
56		 Superintendent/Surintendant
186
Inspector/Inspecteur
433
Non-commissioned officers
Corps Sergeant Major/Sergent-major du corps
1		 Sergeant Major/Sergent-major
6		 Staff Sergeant Major/Sergent-major d'état major
16		 Staff Sergeant/Sergent d'état-major
928		 Sergeant/Sergent
2,090
Corporal/Caporal
3,570		 Constable/Gendarme
11,594
(no rank badge)

The ranks of inspector and higher are commissioned ranks and are appointed by the Governor-in-Council. Depending on the dress, badges are worn on the shoulder as slip-ons, on shoulder boards, or directly on the epaulettes. The lower ranks are non-commissioned officers and the insignia continues to be based on British army patterns. Since 1990, the non-commissioned officers’ rank insignia has been embroidered on the epaulette slip-ons. Non-commissioned rank badges are worn on the right sleeve of the scarlet/blue tunic and blue jacket. The constables wear no rank insignia. There are also special constables, auxiliary constables, and students who wear identifying insignia.

Equipment and vehicles

Land fleet

RCMP Land Transport Fleet Inventory includes:[41]

Many of the following vehicles have been used by the RCMP as marked police vehicles:

Marine craft

The RCMP is responsible for policing in Canadian Internal Waters, including the territorial sea and contiguous zone as well as the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway; such operations are provided by the RCMP's Federal Services Directorate and includes enforcing Canada's environment, fisheries, customs and immigration laws. In provinces and municipalities where the RCMP performs contract policing, the force is also responsible for policing on freshwater lakes and rivers.

To meet these challenges, the RCMP operates what is known as the Marine Division, with five high-speed catamaran patrol vessels; Inkster and the Commissioner-class Nadon, Higgitt, Lindsay and Simmonds, based on all three coasts and manned by officers specially trained in maritime enforcement. Inkster is based in Prince Rupert, BC, Simmonds is stationed on the south coast of Newfoundland, and the rest are located on the Pacific Coast.[42]

The RCMP owns and operates 377 smaller boats at various locations across Canada, these include all vessels less than 9.2 metres (30 ft) long. This category includes from canoes and car toppers to rigid-hulled inflatables and the very stable, commercially built, inboard/outboard vessels. Individual detachments often have smaller high-speed rigid-hulled inflatable boats and other purpose-built vessels for inland waters, some of which can be hauled by road to the nearest launching point.[42]

Aircraft fleet

Royal Canadian Mounted Police Pilatus PC 12, Winnipeg c. 2007
Royal Canadian Mounted Police Cessna Caravan on floats at Vancouver International Airport.

As of January 2007 the Aerospace Source Book (ASB) published by Aviation Week & Space Technology showed the RCMP operating a fleet of 33 aircraft (8 helicopters and 25 fixed-wing aircraft.[43] As of April 2010 the RCMP had 44 aircraft (10 helicopters and 34 fixed-wing aircraft) registered with Transport Canada (TC).[44] All aircraft are operated and maintained by the Air Services Branch. Only the Twin Otter and the Avanti are twin-engine aircraft, all the others, including the helicopters, are single engine.

