Jhelum

Jhelum
جہلم
—  City  —
Major Akram Shaheed Memorial
Nickname(s): City of Soldiers
Land of Martyrs and Warriors
Map of Jhelum City
Jhelum جہلم is located in Pakistan
Jhelum
جہلم
Location within Pakistan
Coordinates: [1]
Country Pakistan Pakistan
Territory Punjab
Union Council 7 UC
Government
 - Type District Government
 - Administrator District Co-ordination Officer Jhelum
Area
 - Total 22.5 km2 (8.7 sq mi)
Elevation 250 m (825 ft)
Population (1998)
 - Total 145,847
 - Estimate (2009) 172,073
 - Density 7,821/km2 (20,256.3/sq mi)
Time zone PST (UTC+5)
Postal Code 49600
Area code(s) 0544
Website Official Website[2]

Jhelum (Urdu, Punjabi: جہلم) (Greek: Alexandria Bucephalous) is a city on the right bank of the Jhelum River, in the district of the same name in the north of Punjab province, Pakistan. Jhelum is known for providing a large number of soldiers to the British and later to the Pakistan armed forces due to which it is also known as city of soldiers or land of martyrs and warriors[3][4]. Jhelum is a few miles upstream from the site of the Battle of the Hydaspes between the armies of Alexander the Great and Raja Porus. A city called Bucephala was founded nearby to commemorate the death of Alexander's horse, Bucephalus. Other notable sites nearby include the 16th century Rohtas Fort, the Tilla Jogian complex of ancient temples, and the 16th-century Grand Trunk Road which passes through the city. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan the population of Jhelum was 293,000. The name of the city is derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow), as the river that flows through the river originates in the Himalayas.[5] There are a number of industries in and around Jhelum city, including a tobacco factory, wood, marble, glass and flour mills.

Contents

Etymology

Anjum Sultan Shahbaz recorded some stories of the name Jhelum in his book Tareekh-e-Jhelum as[6]:

“ Many writers have different opinions about the name of Jhelum. One suggestion is that in ancient days Jhelum was known as Jalham. The word Jhelum is reportedly derived from the words Jal(pure water) and Ham (snow). The name thus refers to the waters of a river (flowing besides the city) which have their origins in the snow-capped Himalayas.[7]

However some writers believe that when "Dara-e-Azam" reached a certain place on the river bank after winning many battles, he fixed his flag at that place and called it "Ja-e-Alam" which means "Place of the Flag". With the passage of time it became Jhelum from "Ja-e-Alam".

Tareekh-e-Jhelum Book Cover

According to tradition, Hazrat Saeed Bin Abi Waqas, brother of Hazrat Saad Bin Abi Waqas, was sent to China to preach Islam, during his journey he arrived at the city of Jhelum, he saw the reflection of a city in the river and said "هذا جهيلم" (this is Jheelum), which means "City besides the river, in full moonlight"

Ahmed Shah Abdali also used "Jheelum" in place of Jhelum and “Harian” for Kharian in his diary.

 ”

Shahbaz, Anjum Sultan (September 2003). Tareekh-e-Jhelum. history of Jhelum (2nd ed.). Book Corner, Main Bazar, Jhelum. p. 92. http://openlibrary.org/b/OL23138105M/Tareekh-e-Jhelum. 

History

The Janjuas Rajputs and Jats, who now hold the Salt Range and its northern plateau respectively, appear to have been the earliest inhabitants of Jhelum.[8] The history of Jhelum dates back to the semi-mythical period of the Mahabharata. Hindu tradition represents the nearby Salt Range as the refuge of the five Pandava brothers during the period of their exile. The next major point in the history of the district was the Battle of the Hydaspes between Alexander the Great and the local ruler, Porus.

