Marathi people

Marathis/Maharashtrians
( मराठी माणसं/महाराष्ट्रीय )
Lokmany tilak.jpgRaigadFort5.jpgPratibhaIndia.jpg
Phalke.jpgTukaram.jpgAmbedkar speech at Yeola.gif
Sachin Tendulkar.jpgMadhuriDixit.jpgMphule.jpg
Lokmanya Tilak • Shivaji Maharaj • Pratibha Patil
Dadasaheb Phalke • Tukaram • B. R. Ambedkar
Sachin Tendulkar • Madhuri Dixit • Jyotiba Phule
Total population
70 to 80 million
Regions with significant populations
Primary populations in:

Other:
Languages

Marathi
Religion

Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism
Related ethnic groups

Indo-Aryans, Konkani people, Mahl people

The Marathi people or Maharashtrians (Marathi: मराठी माणसं or महाराष्ट्रीय) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group, that inhabit the Maharashtra region and state of western India. Their language Marathi is part of the southern group of Indo-Aryan languages. Although their history goes back more than a millennium, the community came to prominence when Maratha warriors under Shivaji Maharaj established the Maratha Empire in 1674. Mee Marathi (मी मराठी, I am Marathi) are two words that have always inculcated Marathi pride.

Contents

Ethnonym

The Marathi people are also known as "Maharashtrians". The whole community was called Maratha or Marathe (plural of Maratha) between the 17th and 19th centuries. However, at the beginning of 20th century, due to the efforts of Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur, the peasant Indo-Aryan Kshatriya Marathi class called Kunbi started using the word Maratha to describe themselves. So in current usage the term Maratha applies mainly to the former Indo-Aryan Kshatriya Kunbi caste as well as the 96 clan upper caste "Maratha" group and not to the wider Marathi community. In the Indo-Aryan Marathi language, they refer to themselves as marathi manoos.

Maharashtra, the state in India where majority of Marathi People live

History

The earliest records refer to the region today known as Maharashtra as Dandakaranyas which means "Forest of punishment". In times of Ramayana, it was home of deadly creatures & demons. Only exiled persons and Sages (Rishis) typically resided here.Khar dushan & suparnkha has cited to have met Rama in this region. Around 600 BC, the region today known as Maharashtra was one of the mahajanapadas known as Assaka. Panchavati near City of Nasik is stated in Ramayana, as the place where Lakshman chopped the nose- (nasik in Sanskrit) of Ravana's sister Shurpankha. It is not known whether prior to the coming of the Aryans, this region was inhabited by other civilizations or not. It is also believed that Western Kshatrapas (35-405 BC) were Saka rulers of the western part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Southern Sindh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan). They were successors to the Indo-Scythians, and were contemporaneous with the Kushans who ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. the Indo-Scythians invaded the area of Ujjain, but were subsequently repelled in 57 BCE by the Malwa king Vikramaditya. To commemorate the event Vikramaditya established the Vikrama era, a specific Indian calendar starting in 57 BCE. More than a century later, in 78 CE the Sakas would again invade Ujjain and establish the Saka era (with Saka calendar), marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps kingdom.[2] Emperor Ashoka added Maharashtra and the surrounding regions to the Mauryan Empire. Around 230 BC, a local dynasty, the Sātavāhanas rose to power in the Maharashtra. The kingdom, based in Junnar near Pune, eventually turned into an empire with the conquests of the northern part of what is today known as Karnataka as well as Andhra Pradesh. It is believed that most of the Indo-Aryan Marathi people today are descendants of this empire. The empire reached its zenith under Gautamiputra Sátakarni, more popularly known as Shalivahan. He started a new calendar called Shalivahan Shaka which is still used by people of Deccan, i.e. Indo-Aryans Marathi & Gujarati and Kannada & Telugu people today. The empire collapsed around 300 CE. The use of Indo-Aryan Maharashtri language (proto-Marathi) also started during the Satavahana rule for several years. After which the region was ruled by various small kingdoms. The region was ruled by the Indo-Aryan Rashtrakuta dynasty in the 8th century. After the Rashtrakuta kingdom fell, the region was ruled by the Yadava Dynasty of Deogiri who made Marathi their official language. They ruled till 13th century after which the region fell under Islamic rule. The Deccan sultanates ruled Maharashtra for around three centuries.

