Mossad

The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations
מדינת ישראל
המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים

الموساد للاستخبارات والمهام الخاصة
Mossad seal.png
"For lack of guidance a nation falls, but many advisers make victory sure.." (Proverbs 11:14)
Seal of The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations
Agency overview
Formed December 13, 1949 as the Central Institute for Coordination
Employees 1,200 (est)
Agency executive Meir Dagan, Director
Parent agency Office of the Prime Minister
Website
mossad.gov.il//Eng/

Mossad (Hebrew: המוסד‎, Arabic: الموساد‎), meaning "institute" or "institution" in Hebrew, known in full as the Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations (Hebrew: המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים‎ HaMossad leModi'in uleTafkidim Meyuchadim, Arabic: الموساد للاستخبارات والمهام الخاصة‎ al-Mūssād li'l-Istikhbārāt wa'l-Mahāmm al-Khāṣṣa) is the national intelligence agency of Israel.

The Mossad is responsible for intelligence collection and covert operations including assassinations and paramilitary activities beyond Israel's borders, and bringing Jews to Israel from countries where official Aliyah agencies are forbidden. It is one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with Aman (military intelligence) and Shin Bet (internal security), but its director reports directly to the Prime Minister.

Contents

Organization

Executive offices

The largest department of the Mossad is Collections, tasked with many aspects of conducting espionage overseas. Employees in the Collections Department operate under a variety of covers, including diplomatic and unofficial.[1] Their field intelligence officers, called katsas (Hebrew: acronym, meaning "Collections Officer"), are similar to case officers of the CIA. Thirty to forty operate at a time, mainly in Europe and the Middle East.[2]

The Political Action and Liaison Department is responsible for working both with allied foreign intelligence services, and with nations that have no normal diplomatic relations with Israel.[1]

Additionally, the Mossad has a Research Department, tasked with intelligence production, and a Technology Department concerned with the development of tools for Mossad activities.[3]

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Directors of Mossad

Director Meir Dagan's tenure at the head of Mossad is scheduled to end sometime in the fall of 2010. According to journalist Ron Ben-Yishai, potential successors include Yuval Diskin, Yoav Galant, Gadi Eisenkot, Benny Gantz, R ("Dagan's stand-in"), and T (a retired deputy to Dagan).[4]

Organizational history

The Mossad was formed on December 13, 1949 as the "Central Institute for Coordination", at the recommendation of Reuven Shiloah to Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion. Shiloah wanted a central body to coordinate and improve cooperation between the existing security services– the army's intelligence department (AMAN), the General Security Service (GSS or "Shin Bet") and the foreign office's "political department". In March 1951, it was reorganized and made a part of the prime minister's office, reporting directly to the prime minister.

Mossad's former motto: be-tachbūlōt ta`aseh lekhā milchāmāh (Hebrew: בתחבולות תעשה לך מלחמה) is a quote from the Bible (Proverbs 24:6): "For by wise guidance you can wage your war, and in abundance of counselors there is victory" (NRSV). The motto was changed recently as part of the Mossad's public 'coming out' to another Proverbs passage: be-'éyn tachbūlōt yippol `ām; ū-teshū`āh be-rov yō'éts (Hebrew: באין תחבולות יפול עם, ותשועה ברוב יועץ) (Proverbs 11:14). This is translated by NRSV as: "Where there is no guidance, a nation falls, but in an abundance of counselors there is safety."

Suspected activities

South America

Argentina

In 1960, the Mossad discovered that Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann was in Argentina. A team of five Mossad agents slipped into Argentine and through surveillance, they confirmed that he had been living there under the name of Ricardo Klement. He was abducted on May 11, 1960 and taken to a hideout, where the agents put an SS cap on him and compared him to a photograph of Eichmann in SS uniform, confirming that it was Eichmann. He was subsequently smuggled to Israel aboard an El Al flight where he was tried and executed. Argentina protested what it considered as the violation of its sovereignty, and the United Nations Security Council noted that "repetition of acts such as [this] would involve a breach of the principles upon which international order is founded, creating an atmosphere of insecurity and distrust incompatible with the preservation of peace" while also acknowledging that "Eichmann should be brought to appropriate justice for the crimes of which he is accused" and that "this resolution should in no way be interpreted as condoning the odious crimes of which Eichmann is accused."[5][6] Mossad abandoned a second operation, intended to capture Josef Mengele.