A Sikh-era fort in Jhelum City

The Gakhars appear to represent an early wave of conquerors from the west, and who still inhabit a large tract in the east of the district; while the Awans, who now cluster in the western plain, are apparently later invaders, the Gakhars were the dominant race during the early Muslim era and they long continued to retain their independence, both in Jhelum itself and in the neighbouring district of Rawalpindi.[8]

During the flourishing period of the Mughal dynasty, the Gakhar chieftains were among the most prosperous and loyal vassals of the house of Babar, but after the collapse of the Mughal empire, Jhelum came under the rule of the Sikhs.[8]

An old photo of Jhelum city

In 1765 Gujar Singh defeated the last independent Gakhar chief, Muqarrrab Khan, and subjugated the wild mountaineers of the Salt Range and the Murree Hills. His son succeeded to his dominions until 1810, when it fell to Ranjit Singh. Under the rule of Ranjit Singh, the dominant classes of Jhelum suffered much from fiscal actions; and the Janjua, Gakhars, and Awan families gradually lost their landed estates to their Jat dependents.[8]

In 1849 Jhelum passed with the rest of the Sikh territories to the British. Ranjit Singh, however, had so thoroughly subjugated the wild mountain tribes of the district that little difficulty was experienced in reducing it to working order. In 1857 the 14th Native Infantry stationed at Jhelum town mutinied, and made a vigorous defence against a force sent from Rawalpindi to disarm them, but decamped on the night following the action, with the main body being subsequently arrested by the Kashmiri authorities, into whose territory they had escaped.

During British rule Jhelum was a district of Rawalpindi Division, and was larger than the current district of Jhelum. On April 1, 1914, the tehsil of Talagang was detached from the district and incorporated with the new district of Attock. The old Jhelum district (minus Talagang) covered an area of 7,285 km2 (2,813 sq mi) and included Chakwal tehsil - it was bounded by Shahpur and Attock to the west, and by Rawalpindi to the north - the Jhelum River separated it from Kashmir to the north-east and from Gujrat and Shahpur to the south-east and south.[8]

During British rule Jhelum was connected by the North-Western Railway to other cities in the Indian empire, 1,367 miles from Calcutta, 1,413 from Bombay, and 849 from Karachi. The population according to the 1901 census of India was 14,951.[8]

According to the Imperial Gazetteer of India:

“ "The present town is of modern origin, the old town, which may have been the Bucephala of Alexander having been, on the left or opposite bank of the river. Under Sikh rule the place was quite unimportant, being mainly occupied by a settlement of boatmen, and at the time of annexation contained about 500 houses. It was then chosen as the site of a cantonment and as the head-quarters of the civil administration. For some years it was the seat of the Commissioner of the Division, but in 1859 his head-quarters were transferred to Rawalpindi. Under British rule Jhelum has steadily advanced in prosperity; and it is the entrepôt for most of the trade of the District, though, since the completion of the Sind-Sāgar branch of the North-Western Railway; the salt trade no longer passes through it. It is an important timber dépôt, the timber from the Kashmir forests which is floated down the river being collected here. A good deal of boat-building is carried on. The cantonment, which is 3 miles from the civil station, contains the church and post office. The normal strength of the garrison is one Native cavalry and four Native infantry regiments. The municipality was founded 1867. During the ten years ending 1902-3 the receipts averaged Rs. 32,100, and the expenditure Rs, 31,900. Receipts and expenditure from cantonment funds in the same period averaged Rs. 31,900 and Rs. 6,100 respectively. The chief income of the municipality in 1903-4 was Rs.34,200 chiefly from octroi; and the expenditure was Rs. 41,000. The town has two Anglo vernacular schools, a municipal high school, and a middle school maintained by the American Presbyterian Mission. Besides the civil hospital, the mission also maintains a hospital."[8] ”
Marble Lectern in memory of 35 British soldiers

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 35 British soldiers of HM XXIV regiment were killed by the local resistance. A lectern inside St. John's Church Jhelum the church shows the names of those 35 soldiers. St. John's Church is located in Jhelum Cantonment beside the river Jhelum. It was built in 1860 and is a landmark of the city. It is a Protestant church and was in use during the British period. For forty years it remained closed. Now it has been renovated and opened and almost in good condition.

