Harrisburg, Illinois

Harrisburg, Illinois
City
From top left: North Side of square, Garden of the Gods, Saline county courthouse and Clearwave building, O'gara mine tipple, South side of square, Poplar Street Homes, Harrisburg Township High school.

City logo
Nickname(s):
The Burg,
H-burg,
City on the Hill,
Crusoe's Island
Motto:
Gateway to the Shawnee National Forest
Location in Saline County in the state of Illinois.
Coordinates:
Country United States
State Illinois
County Saline County
Settled 1847
Founded 1853
Incorporated 1889
Government
 - Mayor Valerie Rose Mitchell
Area
 - Total 6.4 sq mi (17 km2)
 - Land 6.2 sq mi (16 km2)
 - Water 0.2 sq mi (1 km2)
Elevation 397 ft (121 m)
Population (2000)
 - Total 9,860 (city proper)

11,658 (township)

26,733 (micro area)
 - Density 1,580.3/sq mi (610/km2)
Time zone CDT (UTC-5)
 - Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-4)
Area code(s) 618
Website Harrisburg, Illinois Official Website

Harrisburg (pronounced /ˈhærɪsbɜrɡ/ or /ˈhɛərzbərɡ/) is a city and township in Saline County, Illinois, United States. The estimated 2007 population was 9,638, with a township population of 11,658. It is the county seat of Saline County.[1] At the concurrency of U.S. Route 45, Illinois Route 13, Illinois Route 145, and Illinois Route 34, Harrisburg is known as the "Gateway to the Shawnee National Forest",[2] and was made infamous for the Ohio River flood of 1937, the old Crenshaw House (also known as the Old Slave House), and prohibition era gangster Charlie Birger. A Cairo and Vincennes Railroad boomtown, the city was one of the leading bituminous coal mining distribution hubs of the American Midwest between 1900 and 1937.

Greetings from Harrisburg.

At its peak, Harrisburg had a population that reached 16,000 by the early 1930s, and had one of the largest downtown districts in Southern Illinois,[3] but it has been in severe economic decline due to the decreased demand for high sulfur coal, the removal of the New York Central railroad, and tributary lowlands leaving much area around the city unfit for growth due to flood risks.

Harrisburg is included in the Illinois-Indiana-Kentucky Tri-State Area and is the principal city in the Harrisburg Micropolitan Statistical Area with a combined population of 26,733.[4]

Contents

Historical perspective

Pioneer and native coexistence

At the beginning of European recorded history, the Harrisburg area was inhabited by a number of Algonquian peoples, including the Shawnee and Piankashaw, living in the dense inland forests. Just prior to the insurgence of settlers, the Piankashaw tribe was driven out by the more aggressive Shawnee. Migration into Illinois began with the French from 1690 and reached its peak about 1750 mostly along the Mississippi River. English settlement began in earnest in 1790 but these settlements had important differences in the way they began. The French looked upon their efforts as merchants and Missionaries with farming supplementing the need for trade, mostly along a river, not inland. The result had a mutual benefit for both. The American migration followed treaty settlements which resulted in large parcels being distributed through English Law ignoring previous rights. Encroachment thus ensued and a great deal of hard feelings between the Indians and settlers who seemed to lay out their settlements on the interior and along migration routes. Many Indians allied with the British to resist the settlements although it must be said that trade with the Americans was an important reason why peace was made with tribes.[5]

Harrisburg was platted just a few miles south from the junction of the Goshen and Shawneetown-Kaskaskia roads, two of the earliest pioneer trade routes in the state. Prior to the war of 1812, most of the population in the current area of Saline County lived in cabins clustered around blockhouses along the trails to protect against attacks from the native peoples and ferocious wildlife. The move to more permanent settlements within the forested area was expected with the influx of more white settlers, and the first land entry by white men was made in 1814 by John Wren and Hankerson Rude. The settlers had outnumbered most of the Native Americans by 1840, and most of the Black Bear population of the county was eradicated by 1845.[5]

Controversial founding

Harrisburg, founded during the closing Antebellum Age at the start of the Second Industrial Revolution, was plotted shortly after Saline County was established in 1847 from a portion of Gallatin County. The city was named after James Alexander Harris. He had built a small farmhouse and corn field within an artificial clearing in the current area of the current city square around 1820.[6]

Harris along with John Pankey, James P. Yandell, and John X. Cain, also donated land for the first additions of the town to a special committee set up at Liberty Babtist Church in 1852, after heated complaints that the county seat should have been more centralized within the county. The county seat was in Raleigh from 1847 to 1859. The county's two main population centers were divided by the Saline River and 14 miles of thicket. There were no roads in the county at the time and many residents from the current areas of Carrier Mills and Stonefort became lost in the woods whilst traveling to the northern settlements or Raleigh, Galatia, and Eldorado. The designated town plat was considered due to its aesthetic properties, a 60-foot sandstone bluff overlooking the Saline River valley called "Crusoe's Island". Even though it was heavily timbered with oak and hickory, and an impenetrable hazel underbrush, the outcropping was in the geographical center of the county. The move of the county seat caused a major legal battle within the county government due to concerns of voter fraud accused by the town of Raleigh. The committee won the case and[6] Harrisburg was plotted as a village on 20 acres (81,000 m2) in 1853 and became the county seat in 1859.

Industrial origins

Left: First Greek Revival Saline County Courthouse, Right: Garrison House, later Hotel Sterling on Poplar Street.

Between 1860 and 1865 southern cotton became unavailable during the Civil War, Harrisburg was one of the few cities in the Upland South during this time to have woolen mills, making the town an industrial asset early on to Southern Illinois. Several planning mills and flour mills also dotted the city.[7]

Robert King, an early proprietor, opened a brick and tile factory at the southern terminus of Main Street in 1896 with the capacity of carrying out 15,000 bricks every 10 hours. Harrisburg also saw the opening of several saw mills. The Snellbaker and Company Saw Mill and Lumber Yard opened in 1895, as well did J.B Ford Harrisburg Planning Mill the same year. The Mill had the capacity of producing 10,000 board feet (24 m3) of lumber every 10 hours. The Barnes Lumber Company in Harrisburg started as a sawmill operation in 1899. Since 1904 it has retailed a complete line of lumber and building materials and is the oldest, currently active mill in the city.[8]

Locust St. crossing at Main St. West side of square in 1910.