Uruguay

The assassination of Latvian Nazi collaborator Herberts Cukurs in 1965.

Europe

Belgium

The Mossad is alleged to be responsible for the assassination of Canadian engineer and ballistics expert Gerald Bull March 22, 1990. He was shot multiple times in the head outside his Brussels apartment.[7] Bull was at the time working for Iraq on the Project Babylon supergun.[8] The most common theory is that the Mossad was responsible, and its representatives have all but claimed responsibility for his assassination. Others, including Bull's son, believe that the Mossad is taking credit for an act they did not commit to scare off others who may try to help enemy regimes. The alternative theory is that Bull was killed by the CIA. Iraq and Iran are also candidates for suspicion.[9]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Assisted in air and overland evacuations of Bosnian Jews from war-torn Sarajevo to Israel in 1992 and 1993.

Cyprus

The assassination of Hussein Al Bashir in Nicosia, Cyprus, in 1973.[10]

France

The alleged assassination of Zuheir Mohsen in 1979.[11]

The alleged assassination of Atef Bseiso in Paris in 1992. French police believe that a team of assassins followed Atef Bseiso from Berlin, where that first team connected with another team to close in on him in front of a Left Bank hotel, where he received three head-shots at point blank range.[12]

The assassination of Yehia El-Mashad in 1980.[13]

The assassination of Dr. Mahmoud Hamshari with an exploding telephone in his Paris apartment in 1972.[10]

The assassination of Dr. Basil Al-Kubaissi in Paris in 1973.[10]

The assassination of Mohammad Boudia in Paris in 1973.[10]

On April 5, 1979, Mossad agents triggered an explosion which destroyed 60 percent of components being built in Toulouse for an Iraqi reactor. An environmental organization, Groupe des écologistes français, unheard of before this incident, claimed credit for the blast.[2] The reactor was subsequently destroyed by an Israeli air strike in 1981.[2][14]

According to Time, the Mossad was involved in the disappearance of Moroccan politician Mehdi Ben Barka, who disappeared in Paris in 1965.

Germany

Operation Plumbat (1968) was an operation by Lekem-Mossad to further Israel's nuclear program. The German freighter "Scheersberg A", disappeared on its way from Antwerp to Genoa along with its cargo of 200 tons of yellowcake, after supposedly being transferred to an Israeli ship.[15]

The sending of letter bombs during the Operation Wrath of God campaign. Some of these attacks were not fatal. Their purpose might not have been to kill the receiver. Some of the more famous examples of the Mossad letter bombs were those sent to Nazi war-criminal Alois Brunner.[16]

The alleged assassination of Dr Wadie Haddad, using poisoned chocolate, in 1978. The PFLP-EO movement dissolved after his assassination.[17]

Greece

The assassination of Zaiad Muchasi by an explosion in his Athens hotel room, 1973.[10]

The assassination of PLO official Mamoun Meraish by shooting on 21 August 1983.

The assassination of the DFLP military commander Khaled Nazzal on 9 June 1986 in Athens.

Italy

The abduction of nuclear technician Mordechai Vanunu in 1986 after American-Israeli agent Cheryl Bentov lured him from the United Kingdom.[18]

The assassination of Wael Zwaiter.[19][20]

Malta

The assassination of Fathi Shiqaqi. Shiqaqi a leader of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, was shot multiple times in the head in 1995 in front of the Diplomat Hotel in Sliema, Malta.[21]

Norway

On July 21, 1973, Ahmed Bouchiki, a Moroccan waiter in Lillehammer, Norway, was killed by Mossad agents while walking with his pregnant wife. He had been mistaken for Ali Hassan Salameh, one of the leaders of Black September, the Palestinian group responsible for the Munich massacre, who had been given shelter in Norway. The Mossad agents had used fake Canadian passports, which angered the Canadian government. Six Mossad agents were arrested, and the incident became known as the Lillehammer affair.[22][23][24]