In mid 17th century, Shivaji Maharaj founded the Maratha Empire by reclaiming the Desh and the Konkan region. After a lifetime of exploits and a series of conquests, Shivaji died in 1680. The Mughals who had lost a lot of ground to the Marathas under Shivaji invaded Maharashtra in 1681. Shivaji's son Sambhaji was crowned Emperor in 1681 after a brief civil war. Sambhaji led the Marathas valiantly against a much stronger opponent. Till 1689, Sambhaji never lost a fort or territory to Aurangzeb. But in 1689, he was betrayed by Ganoji Shirke(Ganoji’s hunger for Maratha land in the form of watan led to his enmity with Sambhaji. Sambhaji like his father- Shivaji Maharaj had abolished the custom of giving away watans, as this led to the people’s suffering from the hands of the watandar and there were chances of the watandars assuming kingship or taking possession of their watans) and was captured, tortured and killed by Aurangzeb.[3] With their leader dead, the Marathas were demoralised, but the young Rajaram was put to the throne and then the Maratha crown prince had to retreat to Jinji in South India. But in 1707, under the leadership of Maharani Tarabai, the Marathas won the War of 27 years. The grandson of Shivaji saw the greatest expansion of Maratha power. After his death in 1749 the Peshwa became the real power behind the empire from 1750-1761. The empire was expanded by many Maratha sardars like Shinde, Gayakwad, Pawar, Bhonsale and Holkar, Pandit, Pantpratindhi, Govindpant Bundele, Sardar Gupte etc. under the coordination of Bajirao and his son Balaji Bajirao until the Marathas ruled practically the whole sub-continent from Attock in today's Pakistan to Southern India. Pune became the imperial seat with envoys, ambassadors and royals coming in from far and near. However, after the Third battle of Panipat, the empire broke up into many independent kingdoms. However due to the efforts of Mahadji Shinde, it remained a confederacy until the British defeated Bajirao II. Still, several nominally independent Maratha states existed until 1947 when these states acceded to the Dominion of India.

Literature

Marathi was the court language during the reign of the Yadava Kings also known as Suena. The Yadava king Singhana is known for his magnanimous donations which are carved in stone slabs in Marathi in the temple of Goddess at Kolhapur in Maharashtra. Composition of famous works of scholars like Hemadri are also found. Hemadri was also responsible for introducing a style of architecture also called Hemandpanth.[1] There are various stone inscriptions in Marathi found at Akshi in Mumbai (former Colaba) district, Patan, Pandharpur, Dive-Aagar etc. The most famous among these is the one found at the bottom of the statue of Gomateshwar (Bahubali) at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka. This inscription goes like "Chamundraye karaviyale, Gangaraye suttale karaviyale" which gives some information regarding the sculptor of the statue and the king who had it constructed.[2]

The Marathi people have a long literary tradition which started in the ancient era. However, it was the 13th century saint Sant Dnyaneshwar who made literature highly popular among the masses. His Dnyaneshwari is considered a masterpiece. Along with Dnyaneshwar, Sant Namdev was also responsible for propagating Marathi literature. Namdev is also important to the Sikh tradition, since several of his compositions are enshrined in the Guru Granth Sahib. Sant Eknath, Sant Tukaram[3], Mukteshwar and Samarth Ramdas were equally important figures in the 17th century. In the 18th century, writers like Vaman Pandit, Raghunath Pandit, Shridhar Pandit, Mahipati and Mororpanta produced some well-known works.

The first English Book was translated in Marathi in 1817. The first Marathi newspaper started in 1835. Many books on social reforms were written by Baba Padamji (Yamuna Paryatana, 1857), Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Lokhitawadi, Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, Hari Narayan Apte (1864–1919) etc. Lokmanya Tilak's newspaper Kesari, set up in 1880, provided a platform for sharing literary views. Marathi at this time was efficiently aided by Marathi Drama.