The Woolcott Milling Company, operated by J.H Woolcott and J.C Wilson built a flour mill in 1874, on the now defunct south Woolcott Street, with rail spur, behind the current Parker Plaza, that had 23 grain elevators and the capacity of carrying out 200 barrels of flour in a 24 hour period and up to 400 by 1907 with a new 75,000 bushel tower. The exchange market was located in Carrier Mills.[8] Located on Commercial Street across the tracks from the train depot, The Southern Illinois Milling & Elevator Company was incorporated on July 29, 1891 by Philip H. Eisenmayer, with a capital stock of $50,000. The company had two elevators, erected at a cost of $125,000, one of which had a capacity of 25,000 bushels and the other a capacity of 100,000 bushels. Their milling capacity was six hundred barrels per day. Twenty-five men were employed in the operations of the mill and elevators, in addition to a force of from six to eight men regularly employed in the cooperage department.[5]

Woolcott Milling Company, 1898.

During the Reconstruction Era, as economic conditions made impractical the growing of cotton, tobacco and lumbering which pioneers found profitable commercial, grain farming by crop rotation, dairying, reforestation, merchandising and manufacturing and the most prevalent, Coal mining began to occupy the city.[6] In 1889, with a population of 1,500, Harrisburg became a city, with an aldermanic form of government. It adopted the commission form in 1915.[2] Despite these early industrial advantages to other cities in the region, the Sanborn Map company still referred to the water facilities and road conditions within the city limits, "Not good, and not paved" up to 1900.[8]

Coal and rail era

Harrisburg rail, road, and coal map, 1920. CCC&STL Railroad in blue. SIR&P Co. Interurban in red.

First slope mine operations began in 1854 southeast of Harrisburg. During the early years, the coal was transported by wagon to local homes and businesses for heating. Coal Mining became an important industry for the post-Antebellum, now Gilded Age city.[2] The Cairo and Vincennes Railroad was completed in 1872 to provide transportation for coal and the miners who tired away underground.[2] After a series of corporate transactions brought the Cairo and Vincennes Railroad into the hands of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway around 1890, with Illinois state representative Charles P Skaggs as mayor,[9] Harrisburg evolved into one of the leading coal-mining centers of the Midwest.[3] Harrisburg was a strategic spot on the railroad route with a large hump yard, making it the focal point for the most productive coal field operations. Some of the most profitable coal companies that operated around Harrisburg were Big Creek Coal, Harrisburg Coal and O'Gara Coal. Each one with their own sizable rail yards.[3] O'gara was a Progressive Era coal company owned by Thomas J. O'gara of Chicago. He purchased and annexed 23 privately owned mines in the Harrisburg coal field which equaled 50,000 acres of land.[10] The Company based its headquarters in Harrisburg in 1905. O'gara only owned 12 operating mines, all in Saline County, but they had an annual output of 7,000,000 tons. 6,000 men were employed in a field capacity and the pay roll disbursement was $150,000 per month. The company paid $10,000 monthly royalty. H. Thomas was the company's general manager of mines, Ed Ghent its chief engineer and D. B. McGehee the assistant general manager.[5]

SIR&P Power Station. Powered the trolley line. Inset:Streetcar ticket from Eldorado to Harrisburg.

By 1905, several small slope mines and 15 shaft mines operated in the county. Most were along the railroad line. Large numbers of immigrants from England, Wales, and eastern Europe, looking for work, detrained at the Harrisburg Train Depot; crowding around quickly expanding mining villages directly outside of the city, such as Muddy and Ledford. The city's population quickly expanded from 5,000 to 10,000 in a few short years.[3] By 1906, the Big four/CCC&STL Railroad became the New York Central,[3] and Saline County was producing more than 500,000 tons of coal annually with more than 5000 miners at work.[2] In 1915 the Ringling Brothers Circus made an appearance in Harrisburg.[11] In 1913 the Southern Illinois Railway and Power Company operated a interurban trolley line, that ran from downtown Eldorado, into Muddy, Wasson, Beulah Heights, through downtown Harrisburg, Dorrisville, Ledford and into downtown Carrier Mills, all of which had larger residential areas than present.[12] In 1917 there were plans to extend the line westward to Marion and Carbondale to connect to the Coal Belt Co. line, and then run it towards St. Louis.[13] The trolley wire through the county was 16 feet (5 m) high.[6] It was an off branch of the Cairo and Vincennes Railroad. The corporation erected the first electrical generating plant in Muddy, IL.[12]

The Central Illinois Public Service Company purchased the Muddy Power Station in 1916, it had a generating capacity of 7,500 kilowatts. After removing an original 2,500-kilowatt unit, the company added two 5,000-kilowatt turbine-generators and one 10,000 kilowatt unit, bringing the stations total capacity to 25,000 kilowatts in 1922. Electricity generated at the station was distributed over 66-kv, double circuit steel tower transmission lines extending to West Frankfort to the west, the Ohio River to the east, and Olney to the north. The plant had two impounding reservoirs which covered 80 acres and held 320 million gallons of water.[6]

The Renaissance Revival First Trust and Savings Bank Building was the largest of the downtown building projects during the 1920s. It was the second tallest building in Southern Illinois with the first being the Spivey Building in East St. Louis.

