Imperial units

Imperial units or the imperial system is a system of units, first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, later refined (until 1959) and reduced. The system came into official use across the British Empire. By the late 20th century most nations of the former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement.

The former Weights and Measures office in Seven Sisters, London.

Contents

Relation to other systems

The imperial system is one of many systems of English or foot-pound-second units, so named because of the base units of length, mass and time. Although most of the units are defined in more than one system, some subsidiary units were used to a much greater extent, or for different purposes, in one area rather than the other. The distinctions between these systems are often not drawn precisely.

One such system is the US customary system, which is historically derived from units which were in use in England at the time of settlement. Because the United States was already independent at the time, these units were unaffected by the introduction of the imperial system. Units of length and area are mostly shared between the imperial and US systems, albeit being partially and temporarily defined differently. Capacity measures differ the most due to the introduction of the imperial gallon and the unification of wet and dry measures. The avoirdupois system applies only to weights; it has a long designation and a short designation for the hundredweight and ton.

Another distinction to be noted is that between these systems and older British/English units/systems or newer additions. The term imperial should not be applied to English units that were outlawed in Weights and Measures Act of 1824 or earlier, or which had fallen out of use by that time, nor to post-imperial inventions such as the slug or poundal.

Units

Length

Imperial standards of length 1876 in Trafalgar Square, London.

Since 1959, the US and the British yard have been defined identically to be 0.9144 metres, to match the international yard. Metric equivalents in this article usually assume this latest official definition. Before this date, the most precise measurement of the Imperial Standard Yard was 0.914398416 metres.[1]

Table of length equivalent units
Unit Relative to previous Feet Millimetres Metres Notes
thou (th) 1⁄12000 0.0254 25.4 μm
inch (in) 1000 thous 1⁄12 25.4
foot (ft) 12 inches 1 304.8 0.3048
yard (yd) 3 feet 3 914.4 0.9144 Defined as exactly 0.9144 metres since 1959
fathom (ftm) 2 yards 6.08 or 6[2] 1,853.184 1.853184 The British Admiralty in practice used a fathom as 6 feet. This was despite its being 1⁄1000 of a nautical mile (i.e. 6.08 feet) until the adoption of the international nautical mile. The commonly accepted definition of a fathom was always 6 feet. The conflict was inconsequential as Admiralty nautical charts designated depths shallower than 5 fathoms in feet on older imperial charts. Today all charts worldwide are metric, except for USA Hydrographic Office charts, which use feet for all depth ranges.
chain (Ch) 11 fathoms 66 20116.8 20.1168
furlong (fur) 10 chains 660 201.168
mile (mi) 8 furlongs 5,280 1,609.344
league (Lea) 3 miles 15,840 4,828.032 No longer an official unit in any nation.
Maritime units
cable ~100 fathoms 608 185.3184 One tenth of a nautical mile. When in use it was approximated colloquially as 100 fathoms.
nautical mile 10 cables 6,080 1,853.184 Used to measure distances at sea. Until the adoption of the international definition of 1852 metres in 1970, the British nautical (Admiralty) mile was defined as 6,080 feet. It was not readily expressible in terms of any of the intermediate units, because it was derived from the circumference of the Earth (like the original metre).
Gunter's survey units (17th century onwards)
link 66⁄100 201.168 0.201168 7.92 inches
pole 25 links 66⁄4 5,029.2 5.0292 The pole is also called rod or perch.
chain 4 poles 66 20.1168 1⁄10 furlong

Area

Area
Unit Relation to units of length Square feet Square rods Square miles Square metres Hectares Notes
perch 1 rod × 1 rod 272.25 1 1⁄102400 25.29285264 0.002529 Although the proper term is square rod, for centuries this unit has been called a pole or perch or, more properly square pole or square perch.
rood 1 furlong × 1 rod[3] 10,890 40 1⁄2560 1,011.7141056 0.1012 The rood is also called a rod.[4][5]
acre 1 furlong × 1 chain 43,560 160 1⁄640  4,046.8564224 0.4047
Note: All equivalences are exact except the hectares, which are accurate to four significant figures.