RCMP Fleet
Aircraft Number
(ASB)[43]		 Number
(TC)[44]		 Variants Idents Notes
Aérospatiale AS350 4 8 AS 350B3 FMPP, FRPQ, GMPF, GMPK, GMPN Helicopter, AStar 350 or "Squirrel"
Bell 206 JetRanger 4 0 L-1, L-4   Helicopter, JetRanger
Cessna 182 Skylane 1 0 182Q   Fixed wing, Skylane, light utility aircraft
Cessna 206 Stationair 1 6 U206G, T206H FDGM, FDTM, FHGY, FSWC, GNSE, GTJN Fixed wing, Stationair (Station wagon of the Air), general aviation aircraft
Cessna 208 Caravan 3 3 208, 208B FRPH, FSUJ, GMPR Fixed wing, Caravan, short-haul regional airliner and utility aircraft
Cessna 210 Centurion 4 4 210R FMOM, GHVP, GNMK, GTCT Fixed wing, Centurion, high-performance general aviation aircraft
DHC-2 Beaver 0 1 Turbo-Beaver III FMPC Fixed wing, bush plane
Twin Otter 2 2 300 Series FMPL, GMPJ Fixed wing, 20-passenger STOL feederliner and utility aircraft
Eurocopter EC 120 Colibri 0 2 EC 120B FMPQ, GMPT Light helicopter, "Hummingbird"
Piaggio P180 Avanti 1 1 P180 GFOX Fixed wing, business aircraft, pusher configured
Pilatus PC-12 13 17 PC-12/45, PC-12/47, PC-12/47E FGMQ, FMPB, FMPE, FMPF, FMPK, FMPN, FMPW, GFLA, GMPE, GMPI, GMPM, GMPP, GMPV, GMPW, GMPX, GMPY, GMPZ Fixed wing, turboprop passenger and cargo aircraft

Equipment

Past equipment:

Popular awareness of the RCMP

A collection of RCMP souvenirs from around Canada.

The Mounties have been immortalized as symbols of Canadian culture in numerous Hollywood movies and television series, which often feature the image of the Mountie as square-jawed, stoic and polite, yet with a steely determination and physical toughness that sometimes appears superhuman. Coupled with the adage that the Mountie "always gets his man," the image projects them as fearsome, incorruptible, dogged yet gentle champions of the law. Actually, the RCMP's motto is Maintiens le droit French for "Defending the law".[1][2] The Hollywood motto derives from a comment by the Montana newspaper, the Fort Benton Record: "They fetch their man every time".[46]

In 1912, Ralph Connor's Corporal Cameron of the North-West Mounted Police: A Tale of the MacLeod Trail appeared, becoming an international best-selling novel. Mounties fiction became a popular genre in both pulp magazines and book form. Among the best-selling authors who specialized in tales of the Mounted Police were James Oliver Curwood, Laurie York Erskine, James B Hendryx, T Lund, Harwood Steele (the son of Sam Steele) and William Byron Mowery.

In other media, a famous example is the radio and television series, Sergeant Preston of the Yukon. Dudley Do-Right (of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show) is a 1960s example of the comic aspect of the Mountie myth. The Broadway musical and Hollywood movie Rose-Marie is a 1930s example of its romantic side. A successful combination were a series of Renfrew of the Royal Mounted boy's adventure novels written by Laurie York Erskine beginning in 1922 running to 1941. In the 1930s Erskine narrated a Sgt Renfrew of the Mounties radio show and a series of films with actor-singer James Newill playing Renfrew were released between 1937 and 1940. In 1953 portions of the films were mixed with new sequences of Newill for a Renfrew of the Mounted television series.

A former Mounted Police corporal (1919–1923), Bruce Carruthers, served as an unofficial technical advisor to Hollywood in many films on the Force.[47]

Modern culture

Canadians also poke fun at the RCMP with Sergeant Renfrew and his faithful dog Cuddles in various sketches produced by the Royal Canadian Air Farce comedy troupe. On That '70s Show Mounties were played by SCTV alumni Joe Flaherty and Dave Thomas. The British have also exploited the myth: the BBC television series Monty Python's Flying Circus featured a group of Mounties singing the chorus in The Lumberjack Song in the lumberjack sketch.

The Mounties on parade in Iqaluit, Canada Day, 1999.

The 1972–90 CBC series The Beachcombers featured a character named Constable John Constable who attempted to enforce the law in the town of Gibsons, British Columbia.

In comic books, the Marvel Comics characters of Alpha Flight were described on several occasions as "RCMP auxiliaries," and two of their members, Snowbird and the second Major Mapleleaf were depicted as serving members of the force. In the latter case, due to trademark issues, Major Mapleleaf was described as a "Royal Canadian Mountie" in the opening roll call pages of each issue of Alpha Flight he appeared in.

