Gorilla

Gorillas[1]
Western Gorilla
(Gorilla gorilla)
Conservation status

Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Subfamily: Homininae
Tribe: Gorillini
Genus: Gorilla
I. Geoffroy, 1852
Type species
Troglodytes gorilla
Savage, 1847
Species

Gorilla gorilla
Gorilla beringei
distribution of Gorilla
Synonyms
  • Pseudogorilla Elliot, 1913

Gorillas are the largest of the living primates. They are ground-dwelling and predominantly herbivorous. They inhabit the forests of central Africa. Gorillas are divided into two species and (still under debate as of 2008) either four or five subspecies. The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of a human, between 95 and 99% depending on what is counted[3], and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the two chimpanzee species.

Gorillas' natural habitats cover tropical or subtropical forests in Africa. Although their range covers a small percentage of Africa, gorillas cover a wide range of elevations. The Mountain Gorilla inhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes, ranging in altitude from 2,200–4,300 metres (7,200–14,100 ft). Lowland Gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level, with Western Lowland Gorillas living in Central West African countries and Eastern Lowland Gorillas living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near its border with Rwanda.[4]

Contents

Etymology

The American physician and missionary Thomas Staughton Savage and naturalist Jeffries Wyman first described the Western Gorilla (they called it Troglodytes gorilla) in 1847 from specimens obtained in Liberia.[5] The name was derived from the Greek word "Γόριλλαι", (Gorillai), a "tribe of hairy women"[6] described by Hanno the Navigator, a Carthaginian navigator and possible visitor (circa 480 BC) to the area that later became Sierra Leone.[7]

Evolution and classification

Female gorilla.

The closest relatives of gorillas are chimpanzees and humans, all of the Homininae having diverged from a common ancestor about 7 million years ago.[8] Human genes differ only 1.6% on average from their corresponding gorilla genes in their sequence, but there is further difference in how many copies each gene has.[9]

Until recently there was considered to be a single gorilla species, with three subspecies: the Western Lowland Gorilla, the Eastern Lowland Gorilla and the Mountain Gorilla.[10][11] There is now agreement that there are two species with two subspecies each. More recently it has been claimed that a third subspecies exists in one of the species. The separate species and subspecies developed from a single type of gorilla during the Ice Age, when their forest habitats shrank and became isolated from each other.[4]

Primatologists continue to explore the relationships between various gorilla populations.[10] The species and subspecies listed here are the ones upon which most scientists agree.

The proposed third subspecies of Gorilla beringei, which has not yet received a trinomen, is the Bwindi population of the Mountain Gorilla, sometimes called the Bwindi Gorilla.

Some variations that distinguish the classifications of gorilla include varying density, size, hair color, length, culture, and facial widths.[4] There are now thought to be over 100,000 Western Lowland Gorillas in the wild, with 4,000 in zoos; Eastern Lowland Gorillas have a population of 4,000 in the wild and 24 in zoos.[4] Mountain Gorillas are the most severely endangered, with an estimated population of about 620 left in the wild and none in zoos.[4]

Physical characteristics

Gorillas move around by knuckle-walking, although they sometimes walk bipedally for short distances while carrying food or in defensive situations.[12] Adult males range in height 1.65–1.75 metres (5 ft 5 in–5 ft 9 in), and in weight 140–200 kg (310–440 lb). Adult females are often half the size of a silverback, averaging about 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) tall and 100 kg (220 lb). Occasionally, a silverback of over 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) and 230 kg (510 lb) has been recorded in the wild. However, obese gorillas in captivity have reached a weight of 270 kg (600 lb).[13] Gorillas have a facial structure which is described as mandibular prognathism, that is, their mandible protrudes farther out than the maxilla.

The Eastern Gorilla is more darkly colored than the Western Gorilla, with the Mountain Gorilla being the darkest of all. The Mountain Gorilla also has the thickest hair. The Western Lowland Gorilla can be brown or grayish with a reddish forehead. In addition, gorillas that live in lowland forests are more slender and agile than the more bulky Mountain Gorilla.[14]

Almost all gorillas share the same blood type (B)[15] and, like humans, have individual finger prints.[16]

Behavior

Group life

A silverback is an adult male gorilla, typically more than 12 years of age and named for the distinctive patch of silver hair on his back. A silverback gorilla has large canine teeth that come with maturity. Blackbacks are sexually mature males of up to 11 years of age.