Modern Marathi poetry began with Mahatma Jyotiba Phule's compositions. The later poets like Keshavasuta, Balkavi, Govindagraj, and the poets of RaviKiran Mandal like Madhav Julian wrote poetry which was influenced by the Romantic and Victorian English poetry. It was largely sentimental and lyrical. Prahlad Keshav Atre, the renowned satirist and a politician wrote a parody of this sort of poetry in his collection Jhenduchi Phule. Sane Guruji (1899–1950) contributed to the children's literature in Marathi. His major works are Shyamchi Aai (Shyam's Mother), Astik (Believer), Gode Shevat (The Sweet Ending) etc. He translated and simplified many Western Classics and published them in a book of stories titled Gode Goshti (Sweet Stories). Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar (1889–1976)'s Yayati won him the Jnanpith Award for 1975. He also wrote many other novels, short stories, essays etc. The poetry of Arun Kolatkar, Dilip Chitre, Mangesh Padgaonkar, C.T. Khanolkar (Aarti Prabhu), Namdeo Dhasal, Suresh Bhat, Vasant Abaji Dahake, Manohar Oak and many other modernist poets is complex, rich and provocative. Bhau Padhye, Vilas Sarang Shyam Manohar and Vishram Bedekar are well known fiction writers.

In the second half of the 20th century, Marathi literature rose to its highest with more and more common people patronizing it. Writers like Pu La, Va Pu Kale, Ranjeet Desai, Gangadhar Gadgil Shri D M Mirasdar Vijay Tendulkar are considered modern greats.

Muslim authors too have contributed to Marathi literature. Poets like Amar Shaikh and Shahir Shaikh wrote some memorable poetry. Shahir Shaikh was an important figure in the "Maharashtra Ekkikaran Chalwal". The Marathi Muslim Writers Movement which was started in Solapur by Prof. F.H.Bennur to inculcate Marathi literature among young Muslims, has acquired credibility of its own and holds its sessions regularly. Recently, authors like Hamid Dalwai also contributed to the development of Marathi literature.

In the mid fifties, the "Little magazine movement" gained momentum. It published writings which were non-conformist, radical and experimental. Dalit literary movement also gained strength due to the little magazine movement. This radical movement was influenced by the philosophy of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and challenged the literary establishment which was largely middle class, urban and upper caste people. The little magazine movement threw up many excellent writers. Bhalchandra Nemade is a well known novelist, critic and poet. Dalit writer Na Dho Mahanor is well known for his work. Dr.Sharad Rane is a well known Bal-Sahityakar and marathi writer.

Religion

The majority of Marathi people are Hindus. Although Krishna in the form of Vithal is the most popular deity amongst Marathi Hindus, they also worship the Shiva Family deities such as Shankar & Parvati under various names and also Ganesh. The Warkari tradition holds strong grip on local Hindus of Maharastra. The public Ganesh festival started by Lokmanya Tilak in the late 1800s is very popular. Marathi Hindus also revere Bhakti saints of all castes, such as Dnyaneshwar (Brahmin), Savata Mali (Mali), Tukaram (Moray Maratahi-Kunbi), Namdev (Shimpi-Artsian,Vaishya) and Chokhamela (Mahar).

There are also significant minorities of Muslims, Christians and Buddhists. Most Marathi Buddhists are followers of Babasaheb Ambedkar and adopted Buddhism in the last sixty years.

Marathi Muslims belong mostly to the Sufi tradition. Visiting the tombs of Sufi saints is very important to this community. Hindus also visit these tombs in great numbers, especially during the annual Urs.

Christians account for 2% of Maharashtra Population. Further information on Marathi Christians can be found below under Communities.

There is also a 3000 strong community of Marathi Jews, popularly known as Bene Israel Most of the rest have migrated to Israel. Before the migration this community numbered at least 90,000.