The community benefited from the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties, showing the most extravagant displays of wealth in the city's history. The 230-foot neon red tower belonging to the WEBQ-AM radio station, was the tallest structure in the city and could be seen for miles.[7] Harrisburg had just finished the new three-story Horning Hotel around 1920, two new theaters with a combined total of 1,600 seats; the Orpheum and the Grand the same year, the eight-story Harrisburg National Bank building, the O'gara Coal Headquarters and Cummings Office buildings, and the four-story Harrisburg Hospital all built in 1923. A new four-story city hall building was constructed in 1927, and a complex highway system was constructed through the city, with Illinois Route 13 and Illinois Route 34 constructed in 1918; U.S. Route 45 and Illinois Route 145 constructed in 1925-1926.[14] On Vine Street south of the town square was "Wiskey Chute", a saloon vice district for local miners.[9] It was also during this time that the town was home to prohibition-era bootlegger Charles Birger, whose gang was said to have protected local business owners better than the law enforcement. For a time, the gangster's prized Tommy gun was displayed in a glass case in the City Hall.[11] The geography around Harrisburg changed indefinitely, with coal areas producing a surface mining landscape of roughly 172 sq mi (445.4 km²),[15] aptly named The Harrisburg Coal Field. The field completely encased the towns of Carrier Mills and Harrisburg, while creating partial borders to Stonefort, Galatia, and Raleigh. Piled near the mines were gob piles that spontaneously combusted. The horizon around the city for many years flickered with burning coal refuse.[7]

Slow economic decline

Economic downturn hit the city during the Great depression forcing business owners and industrial firms to close shop, followed shortly by the Ohio River flood of 1937 which left 4,000 within the city homeless and 80% inundated.[16] Many flooded mines were deemed condemned which left many more out of work. In 1938, the state of Illinois had completed one of the largest operations of its kind ever attempted in the United States, the removal of more than two and a half billion gallons of flood water from Sahara mine No. 3.[17]

Saline County Court House 1917.

Soon the Southern Illinois Railway and Power company was bought by the Central Illinois Public Service Company. The inter-urban line was abandoned in 1933 after 20 years of service.[12] After the decommission of the Interurban line in 1933, Harrisburg opened the Harrisburg-Dorrisville Bus Co., which was a private predecessor bus company to the current Rides Mass Transit District which was opened in 1980.[14] Between 1930 and 1940 the city lost 27% of its overall population.[18]

Immediately after World War II new coal companies, Peabody, Bluebird, and Sahara starting mining within the city. The war created a great demand for energy, which was satisfied by expanded strip mining operations throughout the Harrisburg Coal Fields. Shortly after World War II, it became clear that coal was losing favor to other energy sources such as oil and natural gas. In contrast to other cities in the United States that prospered in the post-war boom, the fortunes of Saline County began to quickly diminish.[3] Harry Truman stopped briefly in Harrisburg during his whistlestop tour in Sept. 30, 1948, giving some hope for economic recovery for the region. Without hesitating, the long parade of police, buses, and accompanying cars sped through town. Poplar street, at that time the main drag through town, was crowded with multitudes of persons for its entire length. It was reported by the Daily Register Newspaper that cars were lined along Route 13 all the way from Marion and on to Eldorado on Route 45.[14]

Sahara Coal and Bucyrus-Eerie's "GEM of Egypt" strip mine shovel, one of the largest in the world at 8-stories high and weighing 1,000 tons at Harco.[9]

By 1957, the Egyptian was the last passenger train to travel through the city.[14] Between 1940 and 1960 Harrisburg lost another 20% of its population due to economic standstill.[18] With only 9000 people left in the city that once had 16,000, then Senator John F. Kennedy made a campaign stop on October 3, 1960. Speaking at the Saline County Court House he said

"This district, which is built on the land and which has been nourished by the land, personifies the kind of problems which I think the United States is going to face in the 1960's. This district has depended in the main for its resources, its growth, its wealth, upon the minerals underground and upon the food that is grown on the ground. And those are those industries that have faced serious problems in the 1960's."[19]

Later during the same speech after addressing agriculture Senator Kennedy stated

"Farmers could farm and work in the cities and towns, but this year we have the highest unemployment that we have had in any months of August and September, the three Augusts and Septembers preceding the recession of 1949, 1954, and 1958, and this district knows this problem well, because this district has lost 60,000 people in the last 10 years."[19]

By 1968 with hopes of bringing a new influx of coal mining into the city, Sahara Coal Company ordered the Bucyrus-Eerie "GEM of Egypt" strip mine shovel, one of the largest in the world at 8-stories high and weighing 1,000 tons.[9] It took three men to operate it, and its bucket capacity was 30 cubic yards. Even with such great efforts coal mining continued to dwindle within the community. The train depot was razed in 1972 and all coal freight was ordered out of the Harrisburg Hump Yard by 1973. During the 1970s and 1980s, many of the city-square storefronts and mini-plazas became vacant and were slowly abandoned as large Chain stores and Strip malls on Commercial Street became the dominant venues for shopping and entertainment, hoping to bring an influx of travelers from the main highway.[3]

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 legislation forced many utility companies in the United states to switch to low-sulfur coal. In response Harrisburg's already waning economy took a severe downturn. The freight yard closed in 1982, Sahara Coal company shut down operations in 1993, 865 jobs were lost in the county that year.[20] This ended the reign of big coal in Harrisburg, a way of life for residents for over 100 years.[3] The Cairo and Vincennes Railroad/Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway system tracks were taken up in the late 1980s and replaced by the Tunnel Hill State Trail in 1996.[3]

Post-coal economy

In 1984, a respected local physician, Dr. John Dale Cavaness, was charged with the murder of his two sons for insurance money. The case was chronicled in the book by Darcy O'Brien, Murder in Little Egypt.[21] Soon Pioneer history was showcased at the Saline County Area Historical Museum on the city's southern edge. The 3-acre (12,000 m2) site includes the three-story high Old Pauper Home, which was once part of the county's 170-acre (0.69 km2) poor farm, built in 1877. The site also features a variety of cabins, a one-room school house, a small church and other historic buildings that have been acquired, moved to the site and restored.[2]

The Harrisburg-Raleigh Airport is located approximately four miles north of Harrisburg on Highway 34. The Harrisburg-Raleigh Airport Authority operates the airport. The Airport has two runways—32/14 and 6/24. Runway 24 includes a new, 1,000-foot (300 m) extension, bringing the runway to 5,000 feet (1,500 m), and a GPS-RNAV approach.[22]

New Harrisburg Wal-Mart super center built 2008, one of the largest of its kind in the country.