United Kingdom

In 1986, Mossad used an undercover agent to lure nuclear whistleblower Mordechai Vanunu from the United Kingdom to Italy where he was abducted and transported to Israel where he was tried for treason because of his role in exposing Israel's nuclear program.[25]

Mossad assisted the UK Intelligence organization MI5 following the 7/7 bombings in London. According to the 2007 edition of a book about the Mossad entitled “Gideon’s Spies,” shortly after the 7/7 London underground bombings, the British domestic intelligence agency MI5 gathered evidence that a senior al-Qaeda operative known only by the alias Mustafa travelled in and out of England shortly before the 7/7 bombings. For months, the real identity of Mustafa remained unknown, but in early October 2005, Mossad told MI5 that this person was, in fact, Azhari Husin, a bomb-making expert with Jemaah Islamiyah, the main al-Qaeda affiliate in Southeast Asia. Husin studied in Britain and reports claim that he met the main 7/7 bomber, Mohammad Sidique Khan, in late 2001 in a militant training camp in the Philippines (see Late 2001). Meir Dagan, the head of Mossad, apparently also told MI5 that Husin helped plan and recruit volunteers for the bombings. Mossad claimed that Husin may have been in London at the time of the bombings, and then fled to al-Qaeda’s main safe haven in the tribal area of Pakistan, where he sometimes hid after bombings. Husin was killed in a shootout in Indonesia in November 2005.[26] Later official British government reports about the 7/7 bombings did not mention Husin. [27]

Soviet Union/Russia

In February 1956, a friendly member of the Politburo provided the Mossad with a copy of Nikita Khrushchev's speech denouncing Joseph Stalin. The Mossad passed it on to the United States, which published the speech, embarrassing the USSR. This was a major intelligence coup that raised the prestige of the organization.[28]

In the summer of 2009 the Mossad was reported to have been involved in the case of the MV Arctic Sea, allegedly carrying Russian missiles to Iran in the Baltic Sea.[29]

Asia

Pakistan

In a September 2003 news article, it was alleged by Rediff News that General Zia-ul-Haq, the then President of Pakistan, decided to establish a clandestine relationship between Inter-Services Intelligence and Mossad via officers of the two services posted at their embassies in Washington, DC. The article further claimed that the ISI had offered Mossad information about Libyan, Syrian, Jordanian and Saudi Arabian military which it had acquired through officers on official military deputations on those countries.[30]

Middle East

Egypt

Iran

Iran during the 1960s

Prior to the Iranian Revolution of 1978–79 in Iran, SAVAK (Organization of National Security and Information), the Iranian secret police and intelligence service was created under the guidance of United States and Israeli intelligence officers in 1957 to protect the regime of the shah by arresting, torturing, and executing the dissidents (especially Leftists). After security relations between the United States and Iran grew more distant in the early 1960s which led the CIA training team to leave Iran, Mossad became increasingly active in Iran, "training SAVAK personnel and carrying out a broad variety of joint operations with SAVAK."[31][32]

Iran during 2007

It was alleged by private intelligence agency Stratfor, based on "sources close to Israeli intelligence", that Dr. Ardeshir Hosseinpour, a scientist involved in the Iranian nuclear program, was killed by the Mossad on January 15, 2007.[33]

A US intelligence official told The Washington Post that Israel orchestrated the defection of Iranian general Ali Reza Askari on February 7, 2007.[34] This has been denied by Israeli spokesman Mark Regev. The Sunday Times reported that Askari had been a Mossad asset since 2003, and left only when his cover was about to be blown.[35]

Iraq

Assistance in the defection and rescuing of the family of Munir Redfa, an Iraqi pilot who defected and flew his MiG 21 to Israel in 1966. Redfa's entire family was also successfully smuggled from Iraq to Israel. Previously unknown information about the MiG 21 was subsequently shared with the United States.

