Enugu

Enugu Énúgwú
—  City  —
Enugu from the west.
Nickname(s): Coal City,[1] Capital of Igboland[2]
Enugu (dark blue) in Enugu State.
Enugu Enugu in Nigeria
Coordinates:
Country	Nigeria
State	Enugu
LGA	Enugu East, Enugu North, Enugu South
Incorporated	in 1909
Founder	Ogui Nike people
Named for	its hilly geography
Government
- Type	Executive Chairman-Council
- Governing body	Local Government Council
- Party	PDP
- Chairman	Emeka Nnamani (Enugu North); Paul Ogbe (Enugu South Urban); Theresa Egbo (Enugu South Rural); Christopher Ugwu (Enugu East)
Area[3][4]
- City	43.6 sq mi (113 km2)
- Metro	77.2 sq mi (200 km2)
Elevation[5]	984 ft (300 m)
Population (2006)[6]
- City	722,664
	Disputed estimate[7]
Time zone	WAT (UTC+1)
Postcode	400...[8]
Area code(s)	042
Website	http://www.enugustate.gov.ng/

Enugu (English pronunciation: /eɪˈnuːguː/ ey-NOO-goo,^[9] Igbo: Énúgwú) is the capital city of Enugu State in Nigeria. It is located in the southeastern geopolitical section of Nigeria and it is largely populated by members of the Igbo ethnic group, one of the largest ethnic groups in Nigeria. Enugu lies on what was originally the Nike (English: /niːˈkeɪ/ nee-kay) village of Ogui; a layout (neighbourhood) in the city still retains this name. The city has a population of 722,664 according to the 2006 Nigerian census.^[6] The name Enugu comes from the two Igbo words Enu and Ugwu meaning "top of the hill" or Hill top, denoting the city's hilly geography.

Enugu had long been settled by the Nike subgroup of the Igbo people before the establishment of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate by the colonial administration of the British Empire. The discovery of coal by the colonialists led to the building of a railway to carry coal from the inland city to the port of Port Harcourt, a city created for this purpose located 150 miles (240 km) south of Enugu.^[10] Enugu was then renamed simply Enugu. By 1958 Enugu had over 8,000 coal miners. Today there is no significant coal mining in the city.

Enugu became the capital of the Eastern Region after Nigeria's independence; a succession of territory adjustments led to Enugu becoming the capital of what is now Enugu State. On May 30, 1967, Enugu was declared the capital of the short-lived Republic of Biafra; for this Enugu is known as the "capital of Igboland." After Enugu was captured by Nigeria, the Biafran capital was moved to Umuahia.

There are a range of industries currently in the city which includes the urban market and bottling industries. Enugu has also become a preferred filming location for directors of the Nigerian movie industry, also dubbed Nollywood. Enugu's main airport is the Akanu Ibiam International Airport which is being upgraded to suit its international status. The main educational establishment in the city is the Enugu campus of the University of Nigeria based in Nsukka, a town north of Enugu and in the same state.

History

Early history

The first settlement in the Enugu area was the small Nike village of Ogui which was present since the era of the Atlantic Slave Trade.^[1] The people inhabiting the Enugu area established major trading with the Aro people from Arochukwu in the south and the Hausa people who came from the north. The Nike people were allied to the Aro who formed the Aro Confederacy (1690—1901),^[11] an Igbo organisation that controlled slave trading in the Enugu area.^[12] The Hausa traders provided horses to the Nike which were used for rituals by the Igbo. Both groups migrated back and forth to what is now the City of Enugu and were considered foreigners to the area.^[13] Nike in the Igbo language means "with strength or power."^[2] It was through slave raiding that the Nike people acquired most of their lands, which, however, were mostly unsettled. The Nike used slaves for a defence strategy where they would place slave camps at the edge of their territories so that it was harder for an enemy to access the free born.^[14]

Modern history

Logo of the celebration of Enugu's centenary in 2009

Under the supervision of the Imperial institute, London, an exploration of the mineral resources, specifically valued resources, of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate went under way in 1903 led by Albert Ernest Kitson. By 1909 coal was found in the Udi and Okoga areas and by 1913 the coal was confirmed to be in quantities that would be viable commercially. After this discovery, the Enugu Ngwo area as it was known then,^[2] became a major coal mining area and the only significant one in West Africa.^[13] The first coal mine in the Enugu area was the Udi mine opened in 1915 which was shut down two years later and replaced with the Iva Valley mine.^[15][16] By 1914 the colonial government had already merged the Northern and Southern Nigeria Protectorate to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.^[17]