Charles Bronson and Lee Marvin starred in the 1981 movie Death Hunt that fictionalized the RCMP pursuit of Albert Johnson.

In the early 1990s, Canadian professional wrestler Jacques Rougeau utilized the gimmick of "The Mountie" while wrestling for the WWF. He typically wore the Red Serge to the ring, and carried a shock stick as an illegal weapon. As his character was portrayed as an evil Mountie, the RCMP ultimately won an injunction preventing Rougeau from wrestling as this character in Canada, though he was not prevented from doing so outside the country. He briefly held the Intercontinental Championship in 1992.

The 1998 swan song of Nick Berry's time on UK drama Heartbeat featured his character, Sergeant Nick Rowan, transferring to Canada and taking the rank of constable in the Mounties. The special telemovie was titled Heartbeat: Changing Places.

In the 1994–98 TV series Due South paired a Mountie (and his deaf pet wolf) with a streetwise American detective cleaning up the streets of Chicago, mainly deriving its entertainment from the perceived differences in attitude between these two countries' police forces. A pair of Mounties staffed the RCMP Detachment in the fictional town of Lynx River, Northwest Territories, in the CBC series North of 60. The series, which aired from 1992 to 1998, was about events in the native community of the town, but the Mounties featured prominently in each episode.

Another TV series from 1990s, Bordertown featured a NWMP corporal paired with a U.S. marshal securing law and order on a frontier U.S.-Canadian bordertown. The Mounties also briefly appeared in an episode of Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, when after a mind taking battle between Mentok and Shado, the entire jury in the courtroom seems to have turned into Mounties. In the ABC TV mini-series Answered By Fire, there are at least three mounties featured.

The 1987 Brian de Palma film The Untouchables featured cooperation between Eliot Ness's Treasury Department task force and the Mounties against liquor smuggling across the American-Canadian border.

In the episode "Up the Creek" on the 2007-08 Canadian cartoon/reality show, Total Drama Island, one of the contestants, Izzy, fled the island after the "fictional" R.C.M.P. found her (she accidentally blew up the R.C.M.P. kitchen while training with the Reserves).

Mountie merchandise

There are products and merchandise that are made in the image of the RCMP, like Mounties statues or hats. Before 1995, the RCMP had little control over these products.

The RCMP Heritage Centre is a multi-million dollar museum designed by Arthur Erickson that opened May 2007 in Regina, Saskatchewan at the RCMP Academy, Depot Division. It replaced the old RCMP museum and is designed to celebrate the role of the force in Canada's history.

Trademark

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police received an international license on 1 April 1995 requiring those who use the RCMP to pay a licensing fee. Proceeds from the fees would be used for community awareness programmes.[48] Those that do not pay the licensing fee are legally unable to use the name of the RCMP or their correct uniforms, though a film such as Canadian Bacon used the name "Royal Mounted Canadian Police" (RMCP) and the character in the Dudley Do-Right film did not wear accurate insignia.

The Mounted Police Foundation was set up in 1995 to handle the licensing issues to ensure only high-quality products were sold. However, as the Mounted Police Foundation did not have the expertise on licensing and marketing, they contracted these responsibilities out to Walt Disney Co. (Canada) Ltd., the Toronto-based branch of The Walt Disney Company. This generated some controversies, as some people feared that the deal would threaten the Canadian autonomy in representing Canada. The contract with Disney expired in 2000. The licensing program is now operated by the RCMP Foundation.