Operation Sphinx[2] - Between 1978 and 1981, obtained highly sensitive information about Iraq's Osirak nuclear reactor by recruiting an Iraqi nuclear scientist in France.

Operation Bramble Bush II - In the 1990s, the Mossad began scouting locations in Iraq where Saddam Hussein could be ambushed by Sayeret Matkal commandos inserted into Iraq from Jordan. The mission was called off due to Operation Desert Fox and the ongoing Israeli-Arab peace process.

The assassinations of two Iraqi nuclear scientists working.

Jordan

In what is thought to have been a reprisal action for a Hamas suicide-bombing in Jerusalem on July 30, 1997 that killed 16 Israelis, Benjamin Netanyahu authorised an operation against Khaled Mashal, the Hamas representative in Jordan[36]. On the 25th September, 1997, Mashal was injected in the ear with a toxin (thought to have been the synthetic opiate Fentanyl[37]). Jordanian authorities apprehended two Mossad agents posing as Canadian tourists and detained a further six. In exchange for their release, an Israeli physician had to fly to Amman and administer an antidote to Mashal.

The fall out from the failed assassination eventually led to the release of Sheik Ahmed Yassin, the founder and spiritual leader of the Hamas movement, and scores of Hamas prisoners. Mr. Netanyahu flew into Amman on the 29th September to apologize personally to King Hussein, but was met instead by the Kings brother, Crown Prince Hassan[37].

Lebanon

The provision of intelligence and operational assistance in the 1973 Operation Spring of Youth special forces raid on Beirut.

The targeted killing of Ali Hassan Salameh, the leader of Black September, on January 22, 1979 in Beirut by a car bomb.[39][40]

The assassination of Ghassan Kanafani, also by a car bomb.[41]

Providing intelligence for the assassination of Abbas al-Musawi, secretary general of Hezbollah, in Beirut in 1992.[10]

The alleged assassination of Jihad Ahmed Jibril, the leader of the military wing of the PFLP-GC, in Beirut in 2002.[42]

Syria

Eli Cohen, a spy for the Mossad, infiltrated the highest echelons of the Syrian government, was a close friend of the Syrian President, and was considered for the post of Minister of Defense. He gave his Mossad handlers a complete plan of the Syrian defenses on the Golan Heights, the Syrian Armed Forces order of battle, and a complete list of the Syrian military's weapons inventory. He also ordered the planting of trees by every Syrian fortified position under the pretext of shading soldiers, but the trees actually told the Israel Defense Forces where to hit. He was discovered by Syrian and Soviet intelligence, tried in secret, and executed in 1965.[43] His information played a crucial role during the Six Day War.

The assassination of Hamas leader Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil in Damascus in 2004.

The alleged assassination of Muhammad Suleiman, the alleged head of Syria's nuclear program, in 2008. Suleiman was killed by a sniper firing from a boat while on a beach in Tartus.[44]

The alleged assassination of Imad Mughniyah, a senior leader of Hezbollah, with an exploding headrest in Damascus in 2008.[45]

The sending of letter bombs to Nazi war criminal Alois Brunner in 1961 and 1980. Brunner lost an eye and fingers on his left hand, but survived both assassination attempts.

United Arab Emirates

The Mossad is suspected of assassinating Mahmoud al-Mabhouh, a senior Hamas military commander, in January 2010 at Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. The team which carried out the killing is estimated, on the basis of CCTV and other evidence, to have consisted of at least 26 agents travelling on bogus passports. The killers entered al-Mabhouh's hotel room, where Mabhouh was subjected to electric shocks and interrogated. He was probably injected with a poison whose chemical composition has yet to be disclosed. The door to his room was reported to have been locked from the inside.[46][47][48][49][50] Although the UAE police and Hamas have declared Israel responsible for the assassination, no direct evidence linking Mossad to the crime has been found. The agents' bogus passports included six British passports, cloned from those of real British nationals resident in Israel and suspected by Dubai; five Irish passports, apparently forged from those of living individuals;[51] forged Australian passports that raised fears of reprisal against innocent victims of identity theft;[52] a genuine German passport and a false French passport. Emirati police say they have fingerprint and DNA evidence of some of the attackers, as well as retinal scans of 11 suspects recorded at Dubai airport.[53][54]. Dubai's police chief has said "I am now completely sure that it was Mossad," adding: "I have presented the (Dubai) prosecutor with a request for the arrest of (Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin) Netanyahu and the head of Mossad," for the murder.[55]