Two industrial zones were set up within the township in 1974 by the Saline County Industrial Development Co., one located in Dorrisville, and the other located near the Harrisburg-Raleigh Airport. The one in Dorrisville had the advantage of rail spur prior to the removal of the New York Central tracks. A Tax Increment Finance district was built on the property of the old rail yard north of the city where the Harrisburg Professional Park was built.[23]

The current industrial base within the city, while most are not coal related, give opportunity to a number of city residents. American Coal and Arclar, the only two coal mines in the county are producing low sulfer coal as an energy resource. Kerr-McGee Coal Corporation's Galatia Complex was purchased by the American Coal Company in 1998.[24] American Coal employs about 580 workers, while Arclar employs 175 persons. Nationwide Glove Factory is currently employing 225 persons, and American Needle is second largest non coal company with 125 workers. Southern Truss and Harrisburg Truss companies employ together 100 employees manufacturing building components.[23]

In 2008 construction on the Harrisburg Wal-Mart Supercenter was completed. Wal-Mart will gave $21,950 in grants to the Anna Bixby Women's Center, Bridge Medical Clinic, CASA of Saline County, Harrisburg District Library, Harrisburg Police Department, Harvest Deliverance Center Food Pantry, Regional Superintendent of Schools, Saline County Senior Citizens Council and Saline County Sheriff's Department. The building is 184,000 square feet (17,100 m2) and added 150 new jobs to the county. The Supercenter is now the second-largest employer in the city with 340 employees on its payroll.[25] A new strip mall was completed on the south side of town, and Parker Plaza, the oldest shopping center in town was renovated with a new facade to promote commercial growth in the city.[26]

To this day Harrisburg is, not only the seat, but the retail hub of Saline County. It holds the nearest shopping centers, restaurants, banks, and other commerce within miles.[2] But industrial jobs are scarce.

To make things worse economically for Harrisburg, Former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich's decision to move a division of I-DOT to Southern Illinois was overturned by his successor Pat Quinn. The decision outraged lawmakers in Springfield. A lawsuit was filed to stop the move to Harrisburg.[27] Matters were exacerbated by videos of the new home for the IDOT traffic safety division, the old Allen Miller car dealership building, which now houses the Southeastern Illinois College Foundation Center. Was surrounded by water surfaced on Youtube late 2007.[28]

Demographics

Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
1860 453
—
1870 590 30.2%
1880 934 58.3%
1890 1,723 84.5%
1900 2,202 27.8%
1910 10,749 388.1%
1920 15,054 40.1%
1930 15,659 4.0%
1940 11,453 −26.9%
1950 10,999 −4.0%
1960 9,171 −16.6%
1970 9,535 4.0%
1980 10,410 9.2%
1990 9,289 −10.8%
2000 9,860 6.1%
Est. 2007 9,638 −2.3%
Decennial US Census

According to the U.S. census[29] of 2000, there were 9,860 people, 4,093 households, and 2,496 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,580.3 people per square mile (610.1/km2). There were 4,570 housing units at an average density of 732.4/sq mi (282.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.65% White, 6.93% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.55% from other races, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.46% of the population.

There were 4,093 households out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.0% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.0% were non-families. 35.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the city the population was spread out with 25.0% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,507, and the median income for a family was $35,667. Males had a median income of $29,086 versus $19,013 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,005. About 10.1% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.5% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.

Geography and cityscape

Harrisburg is located at (37.733765, -88.545873).[30] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.4 square miles (16.5 km²), of which, 6.2 square miles (16.2 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.4 km²) of it (2.19%) is water. The square in the center of town, as well as Dorrisville and Gaskins City stand on top of a series of sandstone bluffs that used to be islands rising above natural lowlands, 338 feet (103 m) above sea level, dredged by the middle fork of the Saline River.[31] The Saline River was a navigable river used by early settlers for transportation to and from Salt Works just east of Harrisburg. The Saline flowed towards the Ohio and flooded every spring in events called Freshets. The locals called the island "Crusoe's Island". When the area was drained, homes and businesses were built in the floodplain, and it became prone to serious flooding for years to come.[32] The town square in the center of town is a sandstone bluff 410 feet (125 m) above sea level, one of the first that start the Shawnee Hills to the south. Topographic maps show the bluffs that rise from the Saline River that wraps the northeast part of the city.[33] Harrisburg is located at the ending point of the Laurentide ice sheet, which covered about 85 percent of Illinois. The edge of Illinoian ice sheet(s) lay further south than the southernmost extent, i.e. Douglas County, Kansas, of any of the Pre-Illinoian ice sheets.[34]

Cottage Grove Fault System

Jutting off the Wabash Valley seismic zone on the Illinois–Indiana border is the Cottage Grove Fault. To the south, on the edge of Missouri, is the New Madrid seismic zone.
Map showing the Cottage Grove Fault in green

After the 5.5 Richter Scale magnitude 1968 Illinois earthquake, scientists realized that there was a previously unknown fault under Saline County, just north of Eldorado, Illinois near Harrisburg. This fault is called the Cottage Grove Fault, a small tear in the Earth's rock running west–east, in the Southern Illinois Basin. The fault is connected to the north–south trending Wabash Valley Fault System at its eastern end.[35] Seismographic mapping completed by geologists reveal that monoclines, anticlines, and synclines are present within the region; these signs suggest deformation during the Paleozoic era coincident to strike-slip faulting nearby.[36]

A focal mechanism solution of the earthquake confirmed two nodal planes both striking north-south and dipping approximately 45 degrees to the east and to the west. This faulting suggests dip slip reverse motion, and to a horizontal east-west axis of confining stress.[37] The rupture also occurred partially on the New Madrid Fault, responsible for the great New Madrid earthquakes in 1812, consisting of the most powerful earthquakes to hit the contiguous United States.[38]

Cityscape

Old Harrisburg Post Office on the corner of Main and Church Street.
Harrisburg square 1950. At the beginning of the 20th century, Harrisburg prospered with one of the largest downtown districts in downstate Illinois.