Criticism

Recent events have caused public criticism of the RCMP, including claims that the police force is unaccountable to the public.[49]

In 2005, Ian Bush was killed while in police custody in Houston, BC. The 22-year-old man was shot by an RCMP constable, and died from the gunshot wound to the back of the head. An RCMP investigation ruled the killing to be self-defence. In response to inquiries about the RCMP's policies on holding prisoners, Const. John Ward stated "The public doesn't have a right to know anything."[50]

In October 2007, Robert Dziekański died at Vancouver Airport while in the custody of four RCMP officers, after being shot with a taser 5 times. Initial police accounts of the incident were contradicted by video evidence taken by a witness, and as of July 2009, a public inquiry is underway. Justice Braidwood has given notice that he may make findings of misconduct against the four RCMP members involved.[51]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Royal Canadian Mounted Police - Badges and Insignia". Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2005-02-16. http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/fs-fd/badge-insigne-eng.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Royal Canadian Mounted Police". Quebec400.gc.ca. 2008-02-08. http://www.quebec400.gc.ca/grc-rcmp-eng.cfm. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Organization of the RCMP". Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2009-09-14. http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/about-ausujet/organi-eng.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  4. ↑ "About the RCMP". Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2009-03-30. http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/about-ausujet/index-eng.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  5. ↑ "Trade-marks Act". Laws.justice.gc.ca. 2010-05-18. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/T-13/bo-ga:s_1::bo-ga:s_2?page=2. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  6. ↑ "Inquiry Into Certain Activities of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Royal Commission of," Canadian Encyclopedia.'.' Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  7. ↑ "International Operations Branch". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ip-pi/iob-soi-eng.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-28. 
  8. ↑ "The North-West Council". Vol II No. 197 (Manitoba Daily Free Press): p. 8. February 19, 1876. 
  9. ↑ Bechtel, Kenneth (1995). State police in the United States: A Socio-Historical Analysis. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 29. ISBN 0313263809. OCLC 31011667. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Graybill, Andrew R. (2007). Policing the Great Plains: Rangers, Mounties, and the North American Frontier, 1875–1910. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 13. ISBN 0803260024. OCLC 76183601. 
  11. ↑ Diary of Commissioner George Arthur French, August 20, 2005
  12. ↑ "N.W.M.P. Expedition to the North-West". Ourheritage.net. http://www.ourheritage.net/julien_pages/Julien1.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  13. ↑ Regehr, T. D. "Fleming, Sir Sandford", in Canadian Encyclopedia (Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig Publishers, 1988), Volume 2, p.791, & diagram Volume 1, pp.346–7.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "RCMP Historical Highlights – Inception". RCMP. http://www.rcmp.ca/history/highlights_e.htm#Inception. 
  15. ↑ Hewitt, Steve. "Policing the Promised Land: The RCMP and Negative Nation-building in Alberta and Saskatchewan in the Interwar Period", The Prairie West as Promised Land ed. R. Douglas Francis and Chris Kitzan (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2007), 318-320.
  16. ↑ Hewitt, 322
  17. ↑ Reg Whitaker, “Left-Wing Dissent and the State: Canada in the Cold War Era.” In C. E. S. Franks, Dissent and the State, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1988, 195. ISBN 0-195407-42-3
  18. ↑ John Sawatsky, Men in the Shadows: The Shocking Truth about the RCMP Security Service, Toronto: Totem Books, 1980, 124, 130. ISBN 0-002168-21-9
  19. ↑ John Sawatsky, Men in the Shadows: The Shocking Truth about the RCMP Security Service, Toronto: Totem Books, 1980, 133–138. ISBN 0-002168-21-9
  20. ↑ Nancy Nicol, “Selections from ‘Stand Together’: National Security Campaigns," JSPOT: Journal of Social and Political Thought, no. 5 (Summer 2003).
  21. ↑ Gary Kinsmen, "'Character Weakness' and 'Fruit Machines': Towards an Analysis of the Anti-Homosexual Security Campaign in the Canadian Civil Service," Labour/Le Travail, 35 (Spring 1995): 133–162.