A silverback gorilla portrait.

Silverbacks are the strong, dominant troop leaders. Each typically leads a troop (group size ranges from 5 to 30) and is in the center of the troop's attention, making all the decisions, mediating conflicts, determining the movements of the group, leading the others to feeding sites and taking responsibility for the safety and well-being of the troop. Blackbacks may serve as backup protection.

Males will slowly begin to leave their original troop when they are about 11 years old, traveling alone or with a group of other males for 2–5 years before being able to attract females to form a new group and start breeding. While infant gorillas normally stay with their mother for 3–4 years, silverbacks will care for weaned young orphans, though never to the extent of carrying the little gorillas. If challenged by a younger or even by an outsider male, a silverback will scream, beat his chest, break branches, bare his teeth, then charge forward. Sometimes a younger male in the group can take over leadership from an old male. If the leader is killed by disease, accident, fighting or poachers, the group will split up, as the animals disperse to look for a new protective male. Occasionally, a group may be taken over in its entirety by another male. There is a strong risk that the new male will kill the infants of the dead silverback.

Intimidation of another gorilla is done normally by standing and beating the chest while running toward the other. In these photos taken at the National Zoo in Washington DC, one such gorilla does this several times to another within a period of minutes. The first two attempts resulted in successfully taking the others seating area while the third attempt was initiated by following the same gorilla to the new location, but turned away soon thereafter.

Food and foraging

Female and baby gorillas.

Gorillas are herbivores,[17] eating fruits, leaves, and shoots. Further, they are classified as folivores. Much like other animals that feed on plants and shoots, they sometimes ingest small insects as well (however, there has been video proof that gorillas do eat ants and termites much in the same way as chimpanzees.)[18] Gorillas spend most of the day eating. Their large sagittal crest and long canines allow them to crush hard plants like bamboo. Lowland gorillas feed mainly on fruit while Mountain gorillas feed mostly on herbs, stems and roots.[14]

Reproduction and lifespan

Gestation is 8½ months. There are typically 3 to 4 years between births. Infants stay with their mothers for 3–4 years. Females mature at 10–12 years (earlier in captivity); males at 11–13 years. Lifespan is between 30–50 years, although there have been exceptions. For example the Dallas Zoo's Jenny lived to the age of 55.[19][20][21] Recently, gorillas have been observed engaging in face-to-face sex, a trait that was once considered unique to humans and the Bonobo.[22]

Intelligence

Gorillas are closely related to humans and are considered highly intelligent. A few individuals in captivity, such as Koko, have been taught a subset of sign language (see animal language for a discussion). Like the other great apes, gorillas can laugh, grieve, have "rich emotional lives," develop strong family bonds, can make and use tools, and can think about the past and future.[23] Some researchers believe that gorillas have spiritual feelings or religious sentiments.[4] Gorillas have been shown to have cultures in different areas revolving around different methods of food preparation, and gorillas will show individual color preferences.[4]

Tool use

A female gorilla exhibiting tool use by using a tree trunk as a support whilst fishing.

The following observations were made by a team led by Thomas Breuer of the Wildlife Conservation Society in September 2005. Gorillas are now known to use tools in the wild. A female gorilla in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in the Republic of Congo was recorded using a stick as if to gauge the depth of water whilst crossing a swamp. A second female was seen using a tree stump as a bridge and also as a support whilst fishing in the swamp. This means that all of the great apes are now known to use tools.[24]

In September 2005, a two and a half year old gorilla in the Republic of Congo was discovered using rocks to smash open palm nuts inside a game sanctuary.[25] While this was the first such observation for a gorilla, over 40 years previously chimpanzees had been seen using tools in the wild, famously 'fishing' for termites. Great apes are endowed with a semi-precision grip, and certainly have been able to use both simple tools and even weapons, by improvising a club from a convenient fallen branch.