Volume

In 1824, the United Kingdom adopted a close approximation to the ale gallon known as the imperial gallon. The imperial gallon was based on the volume of 10 lb of distilled water weighed in air with brass weights with the barometer standing at 30 in Hg at a temperature of 62 °F. In 1963 this definition was refined as the space occupied by 10 lb of distilled water of density 0.998859 g/ml weighed in air of density 0.001217 g/ml against weights of density 8.136 g/ml. This works out to 4.545096 l, or 277.420 cu in. The Weights and Measures Act of 1985 switched to a gallon of exactly 4.54609 l (approximately 277.4 cu in).[6]

Table of volume units
Unit Imperial ounce Imperial pint Millilitres Cubic inches US ounces US pints
fluid ounce (fl oz) 1 1⁄20 28.4130625 1.7339 0.96076 0.060047
gill (gi) 5 1⁄4 142.0653125 8.6694 4.8038 0.30024
pint (pt) 20 1 568.26125 34.677 19.215 1.2009
quart (qt) 40 2 1,136.5225 69.355 38.430 2.4019
gallon (gal) 160 8 4,546.09 277.42 153.72 9.6076
Note: The millilitre equivalences are exact whereas the conversions to cubic-inch and US measures are correct to five significant figures.

British apothecaries' volume measures

Table of British apothecaries' volume units[7]
Unit Previous Unit Metric Value
minim ... 59.1938802 µL
fluid scruple 20 minims 1.1838776 mL
fluid drachm 3 fluid scruples 3.5516328 mL
fluid ounce 8 fluid drachms 28.4130625 mL
pint 20 fluid ounces 568.26125 mL
gallon 8 pints 4.54609 L

Mass

In the 19th and 20th centuries the UK has used three different systems for mass and weight:[8]

The troy pound (373.2417216 g) was made the primary unit of mass by the 1824 Act; however, its use was abolished in the UK on 6 January 1879, making the Avoirdupois pound the primary unit of mass with only the troy ounce (31.1034768 g) and its decimal subdivisions retained. In all the systems, the fundamental unit is the pound, and all other units are defined as fractions or multiples of it.

Table of mass units
Unit Pounds Grams Kilograms Notes
grain (gr) 1⁄7000 0.06479891 Exactly 64.79891 milligrams.
drachm (drc) 1⁄256 1.7718451953125
ounce (oz) 1⁄16 28.349523125
pound (lb) 1 453.59237 0.45359237 Exactly 453.59237 grams by definition.
stone (st) 14 6,350.29318 6.35029318 A person's weight is often quoted in stone and pounds in English-speaking countries using the avoirdupois system, with the exception of the United States and Canada, where it is usually quoted in pounds.
quarter (qtr) 28 12.70058636 A "quarter" was also commonly used to refer to a quarter of a pound in a retail context.
hundredweight (cwt) 112 50.80234544
ton (t) 2240 1,016.0469088 20 hundredweights in both systems, US hundredweight being lighter.

The British ton (the long ton), is 2240 pounds, which is very close to a metric tonne, whereas the ton generally used in the United States is the "short ton" of 2000 pounds (907.18474 kg). Each is divided into 20 hundredweights (cwt), the British hundredweight of 112 pounds being 12% heavier than the American hundredweight of 100 pounds.

Current use of imperial units

A baby bottle that measures in three measurement systems—metric, imperial (UK), and US customary.

United Kingdom

British law now defines each imperial unit in terms of the metric equivalent. The metric system is in official use within the United Kingdom; however, use of Imperial unit is widespread in many cases.

The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 require that all measuring devices used in trade or retail be capable of measuring and displaying metric quantities. This has now been proven in court against the so-called "Metric Martyrs", a small group of market traders who insisted on trading in imperial units only. Contrary to the impression given by some press reports, these regulations have never placed any obstacle in the way of using imperial units alongside metric units. Almost all traders in the UK will accept requests from customers specified in imperial units, and scales which display in both unit systems are commonplace in the retail trade. Metric price signs may currently be accompanied by imperial price signs (known as supplementary indicators) provided that the imperial signs are no larger and no more prominent than the official metric ones. The EU's deadline of 31 December 2009 to enforce metric-only labels and ban any supplementary indicators (imperial measurements) on goods after the deadline has been abolished. On 9 May 2007 the European Commission agreed to allow supplementary indications alongside the statutory metric indications beyond 2009.[9]