During the early 1900s Urbanization of the city due to the geographical feature of "Cruesoe's Island" and surrounding coal mining property created a density not seen in many cities of its size. The city at the time with a population of only 10,000 was forced to tightly cram homes and businesses upon the sandstone outcropping less than a square mile in diameter leading many to build their buildings with multiple stories around the town square. The Saline County courthouse and square have gone through many transformations within the past 100 years. In the 1800s the town had dirt streets with a large Greek Revival court house with Doric columns, which was then replaced in 1906 with are larger courthouse surrounded by brick streets.[14] Harrisburg had 25 miles of brick streets,[8] but now only a few blocks are left.[2] A smaller version of the central clock tower of the courthouse, including the original clock, manufactured by the Howard Clock Company in 1904 was recreated in 1996, and placed in a small lot behind the Clearwave Building's parking lot.

Harrisburg has not yet begun a National Trust for Historic Preservation, Main Street historical preservation program, like Eldorado has. Saline County is within a recognized historical district, the "Ohio River Route Where Illinois Began". Only two buildings in Harrisburg are currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places, those being the City Hall and the Saline County Poor Farm.[39]

19th century residential neighborhood in Harrisburg.

The square itself held an array of Coal mining offices, privately owned business, grocery and department stores, pharmacies and bars. During the closing of the coal mining era most of the businesses left the square and moved to the main drag of Rt. 45, constructed in 1926. The court house was replaced with a modern, more efficient building in the 1967 after the older court house was condemned.[14] Over the years, the architecture that graced Harrisburg square has slowly turned to rotting older structures mixed in with a hodge-podge of newer updated buildings. Currently there are a few privately owned downtown renovation projects under way on and around the square.[14]

The Harrisburg Mitchell-Carnegie Library, located on Church Street south of the square and built with a grant from Andrew Carnegie, was built in 1908 and opened to the public in 1909. The building served the community until 2000 when the library was moved to a new building on north Main Street. During the 1937 flood, the library was used as a make-shift hospital until the water boiler burst. The building now serves as a church.

Harrisburg has three city parks. Memorial Park, Gaskins City Park, and Dorris Heights Park. Memorial Park, on the west end of town, is the largest[2] with the city park pool and a large lagoon snaking through the center,[40] founded in 1935.[41]

The sunset lawn cemetery is the largest in the county, founded in 1880, connected to the west edge of the city. The cemetery contains ornate tombstones and crypts, within are the remains of most of the city's original founders and prominent residents. Sunset lawn contains the 90-year-old Sunset Mausoleum. The crypt has marble floors with 75 person's buried inside. The structure was condemned in 2008 and there are plans of removal of the bodies and reburial within the cemetery, but there is a problem of finding many of the family members.,[42]

In May of 2010, on 301 N. Granger St. The 1895 home of brick layer and early proprietor Robert King was set to be demolished. The home owners donated it to Saline County Habitat for Humanity last year hoping the organization might be able to restore it. The home was considered "Unrestorable".[43]

Harrisburg neighborhoods

Harrisburg industrial zone in Dorrisville.

Harrisburg is split up into several small neighborhoods that were annexed into the city limits over time, from north to south.[6]

Dr. John Cavaness' former home on Walnut Street. A Classic Colonial Revival Gilded Age Harrisburg house.

Ledford used to be a complete town unto itself, it was the home of Charles Birger, and had several stores, its own school system, and a post office. Ledford was a Coal mining community set up by mostly Hungarians during the 19th century. It holds a large cemetery, a historic Hungarian Cemetery, and the Ledford Baptist Church. Ledford spreads across a 4 mile stretch of land along Rt. 45 between Carrier Mills and Harrisburg with several roads shooting off to the left and right of the highway. It is all considered "Ledford".[6]

A view towards the city as seen from far east Sloan Street near Gaskin's City. At 503 ft (153.4m),[44] the WSIL tower, built in 1953 in downtown was one of the tallest television towers in the state at the time and is still the tallest structure in the city.[9]
Harrisburg downtown (Crusoe's Island) as seen from far east Poplar Street (Route 13).

Climate

Harrisburg lies on the border between humid continental climate (Koppen climate classification Dfa) and humid subtropical climate (Koppen climate classification Cfa), and has neither large mountains nor large bodies of water to moderate its temperature. Both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico affect the region. The city has four distinct seasons. The highest average temperature is in July at 89°F (20°C), while the lowest average temperature is 22°F (-6°C in January. However, summer temperatures can top 100°F (42°C), and winter temperatures can drop below 0°F (−17°C). Average monthly precipitation ranges from 3 to 5 inches, with the heaviest occurring during late fall. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April, ranges from 1 to 7 inches per month. The highest recorded temperature was 113 °F (45 °C) on July 13, 1936, and the lowest recorded temperature was recorded was in February 2, 1951 at -23.0°F (-31.0°C)[45]

Climate data for Harrisburg, Illinois
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Source: Weatherbase[46]
Harrisburg was 80% underwater in 1937, and some 4000 people were displaced within the city.

Flooding risks

Flooding along the Ohio River causing back flow of the middle fork of the Saline River has plagued Harrisburg over the years.[47] The city was flooded in 1883-1884 and again in 1913.[14] The most severe came during the Ohio River flood of 1937 when much of the city, except "Crusoes' Island", a downtown orbit that encircled the town square, was underwater. Water reached 30 miles (48 km) from the river because the town was isolated by high water in tributary lowlands.[48] 10,000 out of the 16,000 residents were left stranded on the crowded "island" for weeks, while the other 80% of Harrisburg was completely inundated. By the time the flood waters receded 4000 were left homeless.[16] Between Gallatin County and Harrisburg, some 25 miles (40 km) in distance, Illinois Route 13 was under 8.0 to 14.0 feet (2.4 to 4.3 m) of water; motorboats navigated the entire distance to rescue marooned families.[49] National guard boats were the means of transportation in the city and several thousand people were transported daily from temporary island to island.[49] According to the Sanborn Map Company Harrisburg in October 1925 had a population of 15,000 and in a revised version by January 1937 the population had dropped to 13,000.[8] After that, a levee was erected north and east of the city to protect it from future floods. The levee became the unofficial northern and eastern border of the town. No businesses or residences exist in the Saline River Middle Fork floodplains.[50] Flooding proceeded in January 1982 due to drainage problems from the frozen ground, and in 1983, due to 8 inches of rain. The Pankey Branch pumping system, on the east side of town, was built to handle flooding from the Saline River only and has serious complex watershed dynamic problems, causing continual water backup within the levee during large rain events. The city is currently looking to build a new pumping system and request the Army Corps of Engineers to certify the levee.[47]