Administration

The River Jhelum below the bridge beside Jhelum City

As well as being district capital, Jhelum city is also the headquarters of Jhelum Tehsil, the city of Jhelum is administratively subdivided into 7 Union Councils[9], namely Jhelum-I, Jhelum-II, Jhelum-III, Jhelum-IV, Jhelum-V, Jhelum-VI, Jhelum-VII, while Jhelum Tehsil is subdivided into Union Councils Badlot, Boken, Chak Khasa, Chotala, Darapur, Dhanyala, Dina-I, Dina-II, Garh Mahal, , Kala Gujran, Khukha, Kotla Faqir, Madu Kalas, Monan, Mughalabad, Nakka Khurd, Nara, Pandori, Sanghoi and Sohan.

Demography

Jhelum is one of the oldest districts of Punjab. It was established on 23 March 1849[11]. Jhelum District has a diverse population of 1,103,000 (2006)[12] which mainly consists of Punjabis. The population of the Jhelum city (proper) is about 172,073 [13](2009) and it is the 35th largest city of Pakistan with respect to population. Population Density is 261/km. Population Growth Rate is 1.51[14] which is very low as compared to other urban areas of Pakistan. The majority of the population i.e. 98.47 percent is Muslim. Among the minorities Christians are in majority sharing 1.36 percent in the district. Punjabi is the dominant language (96.6 percent), while, other languages spoken in the district are Urdu (1.9 percent), Pushto (1.2 percent). Major clans are Awans, Akra, Bharat, Gakhars, Gujars, Janjua Rajputs , Jalaps, Jats (Cheema, Dhamial Jats, Gondal, Ghuman, Sipra, Nagyal, thathaal, Kashmiris, Khokhars, Lilla Tribe Qureshis, Phaphra Mughals, Rajputs ( Bhakral, Bhatti, Chib, Minhas, Narma, Sohlan, e.t.c), Arain, Syed and Punjabi Shaikh.

Literacy rate of Jhelum is among the highest in Pakistan. At 79%, it is only lower than that of Islamabad and neighbouring Rawalpindi.[15] Somewhat higher than the literacy in Punjab province (58 percent)[15]. The literacy rate has remarkably increased from 38.9 percent in 1981. The rate is much higher in urban area when compared with rural areas both for males and females. 84% of the population have electricity and 96% have the water facility.[16]

City

Shabir plaza Shandar Chowk
Gumbad wali Masjid

In the past few years, the city has experienced rapid expansion and has become a vibrant economic and cultural center. The old city has fascinating narrow streets and crowded bazaars.

The main market area of the city is centered around "Shandar Chowk", "GTS Chowk", "Muhammadi Chowk" and includes "Main Bazaar", "Niya Bazaar", "Raja Bazaar", "Kinari Bazaar", "Sarafa Bazaar", "Chowk-Ehl-e-Hadith" and Soldier Arcade etc.

Some of the main roads of Jhelum City are Civil Line, Railway Road, Old GT Road, Kucheri Road, Iqbal Road and Rohtas Road.

A cantonment was built during the British rule, which has grown up into a strong Garrison, with an Infantry Division commanded by a Major General.

The estimated population of Jhelum in 2010 is 174,679[17] and the area of Jhelum is about 22 km2 (8.5 sq mi).

Geography and climate

Jhelum
Climate chart ()
J F M A M J J A S O N D
 
 
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21
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average max. and min. temperatures in °C
precipitation totals in mm
source: [1]

Lying at 32°56′ North latitude and 73°44′ East longitude, Jhelum is located just 1 hour and 30 minutes drive from the Capital of Pakistan Islamabad, and 3 Hours drive from the heart of Punjab Lahore. Jhelum is linked with these cities through the National Highway N-5. Several cities are within 1 to 2 hours drive including Gujrat (home to fan manufacturing),[18] Gujranwala,[19], Chakwal and Mirpur, Azad Kashmir.[20]

Jhelum is hot in summer, and dry and mild in winter. The maximum mean temperature in summer, in June, is recorded as 45.7 °C, where in winter, in January; the minimum temperature as recorded is 1.8 °C respectively. Average annual rainfall is about 900 mm (about 35 inches) which is much below the required quantity but in the rainy season the water torrents flow from North to the river Jhelum with a very fast speed and cause damages to the crops, bridges, roads and are responsible for the soil erosion in the district.[21]

Major floods

The biggest flood in Jhelum came in 1992. This flood sunk Jhelum city. Some people argue that 1996 flood was the biggest but they are very weak in their analysis as 1996 flood was very normal flood and did nothing to the city. But 1992 flood was very devastating.[22]

Important sites

Front view of Melange super Market
Akram Shaheed Library

Rohtas Fort is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king Sher Shah Suri. This fort is about 4 km in circumference and the first example of the successful amalgamation of Pukhtun and Hindu architecture in the sub-continent. Qila Rohtas is situated in a gorge approximately 16 km NW of Jhelum and 7 km from Dina.

