Kharkiv

Kharkiv (Харків)
Kharkov (Харьков)
Freedom Square, Kharkiv

Flag
Coat of arms
Map of Ukraine with Kharkiv highlighted.
Coordinates:
Country  Ukraine
Oblast Kharkiv Oblast
Municipality Kharkiv City Municipality
Founded 1654
City rights 1552-1654
Raions
Government
 - Mayor Gennady Kernes
Area
 - Total 310 km2 (119.7 sq mi)
Elevation 152 m (499 ft)
Population (2007)
 - Total 1,461,000
 - Density 4,500/km2 (11,654.9/sq mi)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 - Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code 61001—61499
Licence plate ХА, 21 (old)
Sister cities Belgorod, Bologna, Cincinnati, Kaunas, Lille, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Nuremberg, Poznań, St. Petersburg, Tianjin, Rize, Kutaisi, Varna
Website http://www.city.kharkov.ua

Kharkiv (Ukrainian: Харків, pronounced [ˈxɑrkiw];[1]) or Kharkov (Russian: Харьков) is the second largest city in Ukraine.

Founded in 1654, Kharkiv became the first city in Ukraine where the Soviet power was proclaimed and Soviet government was formed. Now it is the administrative centre of the Kharkiv oblast (province), as well as the administrative centre of the surrounding Kharkivskyi Raion (district) within the oblast. The city is located in the northeast of the country. As of 2006, its population is 1,461,300.[2]

Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific, educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with 60 scientific Institutes, 30 establishments of higher education, 6 museums, 7 theatres and 80 libraries. Its industry specializes mostly in machinery. There are hundreds of industrial companies in the city. Among them are world famous giants like the Morozov Design Bureau and the Malyshev Tank Factory, leaders in tank production since the 1930s; Khartron (aerospace and nuclear electronics); and the Turboatom turbines producer.

There is an underground rapid-transit system (metro) with about 35 km (22 mi) of track and 28 stations. A well-known landmark of Kharkiv is the Freedom Square (Maidan Svobody formally formerly known as Dzerzhinsky Square), which is currently the sixth largest city square in Europe, and the 10th largest square in the world.

Contents

History

Archeological evidence discovered in the area of present-day Kharkiv indicates that a local population has existed in that area since the 2nd millennium BC. Cultural artifacts date back to the Bronze Age, as well as those of later Scythian and Sarmatian settlers. There is also evidence that the Chernyakhov culture flourished in the area from the 2nd to the 6th century.

Founded in the middle of 17th century by the eponymous, near-legendary character called Kharko (a diminutive form of the name Chariton, Ukrainian: Харитон), the settlement became a city in 1654. Kharkiv became the centre of the Sloboda cossack legion. The city had a fortress with underground passageways.

Within the Russian Empire

19th-century view of Kharkiv, with the Assumption Cathedral belltower dominating the downtown.

Kharkiv university was established in 1805. The streets were first cobbled in the city centre in 1830. RA system of running water was established in 1870. In 1912 the first sewerage system was built. Gas lighting was installed in 1890 and electric lighting in 1898. In 1869 the first railway station was constructed. In 1906 the first tram lines.

From 1800-1917 the population grew 30 times.

Kharkiv became a major industrial centre and with it a centre of Ukrainian culture. In 1812 the first Ukrainian newspaper was published there. One of the first Prosvitas in Eastern Ukraine was established in Kharkiv. A strong political movement was also established there and the concept of an Independent Ukraine was first declared there by the lawyer M. Mykhnovsky in 1900.

Soviet period

Prior to the formation of the Soviet Union, Bolsheviks established Kharkiv as the capital of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (from 1919–1934) in opposition to the Ukrainian People's Republic with its capital of Kiev.

Modern view of the Derzhprom building.

As the country's capital, it underwent intense expansion with the construction of buildings to house the newly established Ukrainian Soviet government and administration. Derzhprom was the second tallest building in Europe and the tallest in the Soviet Union at the time with a height of 63 m[3]. In the 1920s, a 150 m wooden radio tower was built on top of the building. The radio tower was destroyed in World War II.