Africa

Morocco

In early 1991, two Mossad operatives infiltrated the Moroccan port of Casablanca and planted a tracking device on the freighter Al-Yarmouk, which was carrying a cargo of North Korean missiles bound for Syria. The ship was to be sunk by the Israeli Air Force, but the mission was later called off by Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin.[56]

Tunisia

The 1988 assassination of Khalil al-Wazir (Abu Jihad).[57]

The alleged assassination of Salah Khalaf.[58]

Uganda

The provision of intelligence regarding Entebbe International Airport and grant of refueling rights in Kenya for Operation Entebbe in 1976.

Sudan

After the 1994 AMIA bombing, the Mossad began gathering intelligence for a raid by Israeli Special Forces on the Iranian embassy in Khartoum as retaliation. The operation was called off due to fears that another attack against worldwide Jewish communities might take place as revenge.

The Mossad also assissted in Operation Moses, the evacuation of Ethiopian Jews to Israel from a famine-ridden region of Sudan in 1984, also maintaining a relationship with the Ethiopian government.

Zimbabwe

The Mossad secretly evacuated Zimbabewan Jews out of the country due to fears of persecution by the Zimbabwean government, which was allied with the Palestine Liberation Organization and Libya.

Oceania

New Zealand

In July 2004, New Zealand imposed diplomatic sanctions on Israel over an incident in which two Australian based Israelis, Uriel Kelman and Eli Cara, who were allegedly working for Mossad, attempted to fraudulently obtain New Zealand passports by claiming the identity of a severely disabled man. Israeli Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom later apologized to New Zealand for their actions. New Zealand cancelled several other passports believed to have been obtained by Israeli agents.[59] Both Kelman and Cara served half of their six month sentences and, upon release, were deported to Israel. Two others, an Israeli, Ze'ev Barkan, and a New Zealander, David Reznick, are believed to have been the third and fourth men involved in the passport affair but they both managed to leave New Zealand before being apprehended.[60]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mossad profile, Globalsecurity.org, Retrieved October 28, 2006.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ostrovsky, Victor. By Way of Deception-The making and unmaking of a Mossad Officer. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990. ISBN 0-9717595-0-2
  3. ↑ the Mossad profile, Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved October 28, 2006
  4. ↑ Ben-Yishai, Ron (2010-06-27). "Who will replace Dagan?". Ynetnews. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3911495,00.html. Retrieved 2010-06-27. 
  5. ↑ Argentina claimed, quite plausibly, that the "illicit and clandestine transfer of Eichmann from Argentine territory constitutes a flagrant violation of the Argentine State's right of sovereignty[.]" Bass, Gary J. (2004.) The Adolf Eichmann Case: Universal and National Jurisdiction. In Stephen Macedo (ed,) Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes. (ch.4) Philadelphia: U.Penn. Press. In Eichmann's case, the most salient feature from the perspective of international law was the fact of Israeli law enforcement action in another state's territory without consent; the human element includes the dramatic circumstances of the capture by Mossad agents and the ensuing custody and transfer to Israel[.] Damrosch, Lori F. (2004.) Connecting the Threads in the Fabric of International Law. In Stephen Macedo (ed,) Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes. (ch.5) Philadelphia: U.Penn. Press. The principle of territorial