Fluorite

Fluorite
General
Category Halide mineral
Chemical formula CaF2
Crystal symmetry Isometric 4/m 3 2/m
Unit cell a = 5.4626 Å; Z=4
Identification
Color Colorless, white, purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, pink, brown, bluish black; commonly zoned
Crystal habit Occurs as well-formed coarse sized crystals also nodular, botryoidal, rarely columnar or fibrous; granular, massive
Crystal system Isometric, cF12, SpaceGroup Fm3m, No. 225
Twinning Common on {111}, interpenetrant, flattened
Cleavage Octahedral, perfect on {111}, parting on {011}
Fracture Subconchoidal to uneven
Tenacity Brittle
Mohs scale hardness 4 (defining mineral)
Luster Vitreous
Streak White
Diaphaneity Transparent to translucent
Specific gravity 3.175–3.184; to 3.56 if high in rare-earth elements
Optical properties Isotropic; weak anomalous anisotropism
Refractive index 1.433–1.448
Fusibility 3
Other characteristics sometimes phosphoresces when heated or scratched. Other varieties fluoresce
References [1][2][3][4]

Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a halide mineral composed of calcium fluoride, CaF2. It is an isometric mineral with a cubic habit, though octahedral and more complex isometric forms are not uncommon. Crystal twinning is common and adds complexity to the observed crystal habits.

The word fluorite is derived from the Latin root fluo, meaning "to flow" because the mineral is used to increase the fluidity of slags used in smelting flux. This increase in fluidity is the result of the ionic nature of the mineral. The melting point of pure calcium fluoride is 1676 K. Fluorite gave its name to the phenomenon of fluorescence, which is prominent in fluorites from certain locations, due to certain impurities in the crystal. Fluorite also gave the name to its constitutive element fluorine.[2]

Contents

Occurrence

Fluorite may occur as a vein deposit, especially with metallic minerals, where it often forms a part of the gangue (the surrounding "host-rock" in which valuable minerals occur) and may be associated with galena, sphalerite, barite, quartz, and calcite. It is a common mineral in deposits of hydrothermal origin and has been noted as a primary mineral in granites and other igneous rocks and as a common minor constituent of dolostone and limestone.

Fluorite is a widely occurring mineral which is found in large deposits in many areas. Notable deposits occur in China, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, England, Norway, Mexico, and both Ontario and Newfoundland in Canada. Large deposits also occur in Kenya in the Kerio Valley area within the Great Rift Valley. In the United States, deposits are found in Missouri, Oklahoma, Illinois, Kentucky, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Ohio, New Hampshire, New York, Alaska and Texas. Fluorite has been the state mineral of Illinois since 1965. At that time, Illinois was the largest producer of fluorite in the United States; however, the last Illinois mine closed in 1995.[5]

The world reserves of fluorite are estimated at 230 million tonnes with the largest contributors being South Africa (42 million tonnes), Mexico (32 million tonnes) and China (21 million tonnes). China is leading the world production with 3 million tonnes (2009 data) followed by Mexico (0.925 million tonnes), Mongolia (0.28 million tonnes) and Russia (0.21 million tonnes).[6]

One of the largest deposits of fluorspar in North America is located in the Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada. The first official recognition of fluorspar in the area was recorded by geologist, J.B. Jukes in 1843. He noted an occurrence of "galena" or lead ore and fluorite of lime on the west side of St. Lawrence harbour. It is recorded that interest in the commercial mining of fluorspar began in 1928 with the first ore being extracted in 1933. Eventually at Iron Springs Mine, the shafts reached depths of 970 feet. In St. Lawrence area, the veins are persistent for great lengths and several of them have wide lenses. The area with veins of known workable size comprises about 60 square miles.[7][8][9]

Cubic crystals up to 20 cm across have been found at Dalnegorsk, Russia.[10] The largest documented single crystal of fluorite was a cube 2.12 m in size and weighed ~16 tonnes.[11]

Blue John

One of the most famous of the older-known localities of fluorite is Castleton in Derbyshire, England, where, under the name of Derbyshire Blue John, purple-blue fluorite was extracted from several mines/caves, including the famous Blue John Cavern. During the 19th century, this attractive fluorite was mined for its ornamental value. The name derives from French "bleu et jaune" (blue and yellow) characterising its color. Blue John is now scarce, and only a few hundred kilograms are mined each year for ornamental and lapidary use. Mining still takes place in both the Blue John Cavern and the nearby Treak Cliff Cavern.[12]

Recently discovered deposits in China have produced fluorite with coloring and banding similar to the classic Blue John stone.[13]

Fluorescence

Vein of Blue John in Treak Cliff Cavern
The unit cell of fluorite's crystal structure
Fluorescing fluorite from Heights Mine, Weardale, North Pennines, County Durham, England, UK.

Many samples of fluorite fluoresce under ultra-violet light, a property that takes its name from fluorite[14]. Many minerals, as well as other substances, fluoresce. Fluorescence involves the elevation of electron energy levels by quanta of ultra-violet light, followed by the progressive falling back of the electrons into their previous energy state, releasing quanta of visible light in the process. In fluorite, the visible light emitted is most commonly blue, but red, purple, yellow, green and white also occur. The fluorescence of fluorite may be due to mineral impurities such as yttrium, ytterbium, or organic matter in the crystal lattice. In particular, the blue fluorescence seen in fluorites from certain parts of England responsible for the naming of the phenomenon of fluorescence itself, has been attributed to the presence of inclusions of divalent europium in the crystal.[15]

The color of visible light emitted when a sample of fluorite is fluorescing is dependent on where the original specimen was collected; different impurities having been included in the crystal lattice in different places. Neither does all fluorite fluoresce equally brightly, even from the same locality. Therefore ultra-violet light is not a reliable tool for the identification of specimens, nor for quantifying the mineral in mixtures. For example, among British fluorites, those from Northumberland, County Durham, and Eastern Cumbria are the most consistently fluorescent, whereas fluorite from Yorkshire, Derbyshire, and Cornwall, if they fluoresce at all, are generally only feebly fluorescent.