Interactions with humans

Studies

The word "gorilla" comes from the history of Hanno the Navigator, a Carthaginian explorer on an expedition on the west African coast. They encountered "a savage people, the greater part of whom were women, whose bodies were hairy, and who our interpreters called Gorillae".[26] The word was then later used as the species name, though it is unknown whether what these ancient Carthaginians encountered were truly gorillas, another species of ape or monkeys, or humans.[10]

American physician and missionary Thomas Staughton Savage obtained the first specimens (the skull and other bones) during his time in Liberia in Africa.[5] The first scientific description of gorillas dates back to an article by Savage and the naturalist Jeffries Wyman in 1847 in Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,[27][28] where Troglodytes gorilla is described, now known as the Western Gorilla. Other species of gorilla are described in the next couple of years.[10]

Explorer Paul du Chaillu was the first westerner to see a live gorilla during his travel through western equatorial Africa from 1856 to 1859. He brought dead specimens to the UK in 1861.[29][30]

The first systematic study was not conducted until the 1920s, when Carl Akeley of the American Museum of Natural History traveled to Africa to hunt for an animal to be shot and stuffed. On his first trip he was accompanied by his friends Mary Bradley, a famous mystery writer, and her husband. After their trip, Mary Bradley wrote On the Gorilla Trail. She later became an advocate for the conservation of gorillas and wrote several more books (mainly for children). In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Robert Yerkes and his wife Ava helped further the study of gorillas when they sent Harold Bigham to Africa. Yerkes also wrote a book in 1929 about the great apes.

After World War II, George Schaller was one of the first researchers to go into the field and study primates. In 1959, he conducted a systematic study of the mountain gorilla in the wild and published his work. Years later, at the behest of Louis Leakey and the National Geographic, Dian Fossey conducted a much longer and more comprehensive study of the Mountain Gorilla. It was not until she published her work that many misconceptions and myths about gorillas were finally disproved, including the myth that gorillas are violent.

Endangerment

Both species of gorilla are endangered[2], and have been subject to intense poaching for a long time. Threats to gorilla survival include habitat destruction and the bushmeat trade. In 2004 a population of several hundred gorillas in the Odzala National Park, Republic of Congo was essentially wiped out by the Ebola virus.[31] A 2006 study published in Science concluded that more than 5,000 gorillas may have died in recent outbreaks of the Ebola virus in central Africa. The researchers indicated that in conjunction with commercial hunting of these apes, the virus creates "a recipe for rapid ecological extinction."[32] Conservation efforts include the Great Ape Survival Project, a partnership between the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, and also an international treaty, the Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and Their Habitats, concluded under UNEP-administered Convention on Migratory Species. The Gorilla Agreement is the first legally binding instrument exclusively targeting Gorilla conservation and came into effect on 1 June 2008.