In 1928, the SVU (Union for the Freedom of Ukraine) process was initiated and court sessions were staged in the Kharkiv Opera (now the Philharmonia) building. Hundreds of Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested and deported.

In the early 1930s, the Holodomor famine drove many people off the land into the cities, and to Kharkiv in particular, in search of food. Many people died and were secretly buried in mass graves in the cemeteries surrounding the city.

Monument to the persecuted kobzars in Kharkiv

In 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism in Art. The purges continued into 1938. Blind Ukrainian street musicians were also gathered in Kharkiv and murdered by the NKVD.[4] In January 1935 the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kiev.

Memorial to the thousands of Ukrainian intellectuals murdered by the NKVD in 1937-38
Memorial to the thousands of Polish officers slaughtered by the NKVD in Kharkiv as part of the Katyn massacre

During April and May 1940 about 3,800 Polish prisoners of Starobelsk camp were executed in the Kharkiv NKVD building, later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in Pyatykhatky forest (part of the Katyn massacre) on the outskirts of Kharkiv.[5] The site also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested and shot in the 1937-38 Stalinist purges.

Nazi occupation

23 August Memorial

During World War II, Kharkiv was the site of several military engagements. The city was captured and recaptured by Nazi Germany on 24 October 1941; there was a disastrous Red Army offensive that failed to capture the city in May 1942;[6][7] the city was successfully retaken by the Soviets on 16 February 1943, captured for a second time by the Germans on 16 March 1943 and then finally liberated on 23 August 1943. Seventy percent of the city was destroyed and tens of thousands of the inhabitants were killed. Kharkiv, the third largest city in the Soviet Union, was the most populous city in the Soviet Union captured by Nazis, since in the years preceding World War II, Kiev was by population the smaller of the two.

The significant Jewish population of Kharkiv (Kharkiv's Jewish community prided itself with the 2nd largest synagogue in Europe) suffered greatly during the war. Between December 1941 and January 1942, an estimated 30,000 people (slightly more than half Jewish) were killed and buried in a mass grave by the Germans in a ravine outside of town named Drobitsky Yar.

During World War II, four battles took place for control of the city:

Before the occupation, Kharkiv's tank industries were evacuated to the Urals with all their equipment, and became the heart of Red Army's tank programs (particularly, producing the legendary T-34 tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These enterprises returned to Kharkiv after the war, and continue to produce some of the world's best tanks.

Post War

In the post-war period many of the destroyed homes and factories were rebuilt. Gas lines were installed for heating in government and later private homes. An airport was built in 1954.Following the war Kharkiv was the third largest scientific-industrial centre in the former USSR (after Moscow and Leningrad).

In independent Ukraine

In 2007, the Vietnamese minority in Kharkiv built the largest Buddhist temple in Europe on a 1 hectare plot with a monument to Ho Chi Minh.[8]

Geography and climate

Kharkiv is located in the northeastern region of Ukraine at around . Historically, Kharkiv lies in the Sloboda Ukraine region (Slobozhanshchyna also known as Slobidshchyna), in which it is considered the main city. The city rests at the confluence of the Kharkiv, Lopan, and Udy rivers, where they flow into the Seversky Donets watershed.

Kharkiv's climate is humid continental (Köppen climate classification Dfb), with cold and snowy winters, and hot summers. The seasonal average temperatures are not too cold in winter, not too hot in summer: −6.9 °C (20 °F) in January, and 20.3 °C (68.5 °F) in July. The average rainfall totals 513 mm (20 in) per year, with the most in June and July.