The old city has a fascinating labyrinth of narrow streets and crowded bazaars. Opposite to the CMH Jhelum Cantt is located the beautiful mosque of the city, CMH Masjid Jhelum.

Located in the cantonment area is the St. John's Church Jhelum which was built in 1860. There was a local stadium near Gul Afshan Colony which is now transformed to a Cricket stadium named Zamir Jaffri Cricket Stadium. Close to Zamir Jaffri Cricket Stadium is located the Altaf Park which was constructed in 1994-95.

Nearly at a distance of 100m from Shandar Chowk, in the center of city is located Major Akram Shaheed Memorial Park. Major Muhammad Akram Memorial Library is also present in this park. On the 6th of September at the occasion of Defence Day, Parade also took place over here.

Mangla Dam Water Reservoir

Lehri Nature Park is almost 30 kilometers from Jhelum and 90 kilometres on GT Road in the hilly Pothohar region from Islamabad. It is 10 kilometres from GT Road. The Mangla Dam is located on the Jhelum River about 30 km (19 mi) from Jhelum, it is the twelfth largest dam in the world. It was constructed in 1967 across the Jhelum River. There is the Mangla View Resort[23] that is the first planned resort development in Pakistan to offer residences, villas, townhouses, hotels, serviced apartments & retail outlets. The resort is located on a 340-acre (1.4 km2) site on the Mangla Dam area.

Rasul Barrage is located on the Jhelum River about 30 km downstream from Jhelum. Two major water canals originate at the Rasul barrage, Rasul-Qadirabad link canal which is also called Lower-Jhelum link canal and Rasul-Shahpur branch canal.The area around the Rasul Barrage lake is also a picnic spot.

Transportation

Within city

Auto Rickshaws are very popular mode of transport for short routes within the city. Many of the new rickshaws in the city use Compressed natural gas (CNG) instead of the petrol engines as CNG is environmentally clean and cheaper compared to petrol. Rickshaws by QingQi are another important mode of transportation.

Out of city

Bus Stand Jhelum

There is a regular bus/Hiace service available running from early hours of the morning to late night. Daily routes includes Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Lahore, Gujrat, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Mandi Bahauddin, Sargodha, Chakwal, Mirpur and Faisalabad.

Regular Bus/Van service is also available with in Jhelum District, It include some of the important towns and villages such as: Buses from Jhelum to Pind Dadan Khan, Dina, Sohawa, Lillah, Nakka Khurd, Pind Sawika, Nagyal, Sanghoi, Mangla Cantt, Nara, Domeli, Darapur, Jalalpur Sharif and many more, while Vans from Jhelum to sanghoi, Dina, Kharian, Sarai Alamgir, Chak Jamal. Chak Doulat, Mughalabad, Boken, Dhanyala and many other destinations as well.

Railway

Jhelum Railway Station

The Jhelum Railway Station was built in 1928 during British rule before the independence of Pakistan. It was connected by the North-Western Railway to other cities in the Indian empire. Jhelum is on main line of Pakistan Railways, and linked to whole country through Railway line across the Pakistan. Many of the railway lines and bridges were designed and constructed by exceptionally hardworking engineers during the British time and after independence in Railway workshop Jhelum.

Air

The nearest airport is the Islamabad International Airport, which is approximately 110 km by road from Jhelum. A small airport called Mangla Airport, located near Dina, is in use of the aviation wing of the Pakistan Army.

Telecommunication

The PTCL provides the main network of landline telephone with minority shares of few other operators like WorldCall. All major mobile phone companies operating in Pakistan provide service in Jhelum. Broadband internet access is available from DSL, EVDO to state of the art WiMax technology from many ISPs, WiMax and WiFi operators like PTCL EVO[24], Wateen, WorldCall, LinkdotNet etc. WorldCall has laid its fiberoptics throughout the city of Jhelum for future project of FTTH with Tripple Play service[25]. In August 2008 PTCL has also launched its IPTV service named PTCL Smart TV in Jhelum.