integrity (in Art. 2(4) UN Charter) At its most obvious level this means that the exercise of enforcement jurisdiction within the territory of another state will be a violation of territorial integrity 32 Note 32: E.g. after Adolf Eichmann [...] was abducted from Argentina by a group of Israelis, now known to be from the Israeli Secret Service (Mossad), the Argentine Government lodged a complaint with the UN Security Council [...] It is however unclear whether as a matter of international law the obligation to make reparation for a violation of territorial sovereignty such as that involved in the Eichmann case includes an obligation to return the offender. Higgins, Rosalyn and Maurice Floy. (1997). Terrorism and International Law. UK: Routledge. (p. 48)
  6. ↑ Security Council Resolution 138, "Question Relating to the Case of Adolf Eichmann"
  7. ↑ "Murdered by the Mossad?" (asf). Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. February 12, 1991. http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/national_security/clips/3361/. Retrieved 30 August 2009. 
  8. ↑ Frum, Barbara (1990-04-05). "Who killed Gerald Bull? (Video) - CBC". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/national_security/clips/3359/. Retrieved 2009-07-15. 
  9. ↑ Dr. Gerald Bull: Scientist, Weapons Maker, Dreamer at CBC.ca
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Israeli “Hits” On Terrorists, Jewish Virtual Library, last updated December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 24, 2007.
  11. ↑ Friedman, From Beirut to Jerusalem (HarperCollins Publishers, 1998, 2nd ed.), p. 118
  12. ↑ Striking Back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's Deadly Response, ISBN 0-8129-7463-8
  13. ↑ Ford, Peter S., Major, USAF, "Israel's Attack on Osiraq: A Model for Future Preventive Strikes?", INSS Occasional Paper 59, USAF Institute for National Security Studies, USAF Academy, Colorado, July 2005, p. 15
  14. ↑ "FRANCE PROTESTS TO ISRAEL ON RAID", The New York Times, June 10, 1981. Retrieved November 16, 2006
  15. ↑ ISRAEL The Plumbat Operation (1968) retrieved 10/12/2008
  16. ↑ Henley, Jon. "French court strikes blow against fugitive Nazi", The Guardian, March 3, 2001. Retrieved October 27, 2006
  17. ↑ "Poisoned Mossad chocolate killed PFLP leader in 1977, says book". Middle East Times. 2006-05-05. Archived from the original on 2006-05-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20060517211510/http://metimes.com/articles/normal.php?StoryID=20060505-102327-8910r. 
  18. ↑ Martin, Susan Taylor. "The spy - and the man she busted", St. Petersburg Times, March 21, 2004. Retrieved October 27, 2006
  19. ↑ "Material for a Palestinian’s Life and Death", Ken Johnson, New York Times, Feb 12, 2009
  20. ↑ "An Eye for an Eye", Bob Simon, CBS News, November 21, 2001
  21. ↑ Military.com Resources
  22. ↑ Israelis to Compensate Family of Slain Waiter - New York Times
  23. ↑ Fatal Error
  24. ↑ [1]
  25. ↑ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=%20417663&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y
  26. ↑ Thomas, 2007, pp. 520, 522
  27. ↑ http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=israel_institute_for_intelligence_and_special_tasks
  28. ↑ Timeline:Israeli intelligence and covert operations From the War of Independence to 1956
  29. ↑ Franchetti, Mark; Mahnaimi, Uzi (2009-09-06). "Channel pirate ship carried arms for Iran". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6823300.ece. Retrieved 2009-09-06. 
  30. ↑ Anonymous: RAW and Mossad: The secret link at Rediff.com, 8 Sep 2003
  31. ↑ CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA) IN PERSIA. In Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved July 03, 2008