The United Kingdom completed its legal transition to SI units in 1995, but many imperial units are still in official use: draught beer must be sold in pints[10], road-sign distances must be in yards and miles[11], length and width (but not weight) restrictions must be in feet and inches on road signs (although an equivalent in metres may be shown as well)[11], and road speed limits must be in miles per hour[11], therefore instruments in vehicles sold in the UK must be capable of displaying miles per hour. Foreign vehicles, such as all post-2005 Irish vehicles, may legally have instruments displayed only in kilometres per hour. Even though the troy pound was outlawed in the UK in the Weights and Measures Act of 1878, the troy ounce still may be used for the weight of precious stones and metals. The railways are also a big user of imperial units, with distances officially measured in miles and yards or miles and chains, and also feet and inches, and speeds are in miles per hour, although many modern metro and tram systems are entirely metric, and London Underground uses both metric (for distances) and imperial (for speeds). Metric is also used for the Channel Tunnel and on High Speed 1. Adjacent to Ashford International railway station and Dollands Moor Freight Yard, railway speeds are given in both metric and imperial units.

The use of SI units is mandated by law for the retail sale of food and other commodities except beer, but many British people still use imperial units in colloquial discussion of distance (yards, feet and inches), weight (especially stones and pounds) and volume (gallons & pints).[12] Milk is available in both half-litre and pint containers. Most people still measure their weight in stone and pounds, and height in feet and inches (but these must be converted to metric if recorded officially, for example in medical records). Petrol is occasionally quoted as being so much per gallon, despite having been sold exclusively in litres for two decades. Likewise, fuel consumption for cars is still usually in miles per gallon, though official figures always include litres per 100 km equivalents. Fahrenheit equivalents are occasionally given after Celsius in weather forecasts, though this is becoming rare. Threads on non metric nuts and bolts etc., are sometimes referred to as Imperial, especially in the UK.

Canada

In the 1970s the metric system and SI units were introduced in Canada to replace the imperial system. Within the government, efforts to implement the metric system were extensive; almost any agency, institution, or function provided by the government uses SI units exclusively. Imperial units were eliminated from all road signs, although both systems of measurement will still be found on privately owned signs, such as the height warnings at the entrance of a multi-storey parking facility. In the 1980s, momentum to fully convert to the metric system stalled when the government of Brian Mulroney was elected. There was heavy opposition to metrication and as a compromise the government maintains legal definitions for and allows use of imperial units as long as metric units are shown as well.[13][14][15][16] The law requires that measured products (such as fuel and meat) be priced in metric units, although an imperial price can be shown if a metric price is present.[17][18] However, there tends to be leniency in regards to fruits and vegetables being priced in imperial units only.[18] Environment Canada still offers an imperial unit option beside metric units, even though weather is typically measured and reported in metric units in the Canadian media. However, some radio stations near the United States border (such as CIMX and CIDR) primarily use imperial units to report the weather.

Imperial units are still used in ordinary conversation. Few older Canadians would exclusively use SI units to describe their weight and height; newborns are measured in SI at hospitals, but the birth weight and length is usually announced to family and friends in imperial units. Although drivers' licences in some provinces like British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland and Labrador use SI units, other provinces like Saskatchewan use imperial units.[19] In livestock auction markets, cattle are sold in dollars per hundredweight (short), whereas hogs are sold in dollars per hundred kilograms. Imperial units still dominate in recipes, construction, house renovation and gardening, although often informally. Land is now surveyed and registered in metric units, although initial surveys used imperial units. For example, partitioning of farm land on the prairies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was done in imperial units; this accounts for imperial units of distance and area retaining wide use in the Prairie Provinces. The size of most apartments, condominiums and houses continues to be described in square feet rather than square metres, and carpet or flooring tile is purchased by the square foot. Motor-vehicle fuel consumption is reported in both litres per 100 km and statute miles per imperial gallon,[20] leading to the erroneous impression that Canadian vehicles are 20% more fuel-efficient than their apparently identical American counterparts for which fuel economy is reported in statute miles per U.S. gallon. (Neither country specifies which gallon is used.)

Imperial units also retain common use in firearms and ammunition. Imperial measures are still used in the description of cartridge types, even when the cartridge is of relatively recent invention (e.g., 0.204 Ruger, 0.17 HMR, where the calibre is expressed in decimal fractions of an inch). However, ammunition which is classified in metric already is still kept metric (e.g., 9 mm). In the manufacture of ammunition, bullet and powder weights are expressed in terms of grains for both metric and imperial cartridges.