Flood of 2008

In Saline County, a preliminary estimate indicated $16.8 million in damage caused by 11.5 inches (290 mm) of rain on March 18–19, 2008. At least 30 homes and 44 businesses had water over the first floor.[47] Many business owners faced a task as they assessed damage and began cleaning up. Others were able to reopen fairly quickly after suffering only minimal damage or waiting for flood waters to recede so customers could reach their businesses. Harrisburg officials reported 74 businesses affected by flooding, Businesses along Commercial Street (U.S. Route 45), were hardest hit. Kroger, which had just undergone a major renovation, reportedly had 2 feet (0.6 m) or more of water inside.[47] The Federal Emergency Management Agency denied flood recovery grants and loans to Illinois.[51] Flooding in the town was being called the worst flooding in 71 years.[52]

Gateway to the Shawnee National Forest

Shawnee National Forest

More than 270,000 acres (1100 km²) of Shawnee National Forest lie to the south of Harrisburg, drawing thousands of visitors annually to the Saline County area and the gateway community. The Shawnee National Forest offers much to see and do. The national forest has 1,250 miles (2,010 km) of roadways, some 150 miles (240 km) of streams and frequent waterfalls, numerous ponds and lakes as large as 2,700 acres (11 km²) (some with swimming beaches), 13 campgrounds, many picnicking sites, and seven wilderness areas where trails are designed for hiking and horseback riding.[53]

Plant life is extremely diverse and ranges from sun-loving species to those that grow in dense shade. Tree cover dominates the publicly owned acreage, and is a significant component on privately owned lands. Oak-hickory is the predominant timber type, however, many other commercially important timber species also occupy significant acreages. More than 500 wildlife species can be found in the Forest, including 48 mammals, 237 birds, 52 reptiles, 57 amphibians, and 109 species of fish. There are seven federally listed threatened and endangered species that inhabit the Forest, as well as 33 species which are considered regionally sensitive, and 114 Forest-listed species.[54]

When the Shawnee Purchase Units were first established, temporary headquarters were set up in Room 303, First Trust and Savings Bank Building, Harrisburg, Illinois. This was the only modern office building in the town of Harrisburg suitable for headquarters, and the forest has continued to occupy this building as Supervisor's offices. Expansion of the offices has continued since 1933, until today (June, 1938), ten rooms on the third floor, and four rooms on the fourth floor, are leased by the Forest Service. Employees who were here during the early days of the forest tell of the chaos and confusion caused by the small space under lease, the incoming shipments of equipment and supplies, and the constant inflow of new personnel.[55]

Media

The Harrisburg Daily Register, has been providing coverage of news for southeastern Illinois since 1869, and is owned by GateHouse Media.[56] It is the major daily newspaper serving Harrisburg, Saline County, and distributes to Paducah, Kentucky, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and Mount Vernon, Illinois. The second major newspaper is the Eldorado Daily Journal, based out of Eldorado.[57] Newspapers are also delivered into the city from as far away as Evansville, Chicago, and St. Louis.

Harrisburg has one television station licensed directly to the city; WSIL-TV. Broadcasting on channel 3, it is the ABC affiliate for a wide area of southern Illinois, western Kentucky and southeastern Missouri. The station's studios reside in nearby Carterville.[58] There is one major AM broadcasting station in Harrisburg, WEBQ 1240, a now country music station that has broadcast news and music to the region since the 1930s. WOOZ 99.9 FM Z100 has the trademark Today's Best Country is also based in the city.[59]

Government, healthcare, and education

Top: City Hall Bottom: School Board Headquarters.

Harrisburg is the county seat of Saline County on with a mayor and council form of government. The city has four main council members. The city has a Police Department that shares a building with the Sheriff's department with 13 sworn officers and a civilian secretary. There are 7 full-time firefighters and 15 on call members and a trained Emergency Medical Technician working for the Harrisburg Fire Department, working out of a central station. It has three fire trucks, a 65-foot snorkel, a rescue truck, a 4x4 brush truck, and a 2,000-gallon tanker truck.[23]

The City of Harrisburg operates its own water distribution system. It has a storage capacity of 6,000,000 gallons in elevated tanks. The water processing plant has a capacity of 4,000,000 per day, while average daily consumption is about 2,500,000 gallons. The city's water treatment plant has a design capacity of 3,125,000 gallons per day. Its average load is 1,200,000 gallons per day.[23]

Harrisburg Hospital was at one time located in a four story complex one block from the town square,[14] but in the 1990s moved to Harrisburg Medical Center where 78 beds and 34 physicians are on staff. It also has an 18-bed psychiatric area. In 1995, the hospital completed a multimillion dollar expansion and renovation program. There are 25 nursing homes in the Harrisburg and southeastern Illinois area. Three are located within the city. Harrisburg also has several clinics and specialized physicians have offices within the city.[23]

Harrisburg Community Unit School District 3 serves the city's student population with two K-6 elementary schools, a junior high school, and a senior high school. More than 2,300 students are enrolled in the district's schools. More than 1,300 students attend East Side and West Side Elementary schools. Malan Junior High was the main middle school for the city until 2005 when the new middle school was built in Liberty that school has 300 students enrolled. Harrisburg High School has more than 600 students enrolled. The city also has seven preschools and daycare centers.[23] Harrisburg once had several schools within the township before the different neighborhoods were annexed, all are now closed down, a few are, Horace Mann, McKinley School, Bayliss School, Phillips School, and Ledford school.[14]

Higher education

Southeastern Illinois College is a 2-year junior college that sits on a 148-acre (60 ha) campus east of the city limits. 60,000 residents of Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, and Pope Counties and portions of four other counties. SIC enrolls more than 2,000 students each semester in college transfer and career education programs. SIC was founded in 1960. Other nearby local colleges and universities are Southern Illinois University campus at Carbondale Rend Lake College, at Ina; Eastern Illinois University, at Charleston, Shawnee Community College at Vienna, and the University of Evansville, at Evansville, Indiana.[23]