  22. ↑ The Royal Collection. "e-Gallery > Exhibitions > Queen & Commonwealth > Gifts > Badge of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police". Queen's Printer. http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/queenandcommonwealth/MicroObject.asp?row=31&themeid=451&item=31. Retrieved 26 July 2009. 
  23. ↑ RCMP Website and "Haiti Support Hits the Streets"
  24. ↑ CBC
  25. ↑ "RCMP chief apologizes to Arar for 'terrible injustices'". Cbc.ca. 2006-09-28. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/09/28/zaccardelli-appearance.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  26. ↑ "6 November 2007". Ctv.ca. 2007-11-06. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071106/rcmp_nunavut_071106/20071106?hub=TopStories. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  27. ↑ Canoe.ca News 25 December 2007
  28. ↑ "William Elliott sworn in as RCMP commissioner". CBC News. 2007-07-16. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/07/16/elliott-rcmp.html. Retrieved 2008-07-30. "...the organization's first chief not to have served on a police force." 
  29. ↑ Andrew Mayada (2007-12-15). "RCMP commissioner promises sweeping changes". CanWest News Service. http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=38a04926-a29d-4a23-91fd-173d1e03dec1. Retrieved 2008-07-30. "Elliott was appointed the first civilian commissioner in the RCMP's history" 
  30. ↑ Vancouver, The (2006-12-07). "New commissioner for RCMP must restore faith in the famed force". Canada.com. http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/editorial/story.html?id=187ee3b4-48ef-4035-a1d6-1525188b686a. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  31. ↑ "Prince Edward in Vancouver for Paralympics". News.ca.msn.com. 2010-03-18. http://news.ca.msn.com/local/britishcolumbia/article.aspx?cp-documentid=23674016. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  32. ↑ [1]
  33. ↑ heraldist1
  34. ↑ Community Safety Officers
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Enhanced Policing Options—Community Safety Officers
  36. ↑ "New category of RCMP member a first for British Columbia". Bc.rcmp.ca. 2008-07-05. http://bc.rcmp.ca/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=50&contentId=5402&languageId=4. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 "RCMP Reserve Program". Rcmpvetsnb.ca. 1995-01-01. http://www.rcmpvetsnb.ca/ByLaws/Reserves/reserves.php. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  38. ↑ Local officer named first female reserve constable
  39. ↑ Retired Mounties back in saddle
  40. ↑ "Telecommunications Operators". rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2010-07-30. http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/recruiting-recrutement/cm-mc/teleops-opstele-eng.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-01. 
  41. ↑ "Land Transport". Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2006-11-14. http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/land-terre/index-eng.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Marine Services". Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/mari/index-eng.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "World Military Aircraft Inventory", Aerospace Source Book 2007, Aviation Week & Space Technology, January 15, 2007.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Transport Canada listing of aircraft owned by the RCMP (enter Government of Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police in the box titled "Owner Name")
  45. ↑ Phillips, Roger F., & Klancher, Donald J. Arms & [sic] Accoutrements of the Mounted Police 1873-1973 (Bloomfield, ON: Museum Restoration Service, 1982), p.24.
  46. ↑ Force's legacy endures, Toronto Star, March 5, 2005
  47. ↑ Barr, William Red Serge and Polar Bear Pants" The Biography of Harry Stallworthy, RCMP University of Alberta Press 2004
  48. ↑ Farnsworth, Clyde H. (1995-02-04). "For the Mounties, Justice Is Now a Licensing Fee—New York Times". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEEDE133CF937A35751C0A963958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  49. ↑ "B.C. Greens would replace 'unaccountable' RCMP". Nationalpost.com. http://www.nationalpost.com/m/story.html?id=1496204. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  50. ↑ "The Tyee — Pain and Doubt Persist in Houston". Thetyee.ca. http://thetyee.ca/News/2006/09/13/IanBush/. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  51. ↑ "Story - News". Vancouver Sun. http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Mounties+involved+Dziekanski+death+launch+appeal/1747451/story.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 

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