Castes and Communities

Marathi people form ethno-linguistic group that is distinct from others in it's language, history, cultural & religious practices, social structure, literature and art.[4] However, there are many different castes & communities, with diversified traditions of their own. All Communities respect the Warkari movement which started in around 13th century.The feudal Marathas caste make up more than 35% of the Marathi Hindu demographics. The 96 kulin Marathas are Kshatriya Warriors who established the Maratha Empire. The farming Maratha-Kunbi community accounts for the largest agricultural and political group in the Maharashtra region. The Maratha-Kunbi community is now the dominant political group in Maharashtra region. They also dominate Police and Military jobs in Maharashtra. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is a noted historical and contemporary member of this community.

The Marathi Brahmins, although they make up only 4% of the Marathi population, have made a significant contribution to the culture of Maharashtra. They are divided into six groups - Deshastha, Chitpavan, Devrukhe, Karhade, Saraswat and Daivadnya.The Marathi Brahmins have long been associated with the freedom struggle,arts, literature, sports and social reform. Sant Dnyaneshwar (Deshastha), the Peshwa family (Chitpavan), and Lokmanya Tilak (Chitpavan) and Jagannath Shankarshet (Daivadnya) are notable brahmins from history. Sachin Tendulkar(Saraswat), Manohar Joshi ( Deshastha), Madhuri Dixit (Chitpavan),and late Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar (Karhade)are brahmins from either contemporary times or recent history.

The scheduled castes make up about 11.0% of Maharashtra population [5] and fourth of the total Marathi population. Major Marathi scheduled castes[6] groups are chambhar, Mahar and Mang. Some scheduled castes across India self-define themselves as Dalit (oppressed). Many in the Mahar community under the guidance of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar embraced Buddhism. They are concentrated in Vidarbha.

There are several other artisan communities like Shoe makers (Chambhars), Shimpi (tailor caste), Sutar (carpenter caste), Sonar, Teli (oil presser), Gurav and Nabhik (Barber). These communities fall under the OBC category. Other communities like Mali, Dhangars, Koshtis are more prosperous than OBCs (other backward class) from other areas of India and are also mainly concentrated in the region of Vidarbha.

Most Marathi Hindu castes have a patron saint who belonged to the same caste. All of these saints were part of the bhakti tradition. The list of the saints includes Savata ( Mali caste), Sena (barber caste), Chokha mela (mahar caste), Namdeo ( tailor), and Gora kumbhar(potter caste).

Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu(CKP for short) is a well educated Kshatriya-Kayastha community. Members of this community traditionally competed with brahmins for clerical and administrative positions under Maratha & British rule. Baji Prabhu Deshpande, C.D. Deshmukh and the Thackeray family are the noted historic and contemporary members of this community respectively.

Pathare prabhu is another enterprising and educated Marathi Hindu community mainly based around Mumbai.

The Indian government does not collect data on the "upper castes". However, their present numbers may be calculated from the census carried out by the British Raj government a century or more ago.[7]

Marathi Christians commonly speaks Marathi language as their Mother tongue, they also speak English for communication. The East Indians are one of the Marathi-speaking Christians concentrated in and around Mumbai, for example in Konkan districts of Thane and Raigad. They have largely retained their pre-Christian practices. Majority of Marathi Christians are Roman Catholic But there are Protestants in some Parts of Maharashtra, especially in Ahmednagar & Solapur. In these two districts, the majority of Christians are Protestant rather than Catholics.

Other groups include Konkani Muslims. Marathi Muslims from the Konkan region have retained many of their preconversion practices including the Marathi language. Other Muslims in Maharashtra tend to identify with the islamic culture of North India and mostly speak an Urdu dialect called Dakhni.

Marathi names

In Maharashtra and Gujarat, the naming system is similar. For example, the first name of cricketer Sunil Manohar Gavaskar is "Sunil;" "Manohar" is his father's name, and "Gavaskar" is the family name. Traditionally, married women take on their husband's given name as their middle name, in addition to adopting his family name. In Maharashtra sometimes a male newborn is named after his grandfather's name.

Some Maharastrians address men as "Rao" or "Saheb" . (E.g. Sunil will be called Sunilrao.) Similarly, women are names may have the suffix "bai" or "tai" (older sister) This is generally an informal convention, used between friends and not on official documents.