Notable people

References

  1. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/usamap.cfm. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 "Community Profile Presents, Harrisburg". Harrisburg Illinois Library. http://www.villageprofile.com/illinois/harrisburg/harrisburg.html. Retrieved 2009-04-06. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Schwieterman, Joseph (2002). When the railroad leaves town: American communities in the age of rail line abandonment. Truman State University. ISBN 0943549981. 
  4. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 (CBSA-EST2007-01)" (CSV). 2007 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2008-03-27. http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2007/CBSA-EST2007-01.csv. Retrieved 2008-07-03. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Mardos, Pam (2006). The History of Southern Illinois. unknown. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 A History of Saline County and a Brief History of Harrisburg, Illinois,. Illinois State Historical Society. 1934. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Hitchens, Harold L (1947). Illinois, a Descriptive and Historical Guide. US History Publishers. ISBN 1603540121. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "Digital Sanborn Maps - Splash Page". Harrisburg Illinois Library. http://sanborn.umi.com/il/1913/dateid-000007.htm?CCSI=82n. Retrieved 2009-04-17. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Bill Nunes (2008). Southern Illinois:Amazing Stories From the Past (1st ed.). Corly Printing Of Earth City. ISBN 0-9787994-1-0. 
  10. ↑ "BIG NEW COAL COMPANY" (Text). New York Times. July 22 1905. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B05E6DB103AE733A25751C2A9619C946497D6CF. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 DeNeal, Gary, interview (2003). "The Legend of Charlie Birger". WSIU-TV.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Hilton, George (2000). The Electric Interurban Railways in America. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804740143. 
  13. ↑ Standard corporation service, daily revised. Standard Statistics Company. 1917. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 Daily Register (2003). Commemorating 150 Years of History in Harrisburg, Illinois (1st ed.). Daily Register. 
  15. ↑ http://www.zonums.com/gmaps/maptool.php
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  17. ↑ Chicago Daily Tribune, page 4. United Press, 9 May 1938.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/index.htm Decennial US Census
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Kennedy, John F. (1960-08-03). "Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy, Harrisburg, IL". John F. Kennedy Library. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25952. Retrieved 2009-04-17. 
  20. ↑ "Coal is a dirty word". Harrisburg Illinois Library. http://www.lib.niu.edu/1993/ii931119.html. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
  21. ↑ O'Brien, DarcyL (1989). Murder in Little Egypt. Morrow. ISBN 0688071376. 
  22. ↑ Homan, John D. (October 21, 2006). "Harrisburg-Raleigh Airport extends runway". The Southern. http://www.thesouthern.com/articles/2006/10/21/business/17934699.txt. Retrieved April 8, 2009. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 "Harrisburg, Illinois". Community Profile Network. http://www.villageprofile.com/illinois/harrisburg/harrisburg1.html#biz. Retrieved April 8, 2009. 
  24. ↑ Muir, Jim (January 4, 2006). "Harrisburg-Raleigh Airport extends runway". The Southern. http://www.thesouthern.com/articles/2006/01/04/top/10003137.txt. Retrieved April 18, 2009. 
  25. ↑ "Rollie Moore Drive Dedicated". Daily Register. Oct 28, 2008. http://www.dailyregister.com/news/x1588592988/Rollie-Moore-Drive-dedicated-in-time-for-Wal-Mart-grand-opening. Retrieved April 18, 2009. 
  26. ↑ "Commercial Growth in Harrisburg". WSIL TV. http://www.wsiltv.com/p/news_details.php?newsID=2152&type=top. Retrieved April 8, 2009. 
  27. ↑ "No IDOT in Harrisburg" (Text). WSIL-TV. 2008-03-19. http://www.wsiltv.com/p/news_details.php?newsID=7037&type=top. Retrieved 2009-04-06. 
  28. ↑ "Under Controversy Or Under Water" (Text). WSIL-TV. 2007-08-01. http://www.wsiltv.com/p/news_details.php?newsID=5149&type=top. Retrieved 2009-04-06. 
  29. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  30. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  31. ↑ Geological Survey of Illinois By Illinois. State Geologist http://books.google.com/books?id=owQdAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207&dq=SAline+river+Illinois+Banks&source=bl&ots=6QPGvfcFm-&sig=_zW_TkHgFLrlZbl29ADvHkU0UuI&hl=en&ei=a0A9Spm0M4y2Ns-tlZ0C&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7
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  33. ↑ "Harrisburg USGS Harrisburg Quad, Illinois, Topographic Map". Trails.com. Demand Media, Inc.. http://www.topozone.com/map.asp?lat=37.73833&lon=-88.54055&size=&symshow=n&u=2&datum=nad27&layer=DRG25. Retrieved April 8, 2009. 
  34. ↑ Stiff, B. J., and A.K. Hansel, 2004, Quaternary glaciations in Illinois. in Ehlers, J., and P.L. Gibbard, eds., pp. 71-82, Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America, Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 0-444-51462-7
  35. ↑ Bristol, Hubert M.; Treworgy, Janis D. (1979) (pdf). The Wabash Valley fault System in Southeastern Illinois. Circular 509. Urbana, Illinois: Illinois Institute of Natural Resources. http://library.isgs.uiuc.edu/Pubs/pdfs/circulars/c509.pdf. Retrieved June 11, 2009. 
  36. ↑ "Seismic Reflection Investigation of the Cottage Grove Fault System, Southern Illinois Basin". Geological Society of America. 2002-04-04. http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002NC/finalprogram/abstract_31987.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-25. 
  37. ↑ Stauder, William; Nuttli, Otto W. (June 1970). "Seismic studies: South central Illinois earthquake of November 9, 1968". Bulletin of the Seismological Association of America 60 (2): 973–981. http://www.bssaonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/60/3/973. Retrieved 2008-11-09. 
  38. ↑ Staff (1968-11-09). "Quake Damage Minor; Felt Over Wide Area in Midwest and East". St. Louis Post Dispatch. http://www.eas.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/1968EQ/post.html. Retrieved 2008-11-09. 
  39. ↑ "Illinois - Saline County". National Register of Historic Places. http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/il/Saline/state.html. Retrieved April 8, 2009. 
  40. ↑ "Harrisburg Township Park District". Harrisburg Illinois Library. http://www.harrisburgpark.net/memparkmap.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-20. 
  41. ↑ "Oldest Parks celebrated". Harrisburg Illinois Library. http://www.lib.niu.edu/1994/ip940316.html. Retrieved 2009-04-20. 
  42. ↑ "City of Harrisburg Gets Help for Mausoleum". WSIL TV. http://www.wsiltv.com/p/news_details.php?newsID=4653&type=top. Retrieved 2009-05-07. 
  43. ↑ Daily Register Newspaper, Apr 15, 2010, Brian DeNeal
  44. ↑ http://www.city-data.com/towers/cell-Harrisburg-Illinois.html#Antenna
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  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 "Flooding Continuing Problem, Jim Brown" (Text). Harrisburg Daily Register. 2009-03-17. http://www.dailyregister.com/news/x1683627005/Jim-Brown-Flooding-is-a-continual-problem-for-the-region. Retrieved 2009-04-06. 
  48. ↑ Davis, Norman (1938). The Ohio-Mississippi valley flood disaster of 1937: Report of relief operations of the American Red cross. American Red Cross. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Hitchens, Harold (1947). Illinois, a Descriptive and Historical Guide. US History Publishers. 
  50. ↑ Rhodes, Lester (1939). Flood Protection Project, Harrisburg, Illinois. War Dept., U.S. Engineer Office. 
  51. ↑ "Southern Illinois Denied Help From FEMA" (Text). WSIL-TV. 2008-09-07. http://www.wsiltv.com/p/news_details.php?newsID=4740&type=top. Retrieved 2009-04-06. 
  52. ↑ "Grocery Store Woes" (Text). WSIL-TV. 2008-03-24. http://www.wsiltv.com/p/news_details.php?newsID=4499&type=top. Retrieved 2009-04-06. 
  53. ↑ Selbert, Pamela (January 1, 1993). "Balancing act on the Shawnee". American Forests. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-13687824.html. Retrieved April 8, 2009. 
  54. ↑ "Shawnee National Forest". US Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/forests/shawnee/. Retrieved April 8, 2009. 
  55. ↑ "The Creation of the Shawnee National Forest 1930-1938". US Forest Service. March 12, 2004. http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/forests/shawnee/about/history/. Retrieved April 8, 2009. 
  56. ↑ "Daily Register". GateHouse Media, Inc. 2009. http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/13/767/2013. Retrieved 2009-04-20. 
  57. ↑ "Echo Media Harrisburg Register & Eldorado Journal". ECHO MEDIA. 2005. http://www.echomedia.com/MediaDetailNP.asp?IDNumber=6619. Retrieved 2009-04-20. 
  58. ↑ "WSIL-TV". WSIL. 2009. http://www.wsiltv.com/p/job_openings.php. Retrieved 2009-04-20. 
  59. ↑ "Radio Stations – Harrisburg, Illinois". Ontheradio. 2009. http://www.ontheradio.net/cities/harrisburg_il.aspx. Retrieved 2009-04-20. 
  60. ↑ The Legend of Charlie Birger - WSIU-TV documentary (2003)
  61. ↑ Virginia Gregg Biography
  62. ↑ Toronto Star, Wednesday 27 November 1968, page 14, Jim Kernaghan column.
  63. ↑ New York Times, March 22, 2005, "John H. Pickering, 89, a Founder of a Leading U.S. Law Firm, Is Dead"
  64. ↑ Arlington Cemetery biography of Raum Retrieved 2008-09-10
  65. ↑ "John Romonosky Statistics and History". http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/r/romonjo01.shtml?redir. Retrieved 2009-04-06. 
  66. ↑ Bassett, Kathie (2009-04-14). "Charactor actor Dale Swann dies". The Telegraph (Alton). http://www.thetelegraph.com/news/swann_25681___article.html/dale_alton.html. Retrieved 2009-04-18. 
  67. ↑ A Tribute to Henry H. Turner, M.D. (1892-1970): A Pioneer Endocrinologist. The Endocrinologist 14(4) 179-184, July-Aug 2004 G Bradley Schaefer, MD and Harris D. Riley, Jr., MD