As in most of the western world, air navigation is based on nautical units, e.g., the nautical mile, which is neither imperial nor metric.

Australia

In Australia, imperial measurements are still encountered in either spoken or written form.

Most weight is in kilograms, but sometimes a newborn baby's weight may be quoted in pounds,[21], and rural land areas are sometimes referred to in acres.[22] Australian beer glass sizes are based on older imperial sizes but rounded to the nearest 5 ml, while some surf reports are given in feet.[23]

Republic of Ireland

The Republic of Ireland has officially changed over to the metric system since entering the European Union, with distances on new road signs being metric since 1977 and speed limits being metric since 2005. The imperial system remains in limited use - for sales of beer in pubs (traditionally sold by the pint). All other goods are required by law to be sold in metric units, although old quantities are retained for some goods like butter, which is sold in 454-gram (1 lb) packaging. The majority of cars sold pre-2005 feature speedometers with miles per hour. The imperial system is still often used in everyday conversation, especially in the terms of height and weight, particularly by the older generation.

Other countries

Some imperial measurements remain in limited use in India, Malaysia and Hong Kong. Real estate agents continue to use acres and square feet to describe area in conjunction with hectares and square metres. Measurements in feet and inches, especially for a person's height, are frequently met in conversation and non-governmental publications.

Towns and villages in Malaysia with no proper names had adopted the Malay word "Batu" (the word Batu in Malay however literally means "rock") to denote their locations along a rural main road (i.e., "3rd Rock", "Batu Enam" or "Batu 11"). Many of their names remain unchanged even after the adoption of the metric system for distance in the country.