In 1915 the British began talks with the owners and indigenous people of the land that would become Enugu about its acquisition in order for the railway and the rest of what is now Enugu city to be established. The first houses built in what is now Enugu were in a temporary settlement consisting of Igbo traditional mud housing inhabited by a W.J. Leck and some other Europeans on Milliken Hill. Another settlement known as Ugwu Alfred (Igbo: Alfred's Hill) or "Alfred's Camp" was inhabited by an Alfred Inoma (a leader of indigenous labourers from Onitsha) and his labourers was located on a hillside.^[13][18] After the land acquisition by the British, Frederick Lugard, the Governor-General of Nigeria at the time, named the site at the bottom of the Udi Hills Enugu Coal Camp.^[2] A railway connecting Enugu with the Port Harcourt seaport was completed in 1916 in order to export the coal.^[15] Enugu became one of the few cities in West Africa created out of contact with Europeans.^[1]

By 1916 parts of Enugu reserved for Europeans had been set up by the colonial government. The area now known as the GRA (Government Reserved Area) had become the European Quarters located north of the Ogbete River; alongside this was a section developed for African residents located south of the river. The built-up area of Enugu comprised these two areas, and by 1917 the city officially gained township status. On the African side of the city a rapid influx of migrant workers sparked the development of squatter camps on the Udi Hills near the coal mines and the Iva Valley.^[18]

In 1938 Enugu became the administrative capital of the Eastern Province. The number of employed coal miners in Enugu grew from 6,000 (of mostly Udi men) in 1948 to 8,000 in 1958. Enugu's population rose sharply with its industrialisation; the population of the city reached 62,000 in 1952.^[16] Mining in Enugu was sometimes turbulent, as demonstrated by the events of November 18, 1949, when 21 striking miners were shot and killed by police under British governance. The massacre that came to be known as 'The Iva Valley Shooting'^[19] fuelled nationalist or "Zikist" sentiments among most Nigerians.^[2][16][20]

Independence and war era

The first mayor of Enugu was Umaru Altine after the city become a municipality in 1956.^[16] On May 27, 1967, the Nigerian government divided the Western, Northern and the Eastern region into 12 states.^[21] The Eastern Region was broken up and Enugu was made the capital of East Central State.^[1] Nigeria had already gained independence by this time in 1960. On May 30, 1967, Enugu was declared the capital of the short-lived Republic of Biafra.^[22]

As thousands of Igbo migrants in the northern and western parts of Nigeria fled to their native east when war broke out between Biafra and Nigeria, Enugu became a destination for returning ethnic Igbo. Radio Biafra, alternatively the Voice of Biafra (formerly the Eastern Nigerian Broadcasting Service), was based in Enugu;^[23] it was from here that the Biafran leader, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, broadcast speeches and propaganda to Biafrans and to the rest of Nigeria.^[24][25] The war led to a decrease in the number of non-Igbo, specifically non-eastern Nigerian residents in Enugu.^[13] On October 4, 1967, the Nigerian military, just outside Enugu, bombarded the city with artillery before capturing it a week later; shortly after this Umuahia became the new capital.^[26] Years after the war, Enugu is still regarded as the "Capital of Igboland."^[2][27]

After the war

Enugu again became the capital of the East Central State after the war had finished and Biafra had been dissolved in 1970. On February 3, 1976, the East Central State was broken into two new states, Imo and Anambra; there were then 19 states in Nigeria;^[28] Enugu was the capital of Anambra. On August 27, 1991, the military dictatorship of Ibrahim Babangida divided the old Anambra State into two new states, Enugu State and Anambra State.^[29] Enugu remained as the capital of the newly-created Enugu State, while Awka became the capital of the new Anambra State.

Geography

Topography

Satellite image of Enugu and other communities neighbouring it. The Enugu escarpment can be seen on the left where it has a lighter colour; the Nyaba River can be seen on the bottom.