Sports

Cricket Stadium Jhelum

The city also boasts a golf course called the River-View Golf Club[26], where national golf tournaments are held regularly.[27]

Also there is a Cricket Stadium named Zamir Jaffri Cricket Stadium where District lavel tournaments are held regularly. In October 2008, Pakistan Cricket Board has upraised this stadium for Regional events.[28]

There are variety of sports facilities available within the Jhelum Cantonment which include Cricket fields Hockey Fileds, football fields, Tennis Courts, Squash courts and Swimming Pools.

Journalism in Jhelum

The Prominent Journalist worth mentioning from Jhelum are Khaliq Kamran, Jameel Hashmi, Hakim Mohammad Afghan, Riaz Mirza, Dr.Noor Mohammad Nafir, Hameed Jhelumi of daily Amroz, Saif ud Din Hussam of Ansari sara(Monthly GUBAR), Syed Hassan Jaffery, monthly Wasta by Gul Nawaz Ahmed, Crime and Law by Sheikh Khalid Pervez Akhbar Meherban by Haji Meher ban.

Three colleges are also issuing a yearly magazine while PTC has published a few books in name of SATHI which Fikar & fun is a magazine of National Hobby Friends Society.

Education

Govt. College GT Road Jhelum

Jhelum has a fairly well-developed educational infrastructure. The overall literacy rate for Jhelum is 63.9 percent, somewhat a higher literacy in Punjab province (46.6 percent)[32].

Jhelum has 6 Degree Colleges for Women, 6 Degree Colleges for Men, 6 Co-education Colleges, 6 Commerece Colleges, one Law College, with numerous Higher Secondary Schools and over 150 High Schools[33].

Higher/technical education

In technical education there are two technical colleges, the Government Institute of Technology, Chak Daulat and the Government Technical Training Institute.[34] Jhelum also has two sub-campuses of the Virtual University of Pakistan namely Wings Institute of Learning and Punjab College For Women.[35] University of the Punjab is also establishing a sub-campus at Jhelum. Governament of Punjab has allocated 65 kanals of land for this purpose.[36]

Colleges

FG College

Some of the important colleges of Jhelum are:[37]

Hospitals

DHQ Civil Hospital Jada Jhelum
AlKhadim Memorial Hospital

Jhelum has some of the largest hospitals[40] in the area which include the hospital in cantonment area of the city managed by the Pakistan Army or sub organisations[41].

Major industries

Pakistan Tobacco Company Jhelum

Some of the major Industries are:[43]

Notable people

Admiral Tariq Kamal Khan giving Tamgha-i-Khidmat (Military) to Karam ud Din

People with origins in Jhelum[49] are listed below:

