Lisbon

Lisbon
Lisboa
—  City  —
Belém Tower, one of the best known symbols of Lisbon

Flag
Seal
Location of Lisbon in Portugal
Coordinates:
Country  Portugal
Region Lisbon Region
District Lisbon District
Subregion Greater Lisbon
Government
 - Type Mayor-council
 - Body Câmara Municipal de Lisboa
 - Mayor António Costa (PS)
Area
 - City 84.8 km2 (32.7 sq mi)
 - Urban 958 km2 (369.9 sq mi)
Population
 - City 564,477
2,003,580 (Greater Lisbon)
 - Density 6,656/km2 (17,239/sq mi)
 - Urban 2,385,000–2,435,837
 - Metro 2,824,000
Time zone GMT (UTC+0)
Area code +351 (Portugal) 21 (City)
Website www.cm-lisboa.pt

Lisbon (Portuguese: Lisboa; Portuguese pronunciation: [liʒˈboɐ]) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with a population of 564,477 within its administrative limits[1] on a land area of 84.8 km2 (33 sq mi). The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 2.4 million[2][3] on a area of 958 km2 (370 sq mi)[2], it is the 12th most populous urban area in the European Union. About 2,824,000[4][5] people live in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (which represents approximately 26% of the population of the country) and 3.34 million people live in the broader agglomeration of Lisbon Metropolitan Region (includes cities ranging from Leiria to Setúbal).[6] Lisbon is the westernmost large city located in Europe, as well as its westernmost capital city. It lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the Tagus River, about 320 km (198.84 mi) northwest of Cape Spartel in Africa.

Lisbon is recognised as an Alpha World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, education and tourism.[7][8] This is one of the major economic centres on the continent, growing a financial centre and can be found here largest/second largest container port in the "Europe's Atlantic coast",[9] Lisbon International Airport serving about 13 million passengers per year, motorway network and hub of high-speed rail (Alfa Pendular) linking main cities in Portugal, and in 2013 will have a rail's high-speed connection to Spain.[10] Lisbon is the 25th most livable city in the World according to lifestyle magazine Monocle.[11] The city is the 6th-most-visited city in Southern Europe after Rome, Barcelona, Madrid, Athens and Milan with about 2 million tourists a year.[12] The Lisbon region is the wealthiest region in Portugal, GDP PPP per capita is 26,100 euros (it is higher results of 4.7% from the average European Union's GDP PPP per capita). It is the 10th richest metropolitan area by GDP on the continent amounting to 98 billion euros and thus €34,850 per capita,[13] it is higher result of 40% from the average European Union's GDP per capita. The city occupies 32nd place of highest gross earnings in the world.[14] Most of the headquarters of multinationals in the country are located in the Lisbon area and it is the 9th city in the world in terms of quantity of international conferences.[15] It is also the political centre of the country, as seat of government and residence of the Head of State. The seat of the district of Lisbon and the centre of the Lisbon region.

Lisbon enjoys a Subtropical-Mediterranean climate, and through strongly influenced by the Gulf Stream it is one of the mildest climates in Eurasia. Among all the metropolises in Europe, here are the warmest winters on the continent, with average temperatures above 15.2 °C (59.4 °F) during the day and 8.9 °C (48.0 °F) at night in the period from December to February. The typical summer's season lasts about 6 months, from May to October, with an average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) during the day and 16.2 °C (61.2 °F) at night, although also in November, March and April sometimes there are temperature above 20 °C (68.0 °F) with an average temperature of 18.5 °C (65 °F) during the day and 11.2 °C (52.2 °F) at night.

Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in the world. Julius Caesar made it a municipium called Felicitas Julia, adding to the name Olissipo. Ruled by a series of Germanic tribes from the 5th century, it was captured by Moors in the 8th century. In 1147, the Crusaders under Afonso Henriques reconquered the city for the Christians and since then it has been a major political, economic and cultural centre of Portugal. Unlike most capital cities, Lisbon's status as the capital of Portugal has never been granted or confirmed officially – by statute or in written form. Its position as the capital has formed through constitutional convention, making its position as de facto capital a part of the Constitution of Portugal.

Lisbon hosts two agencies of the European Union, namely, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA). The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), is also headquartered in Lisbon.

Lisbon has two sites listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site: Belém Tower and Jerónimos Monastery. Furthermore, in 1994, Lisbon was the European Capital of Culture and in 1998 organized an Expo '98 (1998 Lisbon World Exposition).

The city is candidate for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[16][17][18]

Contents

Geography and location

Location

Lisbon seen from a SPOT Satellite

Lisbon is situated at 38°42' north, 9°5' west, making it the westernmost capital in mainland Europe. It is located in the west of the country, on the Atlantic Ocean coast at the point where the river Tagus flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

The city occupies an area of 84.8 km2 (33 sq mi). The city boundaries, unlike those of most major cities, are narrowly defined around the historical city perimeter. This gave rise to the existence of several administratively defined cities around Lisbon, such as Amadora, Queluz, Agualva-Cacém, Odivelas, Loures, Sacavém, Almada, Barreiro, Seixal and Oeiras, which are in fact part of the metropolitan perimeter of Lisbon.

The western side of the city is mainly occupied by the Monsanto Forest Park, one of the largest urban parks in Europe with an area close to 10 km2 (4 sq mi).

Climate

Lisbon has a Subtropical-Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa)[19] with mild winters and comfortable summers. It is strongly influenced by the Gulf Stream, giving it one of the mildest climates in Eurasia. The average annual temperature is 17 °C (63 °F): 21 °C (70 °F) during the day and 13 °C (55 °F) at night. Average annual temperature of the sea is 17.5 °C (63.5 °F). In the coldest month – January – the temperature typically ranges from 8 to 17 °C (46 to 63 °F) during the day, 4 to 12 °C (39 to 54 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is 15 °C (59 °F).[20] In the warmest month – August – the temperature typically ranges from 26 to 32 °C (79 to 90 °F) during the day (sometimes there are higher temperatures), around 18 °C (64 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is 20 °C (68 °F).[20] Number of hours of daylight varies from 10 hours in December to 15 hours in June and July,[20] this is one of the most optimal results in Europe. Sunshine hours is about 2,800 per year, from average 4.6 hours of sunshine / day in December to average 11.4 hours of sunshine / day in July. Generally – typical summer's season lasts about 6 months, from May to October, with an average temperature of these six months amounting 25 °C (77 °F) during the day and 16.2 °C (61.2 °F) at night. Three months – November, March and April – are transitional, at times the temperature exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of these three months amounting 18.5 °C (65 °F) during the day and 11.2 °C (52.2 °F) at night. December, January and February are the coldest months, with an average temperature of these three months amounting 15.2 °C (59.4 °F) during the day and 8.9 °C (48.0 °F) at night. Among all metropolises in Europe continent, Lisbon has the warmest winters. Rain occurs mainly in winters, the summers being generally dry.

Climate data for Lisbon
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 14.5
(58.1)		 15.9
(60.6)		 18.2
(64.8)		 19.2
(66.6)		 21.4
(70.5)		 24.8
(76.6)		 27.5
(81.5)		 27.8
(82)		 26.2
(79.2)		 22.1
(71.8)		 18.0
(64.4)		 15.2
(59.4)		 20.9
(69.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.3
(52.3)		 12.6
(54.7)		 14.3
(57.7)		 15.4
(59.7)		 17.4
(63.3)		 20.4
(68.7)		 22.7
(72.9)		 23.0
(73.4)		 21.8
(71.2)		 18.4
(65.1)		 14.8
(58.6)		 12.4
(54.3)		 17.0
(62.6)
Average low °C (°F) 8.1
(46.6)		 9.2
(48.6)		 10.4
(50.7)		 11.5
(52.7)		 13.3
(55.9)		 15.9
(60.6)		 17.9
(64.2)		 18.1
(64.6)		 17.3
(63.1)		 14.6
(58.3)		 11.5
(52.7)		 9.5
(49.1)		 13.1
(55.6)
Precipitation mm (inches) 96.8
(3.811)		 90.2
(3.551)		 51.2
(2.016)		 64.7
(2.547)		 55.6
(2.189)		 17.2
(0.677)		 6.1
(0.24)		 6.8
(0.268)		 28.5
(1.122)		 79.8
(3.142)		 107.1
(4.217)		 121.8
(4.795)		 725.8
(28.575)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 15.0 15.0 13.0 12.0 8.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 6.0 11.0 14.0 14.0 117.0
Sunshine hours 142.6 156.6 207.7 234.0 291.4 303.0 353.4 344.1 261.0 213.9 156.0 142.6 2,806.3
Source: Instituto de Meteorologia[21], Hong Kong Observatory[22] for data of avg. precipitation days & sunshine hours

History

Neolithic era to the Roman Empire

The Castle of Saint George has played an important role in the history of Lisbon throughout the ages, for example, by protecting its citizens or being the residence of the royal family.

During Neolithic times, the region was inhabited by Iberian-related peoples, who also lived in other regions of Atlantic Europe at the time. They built religious monuments called megaliths. Dolmens and menhirs still survive in the countryside around the city.

The Indo-European Celts invaded after the first millennium BC and intermarried with the Pre-Indo-European population, giving a rise to Celtic-speaking local tribes such as the Cempsi.

Archaeological findings suggest that some Phoenician influence existed in the place since 1200 BC, leading some historians to the theory that a Phoenician trading post might have occupied the centre of the present city, on the southern slope of the Castle hill. The magnificent harbour provided by the estuary of the river Tagus made it an ideal spot for a settlement to provide foodstuffs to Phoenician ships travelling to the tin islands (modern Isles of Scilly) and Cornwall.

The new city might have been named Allis Ubbo or "safe harbour" in Phoenician, according to one of several theories for the origin of its name.[23] Another theory is that it took its name from the pre-Roman name of the River Tagus, Lisso or Lucio.

Besides sailing to the North, the Phoenicians might also have taken advantage of a settlement at the mouth of Iberia's largest river to trade with the inland tribes for valuable metals. Other important local products were salt, salted fish, and the Lusitanian horses that were renowned in antiquity.

Recently, Phoenician remains from the eighth century BC were found beneath the Mediaeval Sé de Lisboa (Lisbon See), or main Cathedral of the modern city. Most modern historians,[24] however, consider the idea of a Phoenician foundation of Lisbon as unreal, and instead believe that Lisbon was an ancient autochthonous settlement (what the Romans called an oppidum) that at most, maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, to account for the presence of Phoenician pottery and other material objects.

Lisbon's name was written Ulyssippo in Latin by the geographer Pomponius Mela, a native of Hispania. It was later known as "Olisippo" to Pliny, and to the Greeks as Olissipo (Ολισσιπο) and "Olissipona" (Ολισσιπόνα).[25] According to tradition the name was derived from Ulysses. In some versions of the myth, the hero founded the city after he left Troy and departed to the Atlantic to escape the Greek coalition.

If all of Odysseus' travels were in the Atlantic as Cailleux[26] argued, then this could mean that Odysseus founded the city coming from the north, before trying to round Cape Malea, (which Cailleux located at Cabo de São Vicente), in a southeasterly direction, to reach his homeland of Ithaca, supposedly present Cadiz. However, the presence of Phoenicians (even if occasional) is thought to predate any Greek presence in the area.

Later on, the Greek name was corrupted in vulgar Latin to Olissipona. Some of the native gods worshiped in Lisbon were Aracus, Carneus, Bandiarbariaicus and Coniumbricenses.

Roman Empire to the Moorish conquest

Lisbon Cathedral, built after 1147 over the remnants of the mosque of the Islamic period.

During the Punic wars, after the defeat of Hannibal (whose troops included members of the Conii) the Romans decided to deprive Carthage of its most valuable possession, Hispania (the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula). After the defeat of the Carthaginians by Scipio Africanus in Eastern Hispania, the pacification of the West was led by Consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus.

He obtained the alliance of Olissipo which sent men to fight alongside the Legions against the Celtic tribes of the Northwest. In return, Olissipo was integrated in the Empire under the name of Felicitas Julia, a Municipium Cives Romanorum. It was granted self-rule over a territory going as far away as 50 kilometres (30 miles), exempted from taxes, and its citizens given the privileges of Roman citizenship.

It was in the newly created province of Lusitania, whose capital was Emerita Augusta. The attacks by the Lusitanians during the frequent rebellions over the next couple of centuries weakened the city, and a wall was built.

During the time of Augustus the Romans built a great Theatre; the Cassian Baths underneath the current Rua da Prata; Temples to Jupiter, Diana, Cybele, Tethys and Idae Phrygiae (an uncommon cult from Asia Minor), besides temples to the Emperor; a large necropolis under Praça da Figueira; a large Forum and other buildings such as insulae (multi-storied apartment buildings) in the area between the modern Castle hill and Downtown.

Many of these ruins were first unearthed during the middle Eighteenth century, when the recent discovery of Pompeii made Roman Archeology fashionable among Europe's upper classes.

Economically strong, Olissipo was known for its garum, a sort of fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the Empire and exported in Amphorae to Rome and other cities. Wine, salt and its famously fast horses were also exported.

The city came to be very prosperous through suppression of piracy and technological advances, which allowed a boom in the trade with the newly Roman Provinces of Britannia (particularly Cornwall) and the Rhine, and through the introduction of Roman culture to the tribes living by the river Tagus in the interior of Hispania.

The city was ruled by an oligarchical council dominated by two families, the Julii and the Cassiae. Petitions are recorded addressed to the Governor of the province in Emerita and to the Empreror Tiberius, such as one requesting help dealing with "sea monsters" allegedly responsible for shipwrecks.

The Roman Sertorius led a large rebellion against the Dictator Sulla early in the Roman Period.

Among the majority of Latin speakers lived a large minority of Greek traders and slaves.

The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania's two other large cities, Bracara Augusta in the province of Tarraconensis (today's Portuguese Braga), and Emerita Augusta, the capital of Lusitania (now Mérida in Spain).

Olissipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a centre for the dissemination of Christianity. Its first attested Bishop was St. Potamius (c. 356), and there were several martyrs killed by the pagans during the great persecutions; Maxima, Verissimus and Julia are the most significant names.

At the end of the Roman domain, Olissipo was one of the first Christian cities. It suffered invasions from the Sarmatian Alans and the Germanic Vandals, who controlled the region from 409 to 429. The Germanic Suebi, who established a kingdom in Gallaecia (modern Galicia and northern Portugal), with capital in Bracara Augusta (Braga), from 409 to 585, also controlled the region of Lisbon for long periods of time.

In 585 the Suebi kingdom was included in the Germanic Visigothic kingdom of Toledo, that comprised all of the Iberian Peninsula. Lisbon was then called Ulishbona.

Moorish rule

On August 6, 711 Lisbon was taken by the Moors (it was called al-ʾIšbūnah in Arabic الأشبونة), under whose rule the city flourished. The Moors, who were Muslims from North Africa and the Middle East, built many mosques and houses as well as a new city wall, currently named the Cerca Moura. The city kept a diverse population including Christians, Berbers, Arabs, Jews and Saqalibas.

Arabic was the chosen language of the Christians and it was official language. Mozarabic was the mother language spoken by the Christian population. Islam was the official religion practiced by the Arabs and Muladi (muwallad), the Christians could keep their religion but under Dhimmi status and were required to pay the jizyah ( in return for paying the Jizyah, Christians and Jews were not required to join the Islamic army as their security is quaranteed by the Islamic state)

The Moorish influence is still present in Alfama, the old part of Lisbon that survived the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Many placenames are derived from Arabic; the Alfama, the oldest existing district of Lisbon, for example, is derived from the Arabic "al-hamma".

For a brief time during the Taifa period Lisbon was the centre town in the Regulo Eslavo of the Taifa of Badajoz and then as an independent Taifa ruled by Abd al-Aziz ibn Sabur and Abd al-Malik ibn Sabur sons of Sabur al-Jatib (Sabur the Slav), a Slav that had been at the service of al-Hakam II before ruling the Taifa of Badajoz.

In 1147, as part of the Reconquista, crusader knights led by Afonso I of Portugal, besieged and reconquered Lisbon. The city, with around 154,000 residents at the time, returned to Christian rule.

The reconquest of Portugal and re-establishment of Christianity is one of the most significant events in Lisbon's history; although it is known through the chronicle Expugnatione Lyxbonensi, attributed to Osburnus, that there was a bishop in the town that was killed by the crusaders and that the population was praying to the Virgin Mary when afflicted with plague, which indicates that the Mozarab population followed the Mozarabic rite. Arabic lost its place in everyday life. Any remaining Muslim population were converted to Roman Catholicism by force, or expelled, and the mosques were turned into churches.

From the Middle Ages to the Portuguese Empire

The Padrão dos Descobrimentos is a contemporary monument dedicated to the Portuguese Age of Discovery

Lisbon received its first Foral in 1179. Periodic raiding expeditions were sent from Al-Andalus to ravage the Iberian Christian kingdoms, bringing back booty and slaves. In raid against Lisbon in 1189, the Almohad caliph Yaqub al-Mansur took 3,000 female and child captives.[27] Lisbon became the capital city of Portugal in 1255 due to its central location in the new Portuguese territory. The first Portuguese university was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by Dinis I of Portugal as Estudo Geral (General Study). The university was transferred several times to Coimbra, where it was installed definitively in the 16th century (today's University of Coimbra).

During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, the city expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both northern Europe and Mediterranean cities.

Most of the Portuguese expeditions of the age of discovery left from Lisbon during the 15th to 17th centuries, including Vasco da Gama's departure to India in 1497. In 1506, thousands of "New Christians" (converted Jews) were massacred in Lisbon.[28] The 16th century marks the golden age for Lisbon. The city became the European hub of commerce with Africa, India, the Far East and, later, Brazil, exploring riches like spices, slaves, sugar, textiles and other goods. This was the time of the exuberant Manueline style, which has left its mark in two 16th century Lisbon monuments, the Belém Tower and the Jerónimos Monastery, both of which were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.

A description of Lisbon in the sixteenth century was written by Damião de Góis and published in 1554.[29]

Portugal lost its independence to Spain in 1580 after a succession crisis, and the 1640 revolt that restored the Portuguese independence took place in Lisbon (see Philip III of Portugal). In the early 18th century, gold from Brazil allowed King John V to sponsor the building of several Baroque churches and theatres in the city.

1755 Lisbon earthquake

Main article: 1755 Lisbon earthquake
This 1755 copper engraving shows the ruins of Lisbon in flames and a tsunami overwhelming the ships in the harbour.

Prior to the 18th century, Lisbon had experienced several important earthquakes – eight in the 14th century, five in the 16th century (including the 1531 earthquake that destroyed 1,500 houses, and the 1597 earthquake when three streets vanished), and three in the 17th century. On 1 November 1755 the city was destroyed by another earthquake, which killed an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Lisbon residents[30] and destroyed 85 percent of the city.[31] With a population estimated at between 200,000 and 275,000 residents,[32][33] Lisbon was, in 1755, one of the largest cities in Europe. Among several important structures of the city, the Royal Ribeira Palace and the Royal Hospital of All Saints were lost. The event shocked the whole of Europe. Voltaire wrote a long poem, "Poême sur le désastre de Lisbonne", shortly after the quake, and mentioned it in his 1759 novel Candide (indeed, many argue that this critique of optimism was inspired by that earthquake). Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. also mentions it in his 1857 poem, The Deacon's Masterpiece, or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay. In the town of Cascais, some 30 km (19 mi) west of Lisbon, the waves wrecked several boats and when the water withdrew, large stretches of sea bottom were left uncovered. In coastal areas such as Peniche, situated about 80 km (50 mi) north of Lisbon, many people were killed by the tsunami. In Setúbal, 30 km (19 mi) south of Lisbon, the water reached the first floor (second floor, in U.S. terms) of buildings. The destruction was also great in the Algarve, southern Portugal, where the tsunami dismantled some coastal fortresses and, in the lower levels, razed houses. In some places the waves crested at more than 30 m (98.43 ft). Almost all the coastal towns and villages of Algarve were heavily damaged, except Faro, which was protected by sandy banks. In Lagos, the waves reached the top of the city walls. For many Portuguese coastal regions, the destructive effects of the tsunami were more disastrous than those of the earthquake proper. In southwestern Spain, the tsunami caused damage to Cadiz and Huelva, and the waves penetrated the Guadalquivir River, reaching Seville. In Gibraltar, the sea rose suddenly by about two metres. In Ceuta the tsunami was strong, but in the Mediterranean Sea, it decreased rapidly. On the other hand, it caused great damage and casualties to the western coast of Morocco, from Tangier, where the waves reached the walled fortifications of the town, to Agadir, where the waters passed over the walls, killing many. The tsunami also reached Cornwall, in the United Kingdom, at a height of three metres. Along the coast of Cornwall, the sea rose rapidly in vast waves, and then embedded equally rapidly. A two metre tsunami also hit Galway in Ireland, and did some considerable damage to the Spanish Arch section of the city wall.

After the 1755 earthquake, the city was rebuilt largely according to the plans of Prime Minister Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, the 1st Marquess of Pombal; hence the designation of the lower town as Baixa Pombalina (Pombaline Downtown). Instead of rebuilding the medieval town, Pombal decided to demolish the remains of the earthquake and rebuild the downtown in accordance with modern urban rules.

19th century

In 1834 the Assembly of the Republic was installed in the São Bento Palace.

In the first years of the 19th century, Portugal was invaded by the troops of Napoléon Bonaparte, making Queen Maria I and Prince-Regent João (future John VI) flee temporarily to Brazil. Considerable property was pillaged by the invaders.

The city felt the full force of the Portuguese liberal upheavals, beginning its tradition of cafés and theatres. In 1879 the Avenida da Liberdade was opened, replacing a previous public garden.

20th century

Amoreiras Post-Modernist Office complex built in 1985 by the Architect Tomás Taveira

Lisbon was the centre of the republican coup of October 5, 1910 which instated the Portuguese Republic. Previously, it was also the stage of the regicide of Carlos I of Portugal (1908).

The city refounded its university in 1911 after centuries of inactivity in Lisbon, incorporating reformed former colleges and other non-university higher education schools of the city (such as the Escola Politécnica – now Faculdade de Ciências). Today there are 3 public universities in the city (University of Lisbon, Technical University of Lisbon and New University of Lisbon), a public university institute (ISCTE – Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa) and a polytechnic institute (IPL – Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa). See list of universities in Portugal.

During World War II Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the U.S. and a spy nest. More than 100,000 refugees were able to flee Nazi Germany via Lisbon.[34]

In 1974, Lisbon was the central destination point of the Carnation Revolution maneuvers, the end of the Portuguese Corporative Regime (Estado Novo).

In 1988, a fire near the historical centre of Chiado greatly disrupted normal life in the area for about 10 years.

In 1994, Lisbon was the European Capital of Culture.

Expo '98 was held in Lisbon. The timing was intended to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's sea voyage to India.

Contemporary events

In 2007 the Treaty of Lisbon was signed in this city, which initiated a new chapter in the history of the European Union.

The Lisbon Agenda was a European Union agreement on measures to revitalize the EU economy, signed in Lisbon in March 2000. In October 2007 Lisbon hosted the 2007 EU Summit, where agreement was reached regarding a new EU governance model. The resulting Treaty of Lisbon was signed on the 13 December 2007 and came into force on 1 December 2009.

On the 3 November 2005, Lisbon hosted the MTV European Music Awards. The show was opened by a leotard-clad Madonna, who exploded from a shiny disco ball to the tune "Hung Up".

On the 7 July 2007, Lisbon held the ceremony of the "New 7 Wonders Of The World"[35] election, in Luz stadium, with live transmission for millions of people all over the world.

It is the host city for the Portuguese editions of Rock in Rio, the largest rock festival in the world.

Demographics

The population of the city proper was 564,477 and the metropolitan area (Lisbon Metropolitan Area) was 2,800,000 according to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística[5] (National Institute of Statistics). The Lisbon Metropolitan Area coincides with two NUTS II units, Grande Lisboa (Greater Lisbon), in the northern bank of the Tagus, and Península de Setúbal (Setúbal Peninsula), to the south, which are the two subregions of Região Lisboa (Lisbon Region). The population density of the city itself is 6,658 inhabitants per square kilometre (17,240 /sq mi).

Like most big cities, Lisbon is surrounded by many satellite cities. It is estimated that more than one million people enter Lisbon every day from the outskirts. Cascais and Estoril are among the most interesting neighbouring towns for night life. Beautiful palaces, landscapes and historical sites can be found in Sintra and Mafra. Other major municipalities around Lisbon include Amadora, Oeiras, Odivelas, Loures, Vila Franca de Xira and, in the south bank of the Tagus river estuary, Almada, Barreiro and Seixal.

Lisbon is ranked number 1 in the Portuguese most livable cities survey of living conditions published yearly by Expresso.[36]

Demographic evolution of Lisbon (1801–2004)
1801 1849 1900 1930 1960 1981 1991 2001 2004
203.999 174.900 350.919 591.939 801.155 807.937 663.394 564.657 564,477

Culture and sights

The city of Lisbon is rich in architecture; Romanesque, Gothic, Manueline, Baroque, Traditional Portuguese, Modern and Post-Modern constructions can be found all over the city. The city is also crossed by great boulevards and monuments along these main thoroughfares, particularly in the upper districts; notable among these are the Avenida da Liberdade (Liberty Avenue), Avenida Fontes Pereira de Melo, Avenida Almirante Reis and Avenida da República (Republic Avenue). The most famous museums in Lisbon are the Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga (National Museum of Ancient Art), the Museu do Azulejo (Museum of Portuguese-style Tile Mosaics), the Museu Calouste Gulbenkian (Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, containing varied collections of ancient and modern art), the Lisbon Oceanarium (Oceanário de Lisboa, the second largest in the world), the Museu Nacional do Traje e da Moda (National Museum of Costume and Fashion), the Berardo Collection Museum (Modern Art) at the Belém Cultural Center, the Museu Nacional dos Coches (National Coach Museum, containing the largest collection of royal coaches in the world), the Museu da Farmácia (Pharmacy Museum) and the Museum of the Orient.

Lisbon's opera house, the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos, hosts a relatively active cultural agenda, mainly in autumn and winter. Other important theatres and musical houses are the Centro Cultural de Belém, the Teatro Nacional D. Maria II and the Gulbenkian Foundation.

Partial view of old Lisbon, viewed from Cacilhas

The monument to Christ the King (Cristo Rei) stands on the left side of the river, in Almada. With open arms, overlooking the whole city, it resembles the Corcovado monument in Rio de Janeiro, and was built after World War II, as thanks for Portugal's being spared the horrors and destruction of the war.

Every June there are 5 days of popular street celebrations in memory of a saint born in Lisbon – Anthony of Lisbon (or Santo António). Saint Anthony, also known as Saint Anthony of Padua, was a wealthy Portuguese bohemian who was canonised and made Doctor of the Church after a life preaching to the poor, simpler people. Although Lisbon’s patron saint is Saint Vincent, whose remains are in the Lisbon Cathedral, there are no festivities associated with him.

Parque Eduardo VII is the second largest park of the city after Parque Florestal de Monsanto, prolonging the main avenue (Avenida da Liberdade). Originally named Parque da Liberdade, was after renamed Park Edward VII of England who visited Lisbon in 1903, it includes a large variety of plants in a winter garden (Estufa Fria).

Lisbon is home every year to the Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival,[37] the Lisboarte, the DocLisboa – Lisbon International Documentary Film Festival,[38] the Arte Lisboa – Contemporary Art Fair,[39] the Festival of the Oceans,[40] the International Organ Festival of Lisbon,[41] the MOTELx – Lisbon International Horror Film Festival,[42] the Lisbon Village Festival,[43] the Festival Internacional de Máscaras e Comediantes, the Lisboa Mágica – Street Magic World Festival, the Monstra – Animated Film Festival, the Lisbon Book Fair,[44] the Peixe em Lisboa – Lisbon Fish and Flavours,[45] the Lisbon International Handicraft Exhibition,[46] the Lisbon Photo Marathon, the IndieLisboa – International Independent Film Festival,[47] the Alkantara Festival,[48] the Temps d´Images Festival[49] and the Jazz in August festival.[50]

Lisbon has been home three times (in 2004, 2005, and 2008) to Rock in Rio, one of the world's largest pop-rock festivals. Annual popular music events within the metropolitan area include the Optimus Alive! and Super Bock Super Rock festivals.

Lisbon is also home to the Lisbon Architecture Triennial,[51] the Moda Lisboa (Fashion Lisbon),[52] ExperimentaDesign – Biennial of Design[53] and LuzBoa – Biennial of Light.[54]

Alfama

View of the Alfama district.

The oldest district of Lisbon, spreading on the slope between the Castle of Lisbon and the Tejo river. Its name comes from the Arabic Al-hamma, meaning fountains or baths. It contains many important historical attractions, with many Fado bars and restaurants.During the times of Moorish domination, Alfama constituted the whole of the city, which later spread to the West (Baixa neighbourhood). Alfama became inhabited by the fishermen and the poor, and its condition as the neighbourhood of the poor continues to this day. The great 1755 Lisbon Earthquake did not destroy the Alfama, which has remained a picturesque labyrinth of narrow streets and small squares. Lately the neighbourhood has been invigorated with the renovation of the old houses and new restaurants where Fado – Portuguese typical melancholy music – can be enjoyed. The Castle of São Jorge and the Lisbon Cathedral are located in this area. 4 Other attractions include:

Baixa

Statue of King José I in Commerce Square (Praça do Comércio), erected in 1775 as part of the rebuilding of Lisbon after the earthquake of 1755.
Augusta Street

The heart of the city is the Baixa (Downtown) or city centre; The Pombaline Baixa is an elegant district, primarily constructed after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. It takes its name from Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal, the Prime Minister to Joseph I of Portugal from 1750 to 1777 and key figure of The Enlightenment in Portugal, who took the lead in ordering the rebuilding of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake. The Marquis of Pombal imposed strict conditions on rebuilding the city, and the current grid pattern strongly differs from the organic streetplan that characterised the district before the Earthquake.

The Pombaline Baixa is one of the first examples of earthquake-resistant construction. Architectural models were tested by having troops march around them to simulate an earthquake. Notable features of Pombaline structures include the 'Pombaline cage', a symmetrical wood-lattice framework aimed at distributing earthquake force, and inter-terrace walls that are built higher than roof timbers to reduce fire contagion.

It was placed on Portugal's "tentative list" of potential World Heritage Sites on 7 December 2004. Other monuments in this area include:

Chiado

Luís de Camões Square, in the Chiado neighbourhood.

The Chiado is a traditional shopping area that mixes old and modern commercial establishments, concentrated specially in the Carmo's and Garrett's streets. Locals as well as tourists visit the Chiado to buy books, garments, pottery as well as to have a cup of coffee. The most famous café of Chiado is A Brasileira, famous for having had poet Fernando Pessoa among its customers. The Chiado is also an important cultural area, with several museums and theatres. Several buildings of the Chiado were destroyed in a fire in 1988, an event that deeply shocked the country. Thanks to a renovation project that lasted more than 10 years, coordinated by celebrated architect Siza Vieira, the affected area is now recovered.

Attractions include:

Bairro Alto

Street connecting Chiado to Bairro Alto

Bairro Alto (literally upper quarter in Portuguese) is an area of central Lisbon. It functions as a residential, shopping and entertainment district. Today, the Bairro Alto is the heart of Lisbon's youth and of the Portuguese capital's nightlife. Lisbon's Punk, Gay, Metal, Goth, Hip Hop and Reggae scenes, all have the Bairro as their home, due to the number of clubs and bars dedicated to each of them. The fado, Portugal's national song, still survives in the new Lisbon's nightlife. The crowd is a mix of local and tourist, straight and gay, and almost anything else imagined.

Estrela

The Baroque-Neoclassical Estrela Basilica is the main attraction of this district. The huge church has a giant dome, and is located in a hill in what was at the time the western part of Lisbon and can be viewed from far away. The style is similar to the Mafra National Palace, in late baroque and neoclassical. The front has two twin bell towers and includes statues of saints and some allegoric figures. The Parliament, housed in Sao Bento Palace, is in this district. Nearby is the official residence of Portugal’s Prime Minister. and the Prazeres Cemetery is nearby as well.

Alcântara

A new hangout in Lisbon, the Docas.

Although today it is quite central, it was once a mere suburb of Lisbon, comprising mostly farms and palaces. In the 16th century, there was a brook there which the nobles used to promenade in their boats. Through the late 19th century, Alcântara became a popular industrial area, with lots of small factories and warehouses. Through the centuries, this area has lost all of its charm and old buildings, as well as its brook, and the womenfolk used to go there to do their laundry. Around the early 1990s, Alcântara started to become a place for pubs and discothèques, mainly because its outer area is mostly commercial, and the noise generated at night would not disturb its residents. Today, some of these areas are slowly being taken over by loft developments and new apartments that can profit from its excellent river views and central location.

Belém

Monastery of the Hieronymites* and Tower of Belém in Lisbon*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Belém Tower viewed from the northeast. The bastion is next to the water and a four story tower is on the land. The building is made of limestone and is a grayish color. Tourists are approaching the tower entrance on a wooden walkway.
Belém Tower viewed from the northeast
State Party  Portugal**
Type Cultural
Criteria iii, vi
Reference 263
Region** Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription 1983  (7th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.

Santa Maria de Belém, or just Belém (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈsɐ̃tɐ mɐˈɾiɐ dɨ bɨˈlɐ̃ȷ̃]) is a parish of Lisbon, Portugal, located 6 km (4 mi) west of the present city centre and 2 km (1 mi) west of Ponte 25 de Abril (25 April Bridge). Its name is derived from the Portuguese for Bethlehem.

Belém is famous as the place from which many of the great Portuguese explorers set off on their voyages of discovery. In particular, it is the place from which Vasco da Gama departed for India in 1497. It is also a former royal residence and features the 17th–18th century Belém Palace, former royal residence and now occupied by the President of Portugal, and the Ajuda Palace, begun in 1802 but never completed.

The Praça do Império with the Jerónimos Monastery in the background in the Santa Maria de Belem parish. (UNESCO World Heritage Site)

Perhaps Belém's most famous feature is its tower, Torre de Belém, whose image is much used by Lisbon's tourist board. The tower was built as a fortified lighthouse late in the reign of Dom Manuel (1515–1520) to guard the entrance to the port at Belém. It stood on a little island in right side of the Tagus, surrounded by water.

Belém's other major historical building is the Mosteiro dos Jerónimos (Jerónimos Monastery), which the Torre de Belém was built partly to defend. The building of the monastery, an example of Manueline architecture, was begun in 1502 on the instructions of Manuel I and took 50 years to complete. It was built as a monument to Vasco da Gama's successful voyage to India and was funded by a tax on eastern spices. The monastery contains the tomb of Vasco da Gama. Located in the wings of the monastery are the Museu Nacional de Arqueologia (National Archaeological Museum) and the Museu da Marinha (Maritime Museum).

Belém's most notable modern feature is the Padrão dos Descobrimentos (Monument to the Discoveries). This is a 52 m (170.60 ft) high slab of concrete, erected in 1960 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the death of Henry the Navigator. The monument is carved into the shape of the prow of a ship in which stand statues of various explorers, as well as a statue of Henry himself. Adjacent to the monument is a square into whose surface is set a map showing the routes of various Portuguese explorers.

In the heart of Belém is the Praça do Império: gardens centred upon a large fountain, laid out during World War II. To the west of the gardens lies the Centro Cultural de Belém. This was built for Portugal's 1992 presidency of the EU. It is now an arts complex, containing Belém's Museu do Design (Design Museum). To the southeast of the gardens is the Belém Palace (1770), the official residence of the Portuguese President. Five hundred metres to the east of Praça do Império lies Belém's other major square Praça Afonso de Albuquerque.

Belém is home to a number of other museums, many of which were established by Salazar for the 1940 Belém Expo: Museu da Electricidade (Electricity Museum), Museu do Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau (Macau Cultural Museum), Museu de Arte Popular (Folk Art Museum) and Museu Nacional dos Coches (Coach Museum).

Belenenses, a renowned sports club from Lisbon is based in Belém.

Belém's main street is Rua de Belém, in which there is a 160-year-old pastry shop, at which can be purchased one of the famous pastel de Belém (plural: pastéis de Belém) – custard tarts made with flaky pastry. Other attractions within the area are:

Parque das Nações (Nations Park)

Parque das Nações is the newest district in Lisbon, having emerged from an urban regeneration programmed that led to the World Exhibition of Lisbon 1998. A long lasting legacy of the same, the area has become another commercial and higher end residential area for the city.

Central to this is the Gare do Oriente (Orient Station), one of the main transportation hubs of Lisbon, for trains, metro, buses and taxis. Its glass and steel columns are inspired in Gothic Architecture, making the whole structure fascinating to look at (especially in sunlight or when illuminated at night). It was designed by the architect Santiago Calatrava from Valencia (Spain). Cross through the shopping mall just across the street and you are in Parque das Nações (Park of the Nations), site of the 1998 World Expo.

Economy

Commercial area, Parque das Nações, Lisbon Portugal

The Lisbon region is the wealthiest region in Portugal and it is well above the European Union's GDP per capita average – it produces 45% of the Portuguese GDP. Lisbon's economy is based primarily on the tertiary sector. Most of the headquarters of multinationals operating in Portugal are concentrated in the Grande Lisboa subregion, specially in the Oeiras municipality. Lisbon Metropolitan Area is heavily industrialized, especially the south bank of the Tagus river (Rio Tejo).

The Lisbon region is rapidly growing, each year are higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) PPP per capita: € 22,745 (2004)[55] – € 23,816 (2005)[56] – € 25,200 (2006)[57] – € 26,100 (2007).[58]

The country's chief seaport, featuring one of the largest and most sophisticated regional markets on the Iberian Peninsula, Lisbon and its heavily populated surroundings are also developing as an important financial centre and a dynamic technological hub.

Lisbon has the largest and most developed mass media sector of Portugal, and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers.

The Euronext Lisbon stock exchange, part of the pan-European Euronext system together with the stock exchanges of Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris, is tied with the New York Stock Exchange since 2007, forming the multinational NYSE Euronext group of stock exchanges.

The main industries consist of oil refineries, textile mills, shipyards, steel and fishing.

For the decade of 2010, Lisbon is preparing to receive many investments, including building a new airport, a new bridge, an expansion of 30 km (18.64 mi) underground, the construction of a mega-hospital (or central hospital), the creation two lines of the TGV will join Madrid, Porto, Vigo and the rest of Europe, the restoration of the main part of town (between the Rotunda of the Marquis of Pombal and Terreiro the Palace), the creation of a large number of bike lanes, as well as modernization and renovation of various facilities.[59]

Transport

Lisbon's public transport network is extremely far-reaching and reliable and has its metro as its main artery, connecting the city centre with the upper and eastern districts, and now reaching the suburbs. Ambitious expansion projects will increase the network by almost one third, connecting the airport, and the northern and western districts. Bus, funicular and tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris), for over a century.

A traditional form of public transport in Lisbon is the tram. Originally introduced in the 19th century, the trams were originally imported from the USA and called americanos. The original trams can still be seen in the Museu da Carris (the Public Transport Museum) (Carris). Other than on the modern Line 15, the Lisbon tramway system still employs small (four wheel) vehicles of a design dating from the early part of the twentieth century. These distinctive yellow trams are one of the tourist icons of modern Lisbon, and their size is well suited to the steep hills and narrow streets of the central city.[60][61]

There are other commuter bus services from the city: Vimeca,[62] Rodoviaria de Lisboa,[63] Transportes Sul do Tejo,[64] Boa Viagem,[65] Barraqueiro[66] are the main ones, operating from different terminals in the city.

There are four commuter train lines departing from Lisbon: the Cascais, Sintra and Azambuja lines (operated by Comboios de Portugal (CP)), as well as a fourth line to Setúbal (operated by Fertagus) crossing the Tagus river over the 25 de Abril Bridge. A separate CP line to Setúbal ends at the southern bank of the Tagus and requires ferry transfer to reach Lisbon. The major railway stations are Santa Apolónia, Rossio, Gare do Oriente and Cais do Sodré.

The city does not offer a light rail service (tram line 15, although running with new and faster trams does not fall onto this category), but there are plans to build some lines with this service around the city (but not into the city itself).

The city is connected to the far side of the Tagus by two important bridges:

Another way of crossing the river is by taking the ferry. The company is Transtejo-Soflusa,[67] which operates from different points in the city to Cacilhas, Seixal, Montijo, Porto Brandão and Trafaria under the brand Transtejo and to Barreiro under the brand Soflusa.

Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and the rest of Portugal by an extensive motorway network. There are three circular motorways around the city; the 2ª Circular, the CRIL and the CREL.

The Portela Airport is located within the city limits. TAP and Portugalia have their hubs here, and flights are available to Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Panoramic Views

Panoramic view of Lisbon from the top of Cristo-Rei, with 25 de Abril Bridge in the foreground.
View of Vasco da Gama Bridge from atop Vasco da Gama Tower.

Education

A building of the New University of Lisbon.

The city has several private and public secondary schools, primary schools as well as Kindergärten. In Greater Lisbon area there are also international schools such as Saint Julian's School, the Carlucci American International School of Lisbon, Saint Dominic's International School, Deutsche Schule Lissabon, Instituto Español de Lisboa (Lisbon Spanish Institute), and Lycée Français Charles Lepierre.

There are three major public universities in Lisbon: the University of Lisbon (Lisbon's oldest university in operation, founded in 1911, also called the Classic University of Lisbon), the Technical University of Lisbon (founded in 1930) and the New University of Lisbon (founded in 1973), providing degrees in all academic disciplines. There is also one state-run university institute – the ISCTE, and a polytechnic institute – the Polytechnical Institute of Lisbon.

Major private institutions of higher education include the Portuguese Catholic University, as well as the Lusíada University, the Universidade Lusófona, and the Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa, among others.

The total number of enrolled students in higher education in Lisbon was, for the 2007–2008 school year, of 125,867 students, of whom 81,507 in the Lisbon's public institutions.[68]

Sports

Luz Stadium

Lisbon has a long sporting tradition. City was among the Portuguese cities which hosted the UEFA Euro 2004 championship. Also was held here final of 2003 World Men's Handball Championship. In 2006 and 2007, city was the starting city of the Dakar Rally.

Sport Lisboa e Benfica (commonly "Benfica" also "Benfica Lisbon") is a sports club best known worldwide for its football team, one of the largest in Europe, two-time winner and fivefold finalist (runner-up) of the UEFA Champions League also finalist (runner-up) of the UEFA Europa League and Intercontinental Cup. Second main club - Sporting Clube de Portugal (commonly "Sporting" also "Sporting Lisbon") is winners of UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (1964) and finalist of UEFA Cup (2005). The third most important club is C.F. Os Belenenses (commonly "Belenenses" also "Belenenses Lisbon"). These three clubs from Lisbon won a total of 57 championships and were 51 times runner-up of Portuguese Liga; 52 times winner and 34 times runner-up of Cup of Portugal, 11x SuperCup of Portugal (and 12x runner-up). Sports clubs from Lisbon also won many medals in other disciplines. Other sports, such as indoor football, handball, basketball and roller hockey are also popular. There are many other sport facilities in Lisbon, ranging from athletics to sailing to golf to mountain-biking. Every March the city hosts the Lisbon Half Marathon, while in September - Portugal Half Marathon.

Lisbon has two UEFA elite stadiums (Nuvola apps mozilla.pngNuvola apps mozilla.pngNuvola apps mozilla.pngNuvola apps mozilla.pngNuvola apps mozilla.png): Estádio da Luz (Stadium of Light), with a capacity of over 65,000 and the Estádio José Alvalade, with a capacity of over 50,000. There is also – Estádio do Restelo, with a capacity of over 30,000. In the neighborhood exist Estádio Nacional, with a capacity of over 37,000 (in Oeiras) and Estádio do Bonfim, with a capacity of nearly 20,000 (in Setúbal).

Parishes

Map of the Freguesias

There are 53 freguesias (civil parishes) in Lisbon:

  • Ajuda (formerly Nossa Senhora da Ajuda)
  • Alcântara
  • Alto do Pina
  • Alvalade
  • Ameixoeira (formerly Funchal)
  • Anjos
  • Beato
  • Benfica
  • Campo Grande
  • Campolide
  • Carnide
  • Castelo
  • Charneca
  • Coração de Jesus (formerly Camões)
  • Encarnação
  • Graça
  • Lapa
  • Lumiar
  • Madalena
  • Mártires
  • Marvila
  • Mercês
  • Nossa Senhora de Fátima
  • Pena
  • Penha de França
  • Prazeres
  • Sacramento
  • Santa Catarina
  • Santa Engrácia (formerly Monte Pedral)
  • Santa Isabel
  • Santa Justa
  • Santa Maria de Belém
  • Olivais (formerly Santa Maria dos Olivais)
  • Santiago
  • Santo Condestável
  • Santo Estêvão
  • Santos-o-Velho
  • São Cristóvão e São Lourenço (formerly São Lourenço)
  • São Domingos de Benfica
  • São Francisco Xavier
  • São João
  • São João de Brito
  • São João de Deus
  • São Jorge de Arroios
  • São José
  • São Mamede
  • São Miguel
  • São Nicolau
  • São Paulo (formerly Marquês de Pombal)
  • São Sebastião da Pedreira
  • São Vicente de Fora (formerly Escolas Gerais)
  • Sé
  • Socorro

Furthermore, and more commonly referred to by its inhabitants, Lisbon is divided into historical "bairros" with no clearly defined boundaries, such as Amoreiras, Bairro Alto, Bica, Alfama, Mouraria, Avenidas Novas, Intendente, Chelas and Lapa.

Prominent people born in Lisbon

Bronze statue of poet Fernando Pessoa in the Café A Brasileira, in the Chiado neighbourhood

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Lisbon is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Uma população que se urbaniza, Uma avaliação recente – Cidades, 2004 Nuno Pires Soares, Instituto Geográfico Português (Geographic Institute of Portugal)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Demographia: World Urban Areas, March 2010
  3. ↑ Urban Audit – Larger Urban Zone. "Lisboa". http://www.urbanaudit.org/DownloadPDF.ashx?CityCode=PT001C. 
  4. ↑ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanization Prospects (2009 revision), (United Nations, 2010), Table A.12. Data for 2007.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 ITDS, Rui Campos, Pedro Senos (2009-06-30). "Statistics Portugal". Ine.pt. http://www.ine.pt/. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  6. ↑ Fernando Nunes da Silva (2005), Alta Velocidade em Portugal, Desenvolvimento Regional, Censur ist
  7. ↑ "The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network, Loughborough University. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html. Retrieved 3 March 2009. 
  8. ↑ "Inventory of World Cities". Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citylist.html. Retrieved 2007-12-01. 
  9. ↑ "Avance del Plan Territorial Sectorial de la Red Intermodal y Logística del Transporte de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco" – Eusko Jaurlaritza – Gobierno Vasco
  10. ↑ Alta Velocidade em Síntese
  11. ↑ "Monocle, Issue June 2009". Monocle.com. 2009-06-11. http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Magazine-Articles/The-Worlds-top-25-most-liveable-cities/. Retrieved 2010-06-26. 
  12. ↑ Bremner, Caroline (12 December 2008). "Euromonitor International's Top City Destinations Ranking". Euromonitor International. http://www.euromonitor.com/_Euromonitor_Internationals_Top_City_Destinations_Ranking. Retrieved 2 March 2010. 
  13. ↑ "Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025". Pricewaterhouse Coopers. https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=3421&NewsAreaID=2. Retrieved 16 December 2009. 
  14. ↑ "Ranking: The richest cities in the world" – City Mayors.com
  15. ↑ "Lisboa é 9ª cidade que mais recebe congressos internacionais" – Agência LUSA
  16. ↑ Lisboa ponderou 2016, e agora 2020
  17. ↑ Ilha artificial no meio de Tejo como marca para a candidatura "alfacinha"
  18. ↑ Objectivo: Lisboa 2020
  19. ↑ "World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification". http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "Weather2Travel.com: Lisbon Climate Guide". http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/portugal/lisbon.php. 
  21. ↑ "Monthly Averages for Lisbon, Portugal (1971-2000)". Instituto de Meteorologia. http://www.meteo.pt/pt/oclima/normais/. Retrieved 2009-06-16. 
  22. ↑ "Climatological Information for Lisbon, Portugal" (1961-1990) - Hong Kong Observatory
  23. ↑ Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (November 5, 2008). "Lisbon, Portugal – Where the Land Ends and the Sea Begins". http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/imgdata/topics/2008/tp081105.html. Retrieved 7 December 09. 
  24. ↑ Mattoso, José (dir.), História de Portugal. Primeiro Volume: Antes de Portugal, Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, 1992 – in Portuguese.
  25. ↑ Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
  26. ↑ Pays Atlantiques décrits par Homère, Th. Cailleux, 1879, Paris.
  27. ↑ Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain: The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier
  28. ↑ "A 500-Year-Old Memory". The Jewish Week. April 21, 2009.
  29. ↑ Urbis Olisiponis descriptio (Évora, 1554); Lisbon in the Renaissance, trans Jeffrey S. Ruth (New York, 1996).
  30. ↑ Pereira, A.S. "The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake," Discussion Paper 06/03, Centre for Historical Economics and Related Research at York, York University, 2006 (pdf), p. 8.
  31. ↑ Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake
  32. ↑ Pereira, "The Opportunity of a Disaster," p. 8, estimates a population of 200,000.
  33. ↑ Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, citing an unreferenced estimate of 275,000.
  34. ↑ "Portugal". The Virtual Jewish History Tour.
  35. ↑ "Welcome to the official global voting platform of". New7Wonders. http://www.new7wonders.com/index.php?id=315&L=0. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  36. ↑ Classificação Expresso das melhores cidades portuguesas para viver em 2007, Expresso
  37. ↑ "Official web-site.". Lisbon Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. http://www.lisbonfilmfest.org/. Retrieved 2006-11-06. 
  38. ↑ "::: doclisboa 2009 :::". Doclisboa.org. http://www.doclisboa.org/. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  39. ↑ "ARTE LISBOA 2009 – Feira de Arte Contemporânea". Artelisboa.fil.pt. http://www.artelisboa.fil.pt/. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  40. ↑ Webcomum. "Festival Dos Oceanos". Festival Dos Oceanos. http://www.festivaldosoceanos.com/. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  41. ↑ "Juventude Musical Portuguesa". Jmp.pt. http://www.jmp.pt. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  42. ↑ two. "MOTELx – Festival Internacional de Cinema de Terror de Lisboa = {LISBON INTERNATIONAL HORROR FILM FESTIVAL}". Motelx.org. http://www.motelx.org. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  43. ↑ "lisbon village festival". lisbon village festival. http://lisbon.villagefestival.net/. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  44. ↑ "Feira do Livro de Lisboa". Feiradolivrodelisboa.pt. http://www.feiradolivrodelisboa.pt. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  45. ↑ "Peixe em Lisboa". Peixemlisboa.com. http://www.peixemlisboa.com. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  46. ↑ "Feira Internacional do Artesanato". Artesanato.fil.pt. http://www.artesanato.fil.pt/. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  47. ↑ "Festival IndieLisboa". Indielisboa.com. http://www.indielisboa.com. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  48. ↑ "alkantara". Alkantara.pt. http://www.alkantara.pt. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  49. ↑ "Festival Temps d'Images Portugal". Tempsdimages-portugal.com. http://www.tempsdimages-portugal.com/. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  50. ↑ "Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation / Music Department". Musica.gulbenkian.pt. http://www.musica.gulbenkian.pt/. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  51. ↑ "Trienal de Arquitectura de Lisboa". www.trienaldelisboa.com. http://www.trienaldelisboa.com. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  52. ↑ "ModaLisboa – LisboaFashionWeek – Semana oficial da moda portuguesa". Modalisboa.pt. http://www.modalisboa.pt/. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  53. ↑ "Experimentadesign". Experimentadesign.pt. http://www.experimentadesign.pt/. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  54. ↑ "Luzboa 2008". Luzboa.com. http://www.luzboa.com. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  55. ↑ "GDP per inhabitant in 2004". Eurostat. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_02/1-19022007-EN-AP.PDF. 
  56. ↑ "GDP per inhabitant in 2005". Eurostat. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008_MONTH_02/1-12022008-EN-AP.PDF. 
  57. ↑ "GDP per inhabitant in 2006". Eurostat. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2009/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2009_MONTH_02/1-19022009-EN-AP.PDF. 
  58. ↑ "GDP per inhabitant in 2007". Eurostat. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-18022010-AP/EN/1-18022010-AP-EN.PDF. 
  59. ↑ "Pequeno Resumo Histórico de Lisboa" – Câmara Municipal de Lisboa
  60. ↑ [1] Information from Carris, Lisbon transportation company.
  61. ↑ [2] Details of Lisbon's trams, from Luso Pages
  62. ↑ "vimeca". Vimeca.pt. http://www.vimeca.pt. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  63. ↑ "Bem vindo ao site da Rodoviária de Lisboa". Rodoviariadelisboa.pt. http://www.rodoviariadelisboa.pt. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  64. ↑ "TST – Transportes Sul do Tejo". Tsuldotejo.pt. http://www.tsuldotejo.pt. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  65. ↑ "Boa Viagem". Boa-viagem.pt. http://www.boa-viagem.pt. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  66. ↑ "Barraqueiro Transportes". Barraqueirotransportes.pt. http://www.barraqueirotransportes.pt. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  67. ↑ "Transtejo e Soflusa". Transtejo.pt. http://www.transtejo.pt. Retrieved 2009-07-08. 
  68. ↑ [3]
  69. ↑ "::Bethlehem Municipality::". www.bethlehem-city.org. http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php. Retrieved 2009-10-10. 
  70. ↑ "Sister cities of Budapest" (in Hungarian). Official Website of Budapest. http://www.budapest.hu/engine.aspx?page=20030224-cikk-testvervarosok. Retrieved 2009-07-01. 
  71. ↑ Madrid city council webpage "Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas". Ayuntamiento de Madrid. http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD Madrid city council webpage. 
  72. ↑ Prefeitura.Sp – Descentralized Cooperation
  73. ↑ International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities
  74. ↑ "Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagreb". © 2006–2009 City of Zagreb. http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
  75. ↑ "Sister cities of Beijing". Official Website of Beijing. http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/. Retrieved 2009-07-11. 

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