Climate data for Kharkiv, Ukraine
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) -2.8
(27)		 -2.0
(28.4)		 3.7
(38.7)		 14.0
(57.2)		 20.7
(69.3)		 24.6
(76.3)		 25.9
(78.6)		 25.2
(77.4)		 19.4
(66.9)		 11.7
(53.1)		 3.6
(38.5)		 -0.8
(30.6)		 11.9
(53.4)
Average low °C (°F) -8.5
(16.7)		 -8.1
(17.4)		 -2.9
(26.8)		 4.7
(40.5)		 9.9
(49.8)		 13.8
(56.8)		 15.0
(59)		 14.1
(57.4)		 9.1
(48.4)		 3.7
(38.7)		 -1.8
(28.8)		 -5.8
(21.6)		 3.6
(38.5)
Precipitation mm (inches) 44
(1.73)		 32
(1.26)		 27
(1.06)		 36
(1.42)		 47
(1.85)		 58
(2.28)		 60
(2.36)		 50
(1.97)		 41
(1.61)		 35
(1.38)		 44
(1.73)		 45
(1.77)		 549
(21.61)
Source: Weather and climate - Kharkiv's climate [9][10]

Government and administrative divisions

While Kharkiv is the administrative centre of the Kharkiv Oblast (province), the city affairs are managed by the Kharkiv Municipality. Kharkiv is a city of oblast subordinance.

Administrative divisions of Kharkiv

The territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrative raions (districts):

  1. Leninsky (Ukrainian: Ленінський район)
  2. Dzerzhynsky (Ukrainian: Дзержинський район)
  3. Kyivsky (Ukrainian: Київський район)
  4. Moskovsky (Ukrainian: Московський район)
  5. Frunzensky (Ukrainian: Фрунзенський район)
  6. Ordzhonikidzevsky (Ukrainian: Орджонікідзевський район)
  7. Kominternіvsky (Ukrainian: Комінтернівський район)
  8. Chervonozavodsky (Ukrainian: Червонозаводський район)
  9. Zhovtnevy (Ukrainian: Жовтневий район)

Demographics

Historical populations
Year Pop.
1660[11] 1,000
1788[12] 10,742
1850[13] 41,861
1861[13] 50,301
1901[13] 198,273
1916[14] 352,300
1917[15] 382,000
1920[14] 285,000
1926[14] 417,000
1939[16] 833,000
1941[14] 902,312
1941[17] 1,400,000
1941[14][18] 456,639
1943[19] 170,000
1959[13] 930,000
1962[13] 1,000,000
1976[13] 1,384,000
1982[12] 1,500,000
1989 1,593,970
1999 1,510,200
2001[20] 1,470,900

According to the 1989 Soviet Union Census, the population of the city was 1,593,970. In 1991, the population decreased to 1,510,200, including 1,494,200 permanent city residents.[21] Kharkiv is currently the second-largest city in Ukraine after the capital, Kiev.[2]

The nationality structure of Kharkiv as of the 1989 census is: Ukrainians 50.38%, Russians 43.63%, Jews 3%, Belarusians 0.75%, and all others (more than 25 minorities) 2.24%.[21] according to the Soviet census of 1959 there were Ukrainians (48.4%), Russians (40.4%), Jews (8.7%) and other nationalities (2.5%).[22]

According to the census of 2001 done on the Kharkiv region 53.8% consider Ukrainian as their native tongue, (3.3 % more than in the 1989 census). The Russian language is considered native for 44.3% of the population (a decline of 3.8% since 1989)[23].

Notes

Economy

During the Soviet era Kharkiv was the capital of industrial production in Ukraine and the third largest centre of industry and commerce in the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the largely defence-systems-oriented industrial production of the city decreased significantly. In the early 2000s the industry started to recover and adapt to market economy needs. Now there are more than 380 industrial enterprises concentrated in the city, which have a total number of 150,000 employees. The enterprises form machine-building, electro-technologic, instrument-making, and energy conglomerates.

State-owned industrial giants, such as Turboatom[24] and Elektrotyazhmash[25] occupy 17% of the heavy power equipment construction (e.g., turbines) market worldwide. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by the Antonov aircraft manufacturing plant. The Malyshev factory produces not only armoured fighting vehicles, but also harvesters. Khartron[26] is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine and the former CIS.