  32. ↑ SAVAK, Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved July 03, 2008
  33. ↑ "Geopolitical Diary: Israeli Covert Operations in Iran". Stratfor. 2007-02-02. http://www.stratfor.com/products/premium/read_article.php?id=283793. Retrieved 2007-02-04.  (requires premium subscription)
  34. ↑ Linzer, Dafna. "Former Iranian Defense Official Talks to Western Intelligence", The Washington Post, March 8, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
  35. ↑ Mahnaimi, Uzi. "Defector spied on Iran for years", The Sunday Times, March 11, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2007.
  36. ↑ Khaled Mashal#Assassination attempt Wikipedia entry for Khaled Mashal
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 [2] NY Times article: The Daring attack that blew up in Israels face
  38. ↑ Guerin, Orla. "Arafat: On borrowed time", BBC News, June 29, 2002. Retrieved October 27, 2006
  39. ↑ Life and Death of a Terrorist, New York Times, July 10, 1983.
  40. ↑ Shalev, Noam 'The hunt for Black September', BBC News Online, 26 January 2006, accessed 14 March 2006.
  41. ↑ Barbara Harlow (Winter - Spring, 1986). "Return to Haifa: "Opening the Borders" in Palestinian Literature". Social Text: 3–23. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0164-2472%28198624%2F21%290%3A13%2F14%3C3%3ARTH%22TB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R. 
  42. ↑ Blanford, Nicholas (15 June 2006). "Lebanon exposes deadly Israeli spy ring". London: The Times UK. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,251-2227831,00.html. Retrieved 14 August 2006. 
  43. ↑ Our Man in Damascus, 1969.
  44. ↑ Assassinations: the work of Mossad? From Times, February 16, 2010
  45. ↑ Mahnaimi, Uzi; Jaber, Hala; Swain, Jon (2008-02-17). "Israel kills terror chief with headrest bomb". The Sunday Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article3382343.ece. Retrieved 2008-02-16. 
  46. ↑ Dubai Releases Video Of Alleged Assassins In Hamas Chief Killing Huffington Post 16 Feb 2010, attributed to Associated Press
  47. ↑ UAE: European team killed Mabhouh Jerusalem Post and Associated Press, 15 Feb 2010
  48. ↑ Katz, Yaakov (2010-01-31). "Analysis: Another blow to the ‘axis of evil’". The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=167344. Retrieved 2010-01-31. 
  49. ↑ Issacharoff, Avi (2010-02-02). "Who killed Mahmoud al-Mabhouh? / Many wanted Hamas man dead". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1146911.html. Retrieved 2010-02-02. 
  50. ↑ Melman, Yossi (2010-02-11). "10 agents including 3 women, took part in Dubai Hamas assassination" Haaretz, retrieved 2010-02-11
  51. ↑ "Dubai suspects had five fake Irish passports". RTE News. 2010-02-18. http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0218/dubai.html. Retrieved 2010-02-21. 
  52. ↑ "Man in photo on Hamas leader hit squad passport not my son, says mum". The Australian. 25 Feb 2010. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/man-in-photo-on-hamas-leader-hit-squad-passport-not-my-son-says-mum/story-fn3dxity-1225834378569. Retrieved 25 Feb 2010. 
  53. ↑ 'U.K. police in Israel to probe passports used in Dubai hit' (Haaretz, 27 Feb 2010
  54. ↑ 'Interpol adds suspected Dubai assassins to most wanted list' Haaretz 22 Feb 2010)
  55. ↑ Israeli PM's arrest sought over murder News.com, 3 Mar 2010
  56. ↑ Ross, Michael: The Volunteer (2006)
  57. ↑ Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 203–210. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  58. ↑ Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  59. ↑ Israeli government apologises to New Zealand - 26 Jun 2005 - NZ Herald: New Zealand National news
  60. ↑ Hallel, Amir, At home with the Mossad men, The New Zealand Herald