A number of Marathi family names end in 'kar', e.g. Gavaskar, Tendulkar, and are typically associated with the ancestral village of the family.

Food

There are many communities in the Indo-Aryan Marathi society which gives the cuisine much diversity. One can even say that the diversity extends to the family level because each family has its own combination of spices. The majority of Maharashtrians do eat meat and eggs, but the Brahmin community is mostly lacto-vegetarian. The staple food on Desh (Deccan plateau) is usually bhakri( In Maharashtra a flat bread preparation made using Indian millet called jowar, bajra or bajri), cooked vegetables, dal and rice. The North Maharashtrians prefer "roti" though. In the coastal Konkan region , rice is the traditional staple food. An aromatic variety of rice called ambemohar is more popular amongst Marathi people than the internationally known basmati rice. Malavali Food uses More of wet coconut and coconut milk in the preparation , In vidarbha region the coconut is not used much in daily preparations but dry coconut is used in preparations like Spicy Savaji recipes or Mutton and chicken dishes.

"Thalipeeth" is a popular traditional breakfast bread that is prepared using "Bhajani",a mixture of many different varieties of roasted lentils.

Marathi Hindu people have fasting days. On most of these fasting days, traditional staple food like rice and chhapatis are to be avoided. However, milk products and non-native foods such as potatoes, peanut and sabudana preparations are allowed which result in a full rich alternative "fasting" cuisine.

Some Maharashtrian dishes like Sev bhaji, Misal Pav, Patodi are distinctly regional dishes inside Maharashtra.

In metropolitan areas like Mumbai or Pune, the pace of life makes fast food very popular. The most popular forms of fast food popular amongst Marathi people in these areas are: Bhaji, Vada pav, Misal Pav & Pav bhaji. More traditional ones are Sabudana Khichadi, Pohe, Upma, Sheera, Panipuri. Most of marathi fast food and snacks are purely lacto-vegetarian in nature.

In South Konkan, near Malvan, an independent exotic cuisine has developed called Malvani cuisine. It is predominantly non-vegetarian. Kombdi Vade, fish preparations and baked preparations are more popular here.

Desserts are an important part of Marathi food. Puran poli, Shrikhand, Basundi, Kheer, Gulab Jam, and Modak. Traditionally the desserts were associated with a particular festival, for example, modaks are prepared during the Ganpati festival.

Festivals

This section provides brief overview of various Hindu festivals celebrated in Maharashtra. Some of the festivals listed here are celebrated all over India (e.g. Dasara, Diwali, Raksha Bandhan, etc.) with certain special traditions followed by Maharashtrian Community while others are typical Maharashtrian festivals (e.g. Ganeshotsav, Mangala Gaur, etc.). Marathi, Kannada & Telugu people follow the Deccan Shalivahana Hindu calendar which may have subtle differences with calendars followed by other communities in India.

Gukulashtami dahi-hundi celebration
Ganeshotsav

In Many parts of Maharashtra including Marathwada & Vidarbha this festival is called Mahalakshmi or Mahalakshmya or simply Lakshmya.

Marathi people outside India

Main Article Maharashtra Mandal

A large number of Indian people were taken in the 1830s to Mauritius to work on sugar-cane plantations. Majority of these migrants were Hindi speaking or from Southern India but also included a significant number of Marathi People.[4] [5]

After the state of Israel was established in 1948, the majority of Marathi Jews or Bene Israel moved there.[6]

Indians including Marathi People have been going to Europe or particularly Great Britain for more than a century. Maharashtra Mandal, London just celebrated their 75th birthday.[7] A small number of Marathi people also went to East Africa during the British colonial era. Most of these original immigrants have moved to other countries.

Large scale immigration of Indians into United States started when Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 came into effect. Most of the Marathi immigrants who came after 1965 were professional such as doctors, engineers or Scientists. A second wave of immigration took place during the I.T. boom. The Marathi community in USA is currently about 35,000 people. [8]

Mainly due to the I.T. boom and general ease of travel, Marathi people may be found in all corners of the world including Australia [9], Canada [10], Gulf countries [11], European countries [12], Japan and China.

See also

External links

Marathi

Grammar · Phonology · Devanagari script · Modi script · Literature · Poetry · Samyukta Maharashtra Movement · Maharashtra State · Marathi Wikipedia
 State of Maharashtra
Capital : Mumbai
Topics

History · Geography · Economy · Tourism · Marathi language  · Culture  · Marathi people  · Marathi literature · Marathi cinema · Maharashtrian cuisine
Regions

Desh · Khandesh  · Konkan  · Mumbai Metropolitan Region · Marathwada  · Vidarbha
Districts

Ahmednagar · Akola · Amravati · Aurangabad · Beed · Bhandara · Buldhana · Chandrapur · Dhule · Gadchiroli · Gondia · Hingoli · Jalgaon · Jalna · Kolhapur · Latur · Mumbai (City) · Mumbai (Suburban) · Nagpur · Nanded · Nandurbar · Nashik · Osmanabad · Parbhani · Pune · Raigad · Ratnagiri · Sangli · Satara · Sindhudurg · Solapur · Thane · Wardha · Washim · Yavatmal
Million-plus Cities
in Maharashtra

Mumbai · Pune · Nagpur · Thane · Pimpri-Chinchwad · Nashik · Kalyan-Dombivali · Navi Mumbai · Aurangabad · Solapur
Other Cities with
Municipal Corporations

Ahmednagar  · Akola · Amravati · Bhiwandi · Dhule · Jalgaon · Kolhapur · Malegaon · Mira-Bhayandar · Nanded · Sangli · Ulhasnagar · Vasai-Virar
Portal : Maharashtra

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ethnologue report for language code:mar
  2. ↑ "The dynastic art of the Kushans", John Rosenfield, p 130
  3. ↑ "Sambhaji" - Patil, Vishwas, Mehta Publishing House, Pune, 2006
  4. ↑ Changing India: bourgeois revolution on the subcontinent By Robert W. Stern, Pg 20
  5. ↑ http://www. censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm
  6. ↑ THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED CASTES) ORDER, 1950]1
  7. ↑ http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/search.php
Ethnic groups of India


This tree diagram depicts the relationships of the major ethnic, linguistic and religious groups in India. For example, an H under Gujarati implies a Hindu, Gujarati-speaking Indian of Indo-Aryan ancestry. However this is not a hard and fast rule. For example, in India many members of the Muslim community are of Arab, Iranian or Turkish, and Afghan origins and the Christian community are of Jewish and European origins. This list excludes caste groups like the Dalits which is a socio-political identity across linguistic, religious and racial lines. Indeed, it should be noted that the terms 'Indo-Aryan' and 'Dravidian' refer more to the linguistic difference rather than racial differences.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Indians
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Indo-Aryans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mongoloids
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dravidians
 
 
 
 
 Tribals
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marathi (मराठी माणसं)
 
 Gujarati (ગુજરાતી લોકો)
 
 Punjabi
(ਪੰਜਾਬੀ)
 
 Kashmiri
(کٲشُر)
 
 Hindi (हिन्दी)
 
 Oriya (ଓଡିଆ)
 
 Bengali
(বাঙালী)
 
 Assamese
(অসম)
 
 Meghalayans
 
 Mizo
 
 Tripuri
(ত্রিপুরা)
 
 Manipuri
(মনিপুরি)
 
 Naga
 
 Lepcha(Róng)
(རྫོང)
 
 Arunachali
(རྫོང་ཁ་)
 
 Tamizh (தமிழர்)
 
 Telugu
(తెలుగు)
 
 Kannadiga
(ಕನ್ನಡಿಗ)
 
 Malayali
(മലയാളി)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
H, M, B, J
 
 H, M, J
 
 S, H, M
 
 S, H, M
 
 H, M
 
 H, C
 
 M, H
 
 H, M
 
 C, H, T
 
 C, T
 
 H, T
 
 H, C
 
 C, T
 
 B, H
 
 B, T, H
 
 H, C, M, A
 
 H, M, C
 
 H, M, C
 
 H, C, M, A