Fluorite also exhibits the property of thermoluminescence.[16]

Color

Fluorite crystals on display at the Cullen Hall of Gems and Minerals
Deep purple cubes of fluorite with galena (gray) and calcite (white) from Illinois, USA

Fluorite comes in a wide range of colors and has subsequently been dubbed "the most colorful mineral in the world". The most common colors are purple, blue, green, yellow, or colorless. Less common are pink, red, white, brown, black, and nearly every shade in between. Color zoning or banding is commonly present. The color of the fluorite is determined by factors including impurities, exposure to radiation, and the size of the color centers.

Uses

A necklace made from fluorite, porcelain, and jasper. The small blue beads are fluorite.

There are three principal types of industrial use for fluorite, corresponding to different grades of purity. Metallurgical grade fluorite, the lowest of the three grades, has traditionally been used as a flux to lower the melting point of raw materials in steel production to aid the removal of impurities, and later in the production of aluminium. Ceramic (intermediate) grade fluorite is used in the manufacture of opalescent glass, enamels and cooking utensils. Fluorite may be drilled into beads and used in jewelry, although due to its relative softness it is not widely used as a semiprecious stone. The highest grade, acid grade fluorite (97% or more of CaF2), is used to make hydrofluoric acid by decomposing the fluorite with sulfuric acid. Hydrofluoric acid is the primary feedstock for the manufacture of virtually all organic and inorganic fluorine-containing compounds, including fluoropolymers and perfluorocarbons, and is also used to etch glass.[17]

Fluorite is used instead of glass in some high performance telescopes and camera lens elements. Exposure tools for the semiconductor industry make use of fluorite optical elements for ultraviolet light at 157 nm wavelength. Fluorite has a uniquely high transparency at this wavelength. Fluorite has a very low dispersion so lenses made from it exhibit less chromatic aberration than those made of ordinary glass.[18] In telescopes it allows crisp images of astronomical objects even at high power. Fluorite also has ornamental and lapidary uses. Fluorite objective lenses are manufactured by the larger microscope firms (Nikon, Olympus, Carl Zeiss and Leica). Their transparence to ultraviolet light enables them to be used for fluorescence microscopy.[19] The fluorite also serves to correct optical aberrations in these lenses. Canon Inc. produces synthetic fluorite crystals that are used in their more expensive telephoto lenses. Nikon has previously manufactured at least one all-fluorite element camera lens (105 mm f/4.5 UV) for the production of ultraviolet images.[20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Fluorite at Handbook of Mineralogy
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Fluorite at Mindat.org
  3. ↑ Fluorite at Webmineral
  4. ↑ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, pp. 324–325, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7
  5. ↑ U. S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey (2010). Minerals Yearbook, 2006, V. 2, Area Reports, Domestic. Government Printing Office. p. 15-3. ISBN 1411325435. http://books.google.com/books?id=LJQWP_0nnDAC&pg=SA15-PA3. 
  6. ↑ Fluorspar, USGS, 2010
  7. ↑ Reactivation of the St. Lawrence fluorspar mine at St. Lawrence, NL
  8. ↑ Van Alstine, R. E. (1944). "The fluorspar deposits of Saint Lawrence, Newfoundland". Economic Geology 39: 109. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.39.2.109. 
  9. ↑ Strong, D. F.; Fryer, B. J.; Kerrich, R. (1984). "Genesis of the St. Lawrence fluorspar deposits as indicated by fluid inclusion, rare earth element, and isotopic data". Economic Geology 79: 1142. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.79.5.1142. 
  10. ↑ The Complete Encyclopedia of Minerals by P. Korbel and M. Novak
  11. ↑ P. C. Rickwood (1981). "The largest crystals". American Mineralogist 66: 885–907. http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM66/AM66_885.pdf. 
  12. ↑ Graham Hill, John Holman (2000). ISBN 0174482760. Chemistry in context. 
  13. ↑ Ford, Trevor D. (1994). "Blue John fluorspar". Geology Today 10: 186. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.1994.tb00422.x. 
  14. ↑ Stokes, G. G. (1852). "On the Change of Refrangibility of Light". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142: 463–562. doi:10.1098/rstl.1852.0022. 
  15. ↑ Przibram, K. (1935). "Fluorescence of Fluorite and the Bivalent Europium Ion". Nature 135: 100. doi:10.1038/135100a0. 
  16. ↑ S. W. S. McKeever (1988). Thermoluminescence of Solids. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0521368111. http://books.google.com/books?id=6pNoV48kNSsC&pg=PA9. 
  17. ↑ Fluorspar, UGS 2008 Minerals Yearbook
  18. ↑ Peter Capper (2005). Bulk crystal growth of electronic, optical & optoelectronic materials. John Wiley and Sons. p. 339. ISBN 0470851422. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZqTkCF6Ra9kC&pg=PA339. 
  19. ↑ F. W. D. Rost, Ronald Jowett Oldfield (2000). Photography with a microscope. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 0521770963. http://books.google.com/books?id=IaQOh28E0vgC&pg=PA157. 
  20. ↑ Sidney F. Ray (1999). Scientific photography and applied imaging. Focal Press. pp. 387–388. ISBN 0240513231. http://books.google.com/books?id=AEFPNfghI3QC&pg=PA388. 

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