Further reading

External links

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National Intelligence Agencies
National Intelligence Agencies
Afghanistan (NDS) · Albania (SHISH) · Algeria (DRS)  · Argentina (SI) · Australia (ASIS) · Azerbaijan (MNSA) · Bahrain (BNSA) · Bangladesh (NSI) · Belarus (KGB RB) · Bosnia and Herzegovina (OSA) · Brazil (ABIN) · Brunei (BRD) · Cameroon (BMM) · Canada (CSIS) · Chad (ANS) · Chile (ANI) · P.R.C (MSS) · Côte d'Ivoire (NSC) · Croatia (SOA) · Cuba (DI) · Czech Republic (BIS) · Denmark (FE) · Djibouti (BSRG) · Egypt (GIS) · France (DGSE) · Gambia (NIA) · Germany (BND) · Greece (EYP) · Hungary (IH)  · India (RAW) · Indonesia (BIN) · Iran (VEVAK) · Iraq (GSD) · Israel (Mossad) · Italy (AISE) · Japan (PSIA) · Jordan (GID) · Kazakhstan (NSC) · Kyrgyzstan (SNB) · Kuwait (KSS) · Lebanon (GDGS) · Libya (JM) · Malaysia (KRD) · Maldives (NSS) · Mexico (CISEN) · Montenegro (ANB) · Morocco (DGED) · Mozambique (SISE) · Netherlands (AIVD) · New Zealand (EAB) · Nigeria (NIA) · Pakistan (ISI) · Papua New Guinea (NIO) · Philippines (NICA) · Poland (AW) · Portugal (SIED) · Qatar (QSS) · Romania (SIE) · Russia (SVR) · Saudi Arabia (GIP) · Serbia (BIA) · Sierra Leone (CISU) · Singapore (SID) · Slovenia (SOVA) · Somalia (NSS) · South Africa (SASS) · South Korea (NIS) · Spain (CNI) · Sri Lanka (SIS) · Sudan (JAWM) · Switzerland (SND) · Syria (GSD) · R.O.C (NSB) · Tajikistan (MoS) · Togo (NIA) · Tunisia (TIA) · Turkey (MİT) · Turkmenistan (KNB) · Uganda (ISO) · Ukraine (SZRU) · United Arab Emirates (UAEI) · United Kingdom (SIS) · United States (CIA) · Uzbekistan (MHH)
Domestic Intelligence Agencies
Argentina (SIDE) · Australia (ASIO) · Bangladesh (RAB) · Belarus (KGB RB) · Brazil (ABIN) · Canada (CSIS) · Chile (ANI) · P.R.C (MSS) · Croatia (SOA) · Denmark (PET) · Egypt (SSI) · Estonia (KAPO) · Finland (SUPO) · France (DCRI) · Germany (BfV) · Greece (EYP) · Hungary (NBH) · India (IB) · Iran (NAJA) · Israel (Shin Bet) · Italy (AISI) · Japan (PSIA) · Netherlands (NCTb) · New Zealand (NZSIS) · Nigeria (SSS) · Norway (PST) · Pakistan (IB) · Philippines (NBI) · Poland (ABW) · Portugal (SIS) · Romania (SRI) · Russia (FSB) · Serbia (BIA) · Singapore (ISD) · South Africa (NIA) · South Korea (NIS) · Sri Lanka (SIS) · Sweden (SÄPO) · Switzerland (SAP) · R.O.C (MJIB) · Turkey (KDGM) · Ukraine (SBU) · United Kingdom (MI5) · United States (FBI)
Military Intelligence Agencies
Australia (DIO) · Bangladesh (DGFI) · Brazil (DIE) · Canada (Int Branch) · Croatia (VSOA) · Denmark (FE) · Egypt (DMISR) · Finland (FMIS) · France (DRM, DGSE) · Germany (MAD) · India (DMI) · Israel (MID) · Italy (CII) · Mexico (CISEN) · Netherlands (MIVD) · Pakistan (MI) · Philippines (ISAFP) · Poland (SKW, SWW)  · Romania (DGIA) · Russia (GRU) · Serbia (VOA, VBA) · Singapore (ISB) · Slovenia (OVS) · South Korea (DSC) · Sri Lanka (DMI) · Sweden (MUST) · Switzerland (MND, LWND) · Syria (MI, AFID) · R.O.C (Bureau of Military Intelligence) · Ukraine (HUR MO) · United Kingdom (DIS) · United States (DIA)
Signals Intelligence Agencies
Australia (DSD) · Brazil (2ª Sch/EMD) · Canada (CSE) · P.R.C (SIGINT) · Croatia (OTC) · Finland (FIRE) · France (DGSE) · Germany (BND) · India (JCB) · Israel (8200) · Japan (DIH) · Netherlands (nationale signals intelligence organisatie nso) · New Zealand (GCSB) · Pakistan (JSIB) · Russia (GRU) · South Africa (NCC) · Sweden (FRA) · Switzerland (SIS) · Ukraine (Derzhspetszviazok) · United Kingdom (GCHQ) · United States (NSA)