Petrol is still sold by the imperial gallon in Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Burma, Grenada, Guyana, Sierra Leone and the United Arab Emirates. The United Arab Emirates Cabinet in 2009 issued the Decree No. (270 / 3) specifying that from 1 January 2010 the new unit sale price for petrol will be the litre and not the gallon. This in line with the UAE Cabinet Decision No. 31 of 2006 on the national system of measurement, which mandates the use of International System of units (SI) as a basis for the legal units of measurement in the country.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sears et al. 1928. Phil Trans A 227:281
  2. ↑ The exact figure was 6.08 feet but 6 feet was in use in practice.
  3. ↑ "Appendix C: General Tables of Units of Measurements" (pdf). NIST. http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf. Retrieved 4 January 2007. 
  4. ↑ http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0272%2FKC%2FKCAR%2F6%2F2;recurse=1
  5. ↑ http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0272%2FKC%2FKCAR%2FMON%2F38
  6. ↑ Sizes.com
  7. ↑ http://www.fact-index.com/i/im/imperial_unit.html
  8. ↑ The distinction between mass and weight is not always clearly drawn. In certain contexts the term pound may refer to a unit of force rather than mass.
  9. ↑ "EU shelves ban on imperial measures" (online). London: Press Association/Guardian Unlimited. 9 May 2007. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uklatest/story/0,,-6620117,00.html. Retrieved 15 May 2007. 
  10. ↑ "BusinessLink: Weights and measures: Rules for pubs, restaurants and cafes" (online). Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=RESOURCES&itemId=1073792198. Retrieved 2009-08-24. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Department for Transport statement on metric road signs" (online). BWMA. 2002-07-12. http://www.bwmaonline.com/Transport%20-%20DfT%20memo.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-24. 
  12. ↑ "In praise of ... metric measurements". London: Guardian. Friday 1 December 2006. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2006/dec/01/comment.britishidentity. Retrieved 2010-05-05. 
  13. ↑ "Weights and Measures Act: Canadian units of measure". Justice Canada. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/W-6/sc:2//en#anchorsc:2. Retrieved 2007-11-14. 
  14. ↑ "Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/labeti/guide/ch11e.shtml#11.2. Retrieved 2007-12-01. 
  15. ↑ "Consumer Packaging and Labelling Regulations". Justice Canada, Legislative Services Branch. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowTdm/cr/C.R.C.-c.417///en. Retrieved 2007-12-01. 
  16. ↑ "A Canadian compromise". CBC. http://archives.cbc.ca/clip.asp?page=1&IDLan=1&IDClip=10620&IDCat=345&IDCatPa=261. Retrieved 2008-03-12. 
  17. ↑ "A Canadian compromise". CBC. http://archives.cbc.ca/clip.asp?page=1&IDLan=1&IDClip=10620&IDCat=345&IDCatPa=261. Retrieved 2008-03-11. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Les livres et les pieds, toujours présents (eng:The pounds and feet, always present)". 5 sur 5, Société Radio-Canada. http://archives.radio-canada.ca/clip.asp?page=1&IDLan=0&IDClip=9378&IDCat=216&IDCatPa=151. Retrieved 2008-03-11. 
  19. ↑ Driver’s Licences: Photo ID
  20. ↑ http://www.oee.nrcan.gc.ca/transportation/tools/fuelratings/ratings-search.cfm?attr=8
  21. ↑ http://www.birth.com.au/Routine-procedures-and-possible-interventions/BIRTH-weight-conversion-guide.aspx Birth Weight conversion
  22. ↑ http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25855389-25658,00.html Australian newspaper - article on land sales.
  23. ↑ http://www.surfsouthoz.com/content.php?cat=reports&id=3 South Australian Surf Report website
  24. ↑ "FuelPrices1999" (pdf). German Technical Cooperation. pp. 9. http://www.international-fuel-prices.com/downloads/FuelPrices1999.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-15. 
  25. ↑ "GRENADA VISITOR FORUM - Cost Of Living - Grocery Prices". http://www.grenadavisitorforum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=345. Retrieved 2008-01-15. 
  26. ↑ "The Government of Grenada - The Ministry of Agriculture". http://web.archive.org/web/20080324183215/http://agriculture.gov.gd/newsitem.aspx?nid=375. Retrieved 2008-01-15. "he price of gasoline at the pumps was fixed at EC$7.50 per imperial gallon..." 
  27. ↑ "Belize Ministry of Finance::FAQ". Belize Ministry of Finance. http://mof.gov.bz/faqresults.asp?category=SUPPLIES+CONTROL&question=39. Retrieved 2008-01-15. "#Kerosene per US Gallon (per Imperial gallon)#Gasoline (Regular)(per Imperial Gallon)# Gasoline (Premium) (per Imperial Gallon)#Diesel (per Imperial Gallon)" 
  28. ↑ "Belize shopping". http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Caribbean_and_Central_America/Belize/Shopping-Belize-BR-1.html. Retrieved 2008-01-15. "Although the Belize $ is pegged at two for every US$, they use Imperial gallons rather than the smaller US gallons (0.83 of an Imperial) when dealing with gasoline. The cheapest grade of gasoline was US$4.69/Imperial gallon" 
  29. ↑ "The High Commission Antigua and Barbuda". http://www.antigua-barbuda.com/business_politics/budget_speeches/budget_speech_2001.asp. Retrieved 2008-01-15. 
  30. ↑ "FuelPrices2005" (pdf). German Technical Cooperation. pp. 96. http://www.international-fuel-prices.com/downloads/FuelPrices2005.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-15. 
  31. ↑ Erlanger, Steven (1990-08-25). "500 Are Detained in Burmese Capital". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE4DF113DF936A1575BC0A966958260. Retrieved 2008-01-16. "... the Government cut the ration of subsidized gasoline from six to four imperial gallons a week" 
  32. ↑ "Burma's Activists March against Fuel Price". HikeThe Irrawaddy News Magazine Online Edition Covering Burma. 20 August 2007. http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=8286. Retrieved 2008-01-16. "The government, which holds a monopoly on fuel sales and subsidizes them, raised prices of fuel from 1,500 kyats (US $1.16) to 3,000 kyats ($2.33) per imperial gallon for diesel and to 2,500 kyats ($1.94) for gasoline." 
  33. ↑ Win, Aye Aye (22 August 2007). "Fuel Hike Protest Begins in Myanmar". Associated Press. http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:K96Q9Q58hD4J:news.corporate.findlaw.com/ap/i/626/08-22-2007/73ae00161f8c1f54.html+Burma+gasoline+imperial+gallon+price&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=8&gl=us&client=firefox-a. Retrieved 2008-01-16. "The government, which holds a monopoly on fuel sales and subsidizes them, raised prices of fuel from $1.16 to $2.33 per imperial gallon for diesel and to $1.94 for gasoline. A canister of natural gas containing 17 gallons was raised from 39 cents to $1.94." 

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