Science and Education

Kharkiv is one of the most prolific centres of higher education and research of Eastern Europe. The city has 13 national universities and numerous professional, technical and private higher education institutions, offering its students a wide range of disciplines. Kharkiv National University (12,000 students), National Technical University “KhPI” (10,000 students), Kharkiv National Aerospace University "KhAI" are the leading universities in Ukraine. A total number of 150,000 students attend the universities and other institutions of higher education in Kharkiv. About 9,000 foreign students from 96 countries study in the city. More than 17,000 faculty and research staff are employed in the institutions of higher education in Kharkiv.

The city has a high concentration of research institutions, which are independent or loosely connected with the universities. Among them are three national science centres: Kharkіv Institute of Physics and Technology,[27] Institute of Metrology,[28] Institute for Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine and 20 national research institutions of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, such as Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering[29] and Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine. A total number of 26,000 scientists are working in research and development. A number of world renowned scientific schools appeared in Kharkiv, such as the theoretical physics school and the mathematical school.

In addition to the libraries affiliated with the various universities and research institutions, the Kharkiv State Scientific V. Korolenko-library[30] is a major research library. Kharkiv has 212 (secondary education) schools, including 10 lyceums and 20 gymnasiums.

Modern Kharkiv

Of the many attractions of the Kharkiv city are the: Derzhprom building, Memorial Complex, Freedom Square, Taras Shevchenko Monument, Mirror Stream, Dormition Cathedral, Militia Museum, Annunciation Cathedral, T. Shevchenko Gardens, funicular, Children's narrow-gauge railroad and many more.

The Annunciation Cathedral is one of the tallest Orthodox churches in the world.

Sport

Kharkiv is Ukraine's second largest city and as in the whole country sports are taken seriously. The most popular sport is football. The city has several football clubs playing in the Ukrainian National competitions. The most successful is Metalist that also participated in international competitions on numerous occasions.

Kharkiv also has a hockey club and a female football club Zhytlobud-1. The last one represented Ukraine in the European competitions and constantly is the main contender for the national title.

Culture

Literature

In the 1930s Kharkiv was referred to as a Literary Klondike. It was the centre for the work of literary luminaries such as: Les Kurbas, Mykola Kulish, Mykola Khvylovy, Mykola Zerov, Valerian Pidmohylny, Pavlo Filipovych, Marko Voronny, Oleksa Slisarenko. Over 100 of these writers were executed during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. This tragic event in Ukrainian history is called the "Executed Rennaisance" (Rozstrilene vidrodzhennia).

In the 1930s most of these literary figures were repressed. Today a literary museum located on Chervonoprapirna Street marks celebrates their work and achievements.

Kharkiv is the unofficial capital of Ukrainian Science fiction and Fantasy. It is the home to popular writers like H. L. Oldie, Alexander Zorich, Andrey Dashkov, Yuri Nikitin and Andrey Valentinov. Annual science fiction convention "Star Bridge" (Звёздный мост) is held in Kharkiv since 1999.

Music

Kharkiv sponsors the prestigious Hnat Khotkevych International Music Competition of Performers of Ukrainian Folk Instruments which takes place every 3 years. Since 1997 four tri-annual competitions have taken place. The 2010 competition was cancelled by the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture 2 days before its opening[31].

Twin towns - Sister cities

Kharkiv is currently twinned with:[32]

Nobel and Fields prize winners

Famous people from Kharkiv

  • Nikolai P. Barabashov - Astronomer, co-author of the first pictures of the far side of the Moon
  • Igor Vovchanchyn - Mixed martial artist,baddest man on the planet
  • Vladimir Bobri — Illustrator, author, composer, educator and guitar historian
  • Sergei Bortkiewicz — Russian Romantic composer and pianist
  • Maria Burmaka - Ukrainian singer, musician and songwriter
  • Leonid Bykov - a Soviet actor, film director, and script writer
  • Adolphe Mouron Cassandre — Ukrainian-French painter, commercial poster artist, and typeface designer
  • Valentina Chepiga - Female Bodybuilder and 2000 Ms. Olympia Champion
  • Juliya Chernetsky (Mistress Juliya) - television host, actress, model, and music promoter in the United States
  • Andrey Denisov - former Russian diplomat
  • Vladimir Drinfel'd — Mathematician, was awarded Fields Medal in 1990
  • Isaak Dunayevsky — a Soviet composer and conductor
  • Konstanty Gorski — Polish composer, violist, organist, and music teacher
  • Valentina Grizodubova — One of the first female pilots in the Soviet Union
  • Lyudmila Gurchenko (Hurchenko) - Soviet and Russian actress, singer and entertainer
  • Mikhail Gurevich - Soviet aircraft designer, a partner (with Artem Mikoyan) of the famous MiG military aviation bureau
  • Mikhail Gurevich— Ukrainian chess player
  • Leonid Haydamaka - bandurist, conductor, founder of first orchestra of Ukrainian folk instruments.
  • Maksym Kalynychenko - Ukrainian football player
  • Vasily Karazin - the founder of Kharkiv University, which now bears his name.
  • Hnat Khotkevych - Ukrainian writer, ethnographer, composer, bandurist
  • Mikhail Koshkin - chief designer of Soviet tank T-34
  • Olga Krasko - Russian actress
  • Mykola Kulish - Ukrainian playwright
  • Les Kurbas - Ukrainian dramtist
  • Simon Kuznets - was a Russian American economist
  • Lev Landau - prominent Soviet physicist, Nobel Prize winner
  • Evgeny Lifshitz — Leading Soviet physicist
  • Eduard Limonov - Writer, poet and controversial politician.
  • Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy - lead developer of the Soviet Shuttle Buran programme
  • Aleksandr Lyapunov - Russian mathematician, mechanician and physicist. Inventor of motion stability theory
  • Boris Mikhailov — photographer / artist
  • Valerian Pidmohylny - Ukrainian poet
  • Irina Press — Ukrainian athlete who won two Olympic gold medals
  • Tamara Press — Soviet shot putter and discus thrower
  • Alexander Shchetynsky — Composer
  • Eugen Schauman - Finnish nationalist who killed Russian general Nikolay Ivanovich Bobrikov in 1904
  • Klavdiya Shulzhenko — was the most popular female singer of the Soviet Union.
  • Alexander Siloti — Russian pianist, conductor and composer
  • Hryhorii Skovoroda - was a Ukrainian poet, philosopher and composer.
  • Karina Smirnoff - Ukrainian professional world champion dancer, starring on Dancing with the Stars
  • Jura Soyfer — Austrian political journalist and cabaret writer
  • Otto Struve — Russian-American astronomer
  • Sergei Sviatchenko - Ukrainian artist
  • Mark Taimanov — Leading Ukrainian chess player and concert pianist
  • Nikolai Tikhonov — Premier of the Soviet Union
  • Vladimir Vasyutin — Soviet cosmonaut of Ukrainian descent
  • Vasyl Yermylov – Painter and Designer
  • Serhiy Zhadan - Ukrainian poet, novelist, and translator.
  • Irina Zhurina – opera singer, People's Artist of Russia

Transport

Kharkiv's railway station building "Pivdenny vokzal".

The city of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centres in Ukraine, which is connected to numerous cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic. The city has many transportation methods, including: public transport, taxis, railways, and air traffic.

Local transport

Being an important transportation centre of Ukraine, Kharkiv itself contains many different transportation methods. Kharkiv's Metro is the city's rapid transit system, operating since 1975, it includes three different lines with 28 stations in total.[36] The Kharkiv buses carry about 12 million passengers annually, trolleybuses, tramways (which celebrated 100 years of service in 2006), and marshrutkas (private minibuses).

Railways

The first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The first train to arrive in Kharkiv came from the north on 22 May 1869, and on 6 June 1869, traffic was opened on the Kursk–Kharkiv–Azov line. Kharkiv's passenger railway station was reconstructed and expanded in 1901, to be later destroyed in the Second World War. A new railway station was built in 1952.

Various railway transportation methods available in the city are the: inter-city railway trains, and elektrichkas (regional electric trains).

Air travel

Kharkiv is served by an international airport which used to have about 200 flights a day, almost all of them being passenger flights. The Kharkiv International Airport was only recently granted international status. The airport itself is not large and is situated within the city boundaries, south from the city centre. Flights to Kiev and Moscow are scheduled daily. There are regular flights to Vienna and Istanbul, and several other destinations. Charter flights are also available. The former largest carrier of the Kharkiv Airport — Aeromost-Kharkiv — is not serving any regular destinations as of 2007. The Kharkiv North Airport is a factory airfield and was a major production facility for Antonov aircraft company.

Gallery

T-34 on permanent display near the Historical Museum

Autumn in Kharkiv

Lord Ganesha in Kharkiv Zoo

Kharkiv, Lopan (left) and Kharkiv (right) Rivers

Kharkiv Circus

Gorky Park in Kharkiv

New Apartments in Saltivka

Dynamovska Street - Bird Eye View

Kharkiv State Academy of Culture

Cinema Kiev on Marshal Zhukov Avenue, Kharkiv

Drobitskiy Menora

Kharkiv Railway Station - Overhead Bridge View

Lopansky Bridge

Kharkiv Railway Station

Monument Yaroslav the Wise

Chapel of Saint Tatiana

Footnotes and references

  1. ↑ Kharkiv on Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Results / General results of the census / Number of cities". 2001 Ukrainian Census. http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/. Retrieved August 28, 2006. 
  3. ↑ [1] Derzhprom statistcs
  4. ↑ Ukrainian minstrels: and the blind shall sing by Natalie Kononenko, M.E. Sharp, ISBN 0765601443/ISBN 978-0765601445, page 116
  5. ↑ Fischer, Benjamin B., "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field", Studies in Intelligence, Winter 1999–2000, last accessed on 10 December, 2005
  6. ↑ The Red Army committed 765,300 men to this offensive, suffering 277,190 casualties (170,958 killed/missing/PoW, 106,232 wounded) and losing 652 tanks, and 4,924 guns and mortars. Glantz, David M., Kharkov 1942, anatomy of a military disaster through Soviet eyes, pub Ian Allan, 1998, ISBN 0-7110-2562-2 page 218.
  7. ↑ per Robert M. Citino, author of "Death of the Wehrmacht", and other sources, the Red Army came to within a few miles of Kharkiv on 14 May 1942 by Soviet forces under Marshall Timoshenko before being driven back by German forces under Field Marshall Fedor von Bock, p. 100
  8. ↑ In↑ «Сегодня»,21 December 2007.
  9. ↑ "Weather Information for Kharkov Погода и климат - климат Харькова". http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/34300.htm. 
  10. ↑ "Kharkiv weather information". http://www.meteoprog.ua/en/weather/Kharkiv/. 
  11. ↑ Л.И. Мачулин. Mysteries of the underground Kharkov. — Х.: 2005. ISBN 966-87-68-00-0 (Russian)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kharkov: Architecture, monuments, renovations: Travel guide. Ed. А. Лейбфрейд, В. Реусов, А. Тиц. — Х.: Прапор, 1987(Russian)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Н.Т. Дьяченко. Streets and squares of Kharkov. - X.: Прапор, 1977(Russian)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 А.В. Скоробогатов. Kharkov in times of German occupation (1941-1943). - X.: Прапор, 2006. ISBN 966-7880-79-6(Ukrainian)
  15. ↑ Oleksandr Leibfreid, Yu. Poliakova. Kharkov. From fortress to capital. - Х.: Фолио, 2004(Russian)
  16. ↑ State archives of Kharkov Oblast. Ф. Р-2982, оп. 2, file 16, pp 53-54
  17. ↑ Colonel Н. И. Рудницкий. Военкоматы Харькова в предвоенные и военные годы.(Russian)
  18. ↑ In reference to the German census of December 1941; without children and teenagers no older 16 years of age; numerous city-dwellers evaded the registration(Russian)
  19. ↑ Mykyta Khruschev. Report to ЦК ВКП(б) of August 30, 1943. History: without «white spots». Kharkov izvestia, № 100—101, August 23, 2008, page 6(Russian)
  20. ↑ Ukrainian Census (2001)
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Kharkiv today" (in Russian). Our Kharkіv. http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25. Retrieved May 4, 2007. 
  22. ↑ Історія міста Харкова ХХ століття, Харків 2004, р. 456
  23. ↑ [2] Census of 2001
  24. ↑ turboatom.com.ua
  25. ↑ spetm.com.ua
  26. ↑ khartron.com.ua
  27. ↑ Official website of Kharkіv Institute of Physics and Technology
  28. ↑ Official website of Kharkiv Institute of Metrology
  29. ↑ Official website of Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering
  30. ↑ official website of Kharkiv State Scientific V. Korolenko-library
  31. ↑ [3] competition scandal
  32. ↑ "Sister cities of Kharkiv" (in Russian). http://kharkov.vbelous.net/sisttown.htm. Retrieved May 4, 2007. 
  33. ↑ "Brno - Partnerská města" (in Czech). © 2006-2009 City of Brno. http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272. Retrieved 2009-07-17. 
  34. ↑ "Lile Facts & Figures". Mairie-Lille.fr. http://www.mairie-lille.fr/sections/site-en/Menu_horizontal_haut/discovering-lille/lille-facts-figures/lille-facts-figures. Retrieved 2007-12-17. 
  35. ↑ "Poznań Official Website - Twin Towns". Flag of Poland.svg (in Polish) © 1998-2008 Urząd Miasta Poznania. http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl. Retrieved 2008-11-29. 
  36. ↑ "Metro. Basic facts" (in Ukrainian). City transportation Kharkiv. http://www.gortransport.kharkov.ua/subway/index.php. Retrieved May 4, 2007. 