External links

Municipalities and communities of Saline County, Illinois
County seat: Harrisburg
Cities

Eldorado | Harrisburg
Villages

Carrier Mills | Galatia | Muddy | Raleigh | Stonefort‡
Townships

Brushy | Carrier Mills | Cottage | East Eldorado | Galatia | Harrisburg | Independence | Long Branch | Mountain | Raleigh | Rector | Stone Fort | Tate
Unincorporated
communities

Andersonville | Apple Tree | Banklick | Bankston | Barnum | Battlesford | Beulah Heights | Big Muddy | Blackman Hill | Bolton | Brooklyn | Brushy | Cave Hill | College Park | Cookseyville | Cornersville | Cottage Grove | Dallasanie | Delta | Derby | Dooley Station | Dorrisville | Douglas | Eagle Mountain | Eagle Valley | Eagle | East Eldorado | Flint Hill | Francis Mills | Garris Ridge | Gaskins City | Grayson | Haley's Hill | Halltown | Hamburg | Harco | Hartford | Hawkeye | Highland Park | Horseshoe | Hull | Independence | Ingram Hill | L'Aigle | Lakeview | Ledford | Little Italy | Little Ridge | Little Saline Grove | Long Branch | Mountain | Mt. Airy | New Castle | New Hope | North Galatia | Old Stonefort | Old Town | Pankeyville | Pick | Prospect Hill | Rathbone Station | Rector | Red Bank | Red Bud | Rileyville | Rudement | Saline City | Somerset | South America | Tanner | Tate | Texas City | Texas Station | Texas | Tison | Wasson | West End | West Harrisburg | Whiteside | Whitesville
Footnotes

‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties