Malachite
| Malachite | |
|---|---|
 Malachite, Zaire |
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| General | |
| Category | Carbonate mineral |
| Chemical formula | Cu2CO3(OH)2 |
| Identification | |
| Molar mass | 221.1 g/mol |
| Color | Bright green, dark green, blackish green, commonly banded in masses; green to yellowish green in transmitted light |
| Crystal habit | Massive, botryoidal, stalactitic, crystals are acicular to tabular prismatic |
| Crystal system | Monoclinic - prismatic H-M Symbol (2/m) Space Group: P 21/a |
| Twinning | Common as contact or penetration twins on {100} and {201}. Polysynthetic twinning also present. |
| Cleavage | Perfect on {201} fair on {010} |
| Fracture | Subconchoidal to uneven |
| Mohs scale hardness | 3.5 - 4.0 |
| Luster | Adamantine to vitreous; silky if fibrous; dull to earthy if massive |
| Streak | light green |
| Diaphaneity | Translucent to opaque |
| Specific gravity | 3.6 - 4 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (-) |
| Refractive index | nα = 1.655 nβ = 1.875 nγ = 1.909 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.254 |
| References | [1][2][3] |
Malachite is a copper carbonate mineral, with the formula Cu2CO3(OH)2. This green-colored mineral crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, and most often forms botryoidal, fibrous, or stalagmitic masses. Individual crystals are rare but do occur as slender to acicular prisms. Pseudomorphs after more tabular or blocky azurite crystals also occur.[3]
Contents |
Etymology and history
The stone's name derives (via Latin: molochītis, Middle French: melochite, and Middle English melochites) from Greek Μολοχίτης λίθος molochitis lithos, "mallow-green stone", from μολόχη molōchē, variant of μαλάχη malāchē, "mallow".[4] The mineral was given this name due to its resemblance to the leaves of the Mallow plant.[5] Malachite was used as a mineral pigment in green paints from antiquity until about 1800. The pigment is moderately lightfast, very sensitive to acids and varying in color. The natural form was being replaced by its synthetic form, verditer amongst other synthetic greens. It is also used for decorative purposes, such as in the Malachite Room in the Hermitage, which features a large malachite vase. "The Tazza", one of the largest pieces of malachite in North America and a gift from Tsar Nicholas II, stands as the focal point in the center of the room of Linda Hall Library.
Occurrence and historical uses
Malachite often results from weathering of copper ores and is often found together with azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2), goethite, and calcite. Except for its vibrant green color, the properties of malachite are similar to those of azurite and aggregates of the two minerals occur frequently together. Malachite is more common than azurite and is typically associated with copper deposits around limestones, the source of the carbonate.
Large quantities of malachite have been mined in the Urals, Russia. It is found worldwide including in the Democratic Republic of Congo; Zambia; Tsumeb, Namibia; Mexico; Broken Hill, New South Wales; Lyon, France; and in the Southwestern United States notably in Arizona.[6]
In Israel, malachite is extensively mined at Timna valley, often called King Solomon's Mines, although research has revealed an interruption in mining activity at the site during the 10th century BC, the time of the biblical Solomon.[7] Archeological evidence indicates that the mineral has been mined and smelted at the site for over 3,000 years. Most of Timna's current production is also smelted, but the finest pieces are worked into silver jewelry. In ancient times, bracelets of malachite were believed to ward off disease, lightning, and witchcraft.
See also
- Aventurine
- Brochantite
- Chrysocolla
- Dioptase
- Plancheite
Malachite gallery
 Slice through a double stalactite, from Kolwezi, Democratic Republic of Congo. Size 5.9 x 3.9 x 0.7 cm. |
 A polished slab of malachite, from the Democratic Republic of Congo |
 Ball-and-stick model of malachite's unit cell |
 Malachite and azurite, from Morenci, Arizona USA. Size 4.4 x 4.1 x 2.2 cm. |
 Malachite stalactites (to 9 cm height), from Kasompi Mine, Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Size: 21.6 x 16.0 x 11.9 cm. |
 Botryoidal malachite from Bisbee, Arizona USA. Size 10.5 x 6.3 x 5.6 cm. |
References
- ↑ http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/malachite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy
- ↑ http://webmineral.com/data/Malachite.shtml Webmineral data
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 http://mindat.org/min-2550.html Mindat
- ↑ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Malachite
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=malachite
- ↑ http://www.mindat.org/show.php?id=2550&ld=1#themap Mindat with over 8500 locations
- ↑ Parr, Peter J review of "Timma: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines" by Beno Rothenberg Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 37, No. 1, In Memory of W. H. Whiteley (1974), pp. 223-224
- Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York ISBN 0-471-80580-7
- Virtual tour of the Malachite Room
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