Cultural references

Since they came to the attention of western society in the 1860s, gorillas have been a recurring element of many aspects of popular culture and media. For example, gorillas have featured prominently in monstrous fantasy films such as King Kong, and pulp fiction such as the stories of Tarzan and Conan the Barbarian have featured gorillas as physical opponents to the titular protagonists.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Groves, C. (2005). Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M, eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 181–182. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100787. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 IUCN Gorilla listing
  3. ↑ http://www.answersingenesis.org/tj/v17/i1/DNA.asp
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Prince-Hughes, Dawn (1987). Songs of the Gorilla Nation. Harmony. p. 66. ISBN 1400050588. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Conniff R. Discovering gorilla. Evolutionary Anthropology, 18: 55-61. doi:10.1002/evan.20203
  6. ↑ Γόριλλαι, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
  7. ↑ Müller, C. (1855-61). Geographici Graeci Minores. pp. 1.1–14: text and trans. Ed, J. Blomqvist (1979). 
  8. ↑ Glazko GV, Nei M (March 2003). "Estimation of divergence times for major lineages of primate species". Mol. Biol. Evol. 20 (3): 424–34. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg050. PMID 12644563. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/20/3/424. 
  9. ↑ Goidts V, Armengol L, Schempp W, et al. (March 2006). "Identification of large-scale human-specific copy number differences by inter-species array comparative genomic hybridization". Hum. Genet. 119 (1-2): 185–98. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-0130-9. PMID 16395594. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Groves, Colin (2002). "A history of gorilla taxonomy". Gorilla Biology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective, Andrea B. Taylor & Michele L. Goldsmith (editors) (Cambridge University Press): 15–34. doi:10.2277/0521792819. http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/Gorilla%20Biology.pdf. 
  11. ↑ Stewart, Kelly J.; Pascale Sicotte, Martha M. Robbins (2001). "Mountain Gorillas of the Virungas". Fathom / Cambridge University Press. http://www.fathom.com/course/21701783/. Retrieved 2008-09-11. 
  12. ↑ Prince-Hughes, Dawn (1987). Songs of the Gorilla Nation. Harmony. pp. 82–3. ISBN 1400050588. 
  13. ↑ "Gorilla - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition". bartleby.com. Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20080212005936/http://www.bartleby.com/65/go/gorilla.html. Retrieved 2006-10-10. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Gorilla Information: A gorilla's habitat and diet". http://www.volcanoessafaris.com/great-apes.htm. 
  15. ↑ Glass, Bonnie B. (2001). "Evolution of the Human". http://facstaff.uwa.edu/jmccall/evolution_of_the_human.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-22. 
  16. ↑ "Santa Barbara Zoo - Western Lowland Gorilla". santabarbarazoo.org. http://www.santabarbarazoo.org/showAnimals.asp?id=149. Retrieved 2006-10-10. 
  17. ↑ "Gorilla gorilla: Information". animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gorilla_gorilla.html. Retrieved 2008-03-26. 
  18. ↑ "Looking at Ape Diets: Myths, Realities, and Rationalizations". beyondveg.com. http://www.beyondveg.com/billings-t/comp-anat/comp-anat-2a.shtml. Retrieved 2007-01-03. 
  19. ↑ .tv3.co.nz, World's oldest gorilla celebrates 55th birthday
  20. ↑ gmanews.tv/story, Gorilla celebrates 55th birthday with frozen cake
  21. ↑ Associated Press, Oldest living gorilla dies at 55, Houston Chronicle, 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  22. ↑ Caught in the act! Gorillas mate face to face
  23. ↑ Planet Of No Apes? Experts Warn It's Close CBS News Online, 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  24. ↑ Breuer, T; Ndoundou-Hockemba M, Fishlock V (2005). "First Observation of Tool Use in Wild Gorillas". PLoS Biol 3 (11): e380. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030380. PMID 16187795. 
  25. ↑ "A Tough Nut To Crack For Evolution". CBS News. 2005-10-18. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/18/tech/main951800.shtml. Retrieved 2006-10-18. 
  26. ↑ Periplus of Hanno, final paragraph
  27. ↑ Savage TS. (1847). Communication describing the external character and habits of a new species of Troglodytes (T. gorilla). Boston Soc Nat Hist: 245–247.
  28. ↑ Savage TS, Wyman J. (1847). Notice of the external characters and habits of Troglodytes gorilla, a new species of orang from the Gaboon River, osteology of the same. Boston J Nat Hist 5:417–443.
  29. ↑ McCook, S. (1996). ""It May Be Truth, but It Is Not Evidence": Paul du Chaillu and the Legitimation of Evidence in the Field Sciences". Osiris 11: 177–197. doi:10.1086/368759. 
  30. ↑ A History of Museum Victoria: Melbourne 1865: Gorillas at the Museum
  31. ↑ "Gorillas infecting each other with Ebola". NewScientist.com. 2006-07-10. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9517-gorillas-infecting-each-other-with-ebola.html. Retrieved 2006-07-10. 
  32. ↑ "Ebola 'kills over 5,000 gorillas'". News.bbc.co.uk. 2006-12-08. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6220122.stm. Retrieved 2006-12-09. 

External links

Ape-related articles
Ape study
Ape language · Ape Trust · Dian Fossey · Birutė Galdikas · Jane Goodall · Chimpanzee genome project · Human genome project · Willie Smits · Lone Drøscher Nielsen  · Borneo Orangutan Survival
 Human and gorilla skeleton
Legal and social status
Personhood · Research ban · Kinshasa Declaration · Great Ape Project · Survival Project
See also
Bushmeat · Ape extinction · List of notable apes · List of fictional apes · Human evolution · Mythic humanoids · Hominid