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Ukraine Administrative divisions of Ukraine
Capital: Kiev
Oblasts
Cherkasy · Chernihiv · Chernivtsi · Dnipropetrovsk · Donetsk · Ivano-Frankivsk · Kharkiv · Kherson · Khmelnytskyi · Kiev · Kirovohrad · Luhansk · Lviv · Mykolaiv · Odessa · Poltava · Rivne · Sumy · Ternopil · Vinnytsia · Volyn · Zakarpattia · Zaporizhia · Zhytomyr
Cities with special status
Autonomous Republic
Administrative centers
Cherkasy · Chernihiv · Chernivtsi · Dnipropetrovsk · Donetsk · Ivano-Frankivsk · Kharkiv · Kherson · Khmelnytskyi · Kiev · Kirovohrad · Luhansk · Lutsk · Lviv · Mykolaiv · Odessa · Poltava · Rivne · Sevastopol · Simferopol · Sumy · Ternopil · Uzhhorod · Vinnytsia · Zaporizhia · Zhytomyr
Historical Capitals of Rus', Ukrainian states and states on Ukrainian soil1
Kievan Rus'
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
Volodymyr  · Halych  · Lviv
Cossack Hetmanate
Chyhyryn  · Baturyn  · Hlukhiv
Grand Duchy of Rus'
Ukrainian states after Russian Empire and before Ukrainian SSR
West Ukrainian People's Republic
Ukrainian People's Republic
Kiev (1917–1920)
Ukrainian Soviet Republic (ru)
Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
Kharkiv  · Luhansk
Ukrainian SSR (since 1917), independent Ukraine (since 1991)
Ukrainian SSR (part of the SU 1922-91), Ukraine
Kharkiv (1919-1934)  · Kiev (since 1934)
Footnotes:
1Meaning (Cossack) states on the territory of current Ukraine