Jhelum pictures gallery

Map of Tehsil Jhelum

A fort in Jhelum City

Jhelum Railway Station

Railway Road

JJ Shop

Stylo and Hush Puppies, Civil Line

Saleem center, Civil Lines

Ladi's mart, MM#3

Cantonment Square, Jhelum

Mahfooz Plaza, Kazim Kamal Road

KFC Jhelum Cantt

View of a match

Zamir Jafri Cricket Stadium

Tulip lawn Jhelum

Kazim Kamal Park

A view of Old GT Road from Shabir Plaza

A view of Railway Road

Old GT Road

Passport Office

DIV Mosque

Sh. Qaym Din Masjid

Masjid Afghan

Shandar Chowk Jhelum

Jhelum River near Bela BBQ

See also

References

  1. ↑ Location of Jhelum - Falling Rain Genomics
  2. ↑ Jhelum Police official website
  3. ↑ BBC NEWS - City of Soldiers
  4. ↑ Youtube Video - AAJ NEWS Report (City of martyrs and warriors)
  5. ↑ The District Jhelum
  6. ↑ Tareekh-e-Jhelum, page 92 by Anjum Sultan Shahbaz
  7. ↑ The District Jhelum
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Jhelum District Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14, p. 152
  9. ↑ Tehsils & Unions in the District of Jhelum - Government of Pakistan
  10. ↑ World-Gazetteer.com. "Jhelum City". http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-172&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=442609372. Retrieved 2009-05-21. 
  11. ↑ Jhelum Report
  12. ↑ Population of Jhelum District
  13. ↑ Population of Jhelum City
  14. ↑ population growth rate
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/statistics/pslm_prov2006-07/2.14a.pdf
  16. ↑ District Profile
  17. ↑ World Gazetteer of population
  18. ↑ University of Gujrat
  19. ↑ Gujranwala Business Center
  20. ↑ ApnaJhelum (Mirpur as mini England)
  21. ↑ Annual weather report of Jhelum
  22. ↑ The biggest flood
  23. ↑ Mangla View Resort
  24. ↑ PTCL EVO
  25. ↑ LinkdotNET
  26. ↑ Jhelum River View Golf Club
  27. ↑ River-View Golf Club
  28. ↑ Jang News report(District Cricket Stadium, Jhelum)
  29. ↑ journalism in Jhelum
  30. ↑ Jhelum Post
  31. ↑ Jhelum chamber of commerce and Industry
  32. ↑ Punjab Education Department’s annual literacy statistics for 2006 Daily Times
  33. ↑ School Directory of PUNJAB (Jhelum)
  34. ↑ Technical education in Jhelum
  35. ↑ VU Jhelum campuses
  36. ↑ Punjab University NewsLetter
  37. ↑ Punjab University affiliated colleges in Jhelum
  38. ↑ Govt. Degree College, Jhelum
  39. ↑ Govt. College. G.T. Road, Jhelum
  40. ↑ Types of Health Facilities report in Jhelum
  41. ↑ Medical facilities in Jhelum
  42. ↑ Fauji Foundation Hospital on PhoneBook
  43. ↑ TMA Jhelum(Industries)
  44. ↑ Pakistan Tobacco Company
  45. ↑ KDC Plywood Factory
  46. ↑ Pakistan ChipBoard Factory
  47. ↑ Allience Textile Mill
  48. ↑ Rani Ghee Mill
  49. ↑ ApnaJhelum.com Personalities
  50. ↑ Saiful Malūk by Mian Muhammad Bakhsh
  51. ↑ Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan
  52. ↑ Justice Iftikhar Hussain Chaudhry, Chief Justice, Lahore High Court
  53. ↑ Satish Gujral
  54. ↑ BCC TV News Nosheen Idrees, runner up for the Miss Pakistan World
  55. ↑ Dr Ghulam Hussain

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Towns, cities and cantonments in Jhelum
Towns
Ahmedabad • Chak Jamal • Chotala • Dilawar • Darapur • Dina • Domeli • Gharibwal • Haranpur • Jalalpur Sharif • Jhelum • Kala Gujran • Khewra • Lilla • Pind Dadan Khan • Wagh • Pind Sawika • Rohtas • Sanghoi • Sohawa
Cantonments
Jhelum Cantonment  • Mangla Cantonment
Administrative divisions of Jhelum District
Headquarter
Jhelum City*
 Tehsil wise map of Jhelum.jpg
Jhelum City
Tehsil Jhelum
Boken, Chak Jamal, Chak Khasa, Chotala, Darapur, Dhanyala, Kala Gujran, Kotla Faqir, Monan, Mughalabad, Nakka Khurd, Nara, Sanghoi.
Tehsil Dina
Badlot, Dina-I, Dina-II, Garh Mahal, Khukha, Madu Kalas, Pandori, Sohan, Sultanpur.
Tehsil
Pind Dadan Khan
Ahmedabad, Chak Shadi, Daulatpur, Dharyala Jalap, Gharibwal, Golepur, Gujjar, Haranpur, Jalalpur Sharif, Kandwal, Khewra-I, Khewra-II, Lilla, Pind Dadan Khan, Pindi Saidpur, Sauwal, Toba.
Tehsil Sohawa
Adrana, Domeli, Jajial, Kohali, Lehri, Nagial, Pail Bane Khan, Phulrey Sydan, Pind Matay Khan, Sohawa
* Indicates the district headquaters