Enugu is positioned by hills as indicated by its name meaning Hill top in the Igbo language.^[1][2] In the early 20th century, it had been discovered that the city had large enough deposits of coal for a significant coal mining industry to be established in the area. Enugu is located in the Benue trough and has the best developed coal here.^[30] Precambrian basement rock in this region is overlaid with sediments bearing coal from the Cretaceous and Tertiary age.^[31] Coal seams in the Enugu coal district measure between 1 and 2 metres (3.3 and 6.6 ft) in thickness and the reserves have been estimated to be more 300 million tonnes.^[30]

Despite its name, Enugu, however, does not lie on a hill; rather the city lies on the plains at the foot of an escarpment^[15] located in the Cross River basin.^[32] The Ekulu, Asata, Ogbete, Aria, Idaw and Nyaba rivers are the six main rivers located in the city and have all had layouts in their locations named after them.^[33] The Ekulu River is the largest body of water in Enugu urban,^[34] and its reservoir contributes to part of the city's domestic water supply.^[35]

Enugu's hills at the extreme may reach an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). Highlands surrounding Enugu for the most part are underlain by sandstone, while lowlands are underlain by shale. Much of the escarpment stretching from Enugu to Orlu has been ravaged by soil and gully erosion.^[35] Other geological features in Enugu include the Nike Lake near which the Nike Lake Hotel has been built.^[2]

Climate

Enugu is located in a tropical rain forest zone with a derived savannah.^[36][37] The city has a tropical savanna climate. Enugu's climate is humid and this humidity is at its highest between the months of March and November.^[37] For the whole of Enugu State the mean daily temperature is 26.7 °C (80.1 °F).^[36] As in the rest of West Africa, the rainy season and dry season are the only weather periods that recur in Enugu. Replete with heavy showers, the rainy season lasts from March to October, while the dry season of the remaining months brings a considerable reduction in rainfall. The average annual rainfall in Enugu is around 2,000 millimetres (79 in), which arrives intermittently and becomes very heavy during the rainy season.^[38] Other weather conditions affecting the city include Harmattan, a dusty trade wind lasting a few weeks in the months of December and January.^[15] Like the rest of Nigeria, Enugu is hot all year round.

Cityscape

The tallest building in the City of Enugu is the African Continental Bank (ACB) tower located in the Enugu Central Business District (CBD) in Ogui; it has six stories and a height of 750 metres (2,460 ft).^[40] The tower was built in the late 50s for the African Continental Bank Limited which was founded by Nnamdi Azikiwe who became the first president of Nigeria after the country's independence from the United Kingdom on October 1960.^[41] The unveiling of the building took place on April 30, 1959.^[42] Other tall buildings include the Hotel Presidential opened on August 1963. The seven story building contains 100 rooms and is located in the Independence Layout. Hotel Presidential cost $2.5 million to build and was commissioned by the government of what was then the Eastern Region to serve visiting businessmen, officials and tourists.^[43] In the middle of Enugu is the Michael Okpara Square, dedicated to the premier of the former Eastern Region Michael Okpara. Beside the square is located the Enugu State Government House, Enugu State House of Assembly and Enugu State Judiciary Complex.^[44][45]

The Enugu landscape from atop a building facing towards the cities hills

Enugu's coal mines are dotted around on the outskirts of the city. The Colliery Camp mines are located in the Iva Valley which is near the neighbouring town of Ngwo and Hilltop of Enugu.^[18] The Iva Valley coal mine is accessed through the Iva Valley road linking Enugu with Ngwo.^[46] Other coal mines are located in the Ogbete and Coal Camp layouts; these mines are located on the periphery of the city near the Iva Valley as well.^[18]

Architectural design in Enugu's early years was in the hands of the British colonial administration; Enugu's architecture was consequently very European. English cottage housing and Victorian houses were used for housing Europeans and Nigerian colonial civil servants in the early 20th century until Europeans started trying to adapt their architecture to the tropical climate.^[47] Some other examples of these European styles are shown in the styles of churches built in the colonial era, such as the Holy Ghost Cathedral with its Greco-Roman stained glass windows depicting Europeans. Enugu's roads were reflective of its British rule; much of the cities narrow roads in the GRA have been preserved dating back to the incorporation of the city itself.^[48] Low rent one bedroom flats in Enugu and other Nigerian cities are known as 'Face-me-I-face-you' for the way a group of flats face each other and form a square where a compound entrance is lead into.^[49][50]

Government

The State Government and the Local Government are the two levels of government in Enugu State and in all other states of Nigeria. Enugu city covers three local government areas: Enugu East, Enugu North and Enugu South. A Local Government Council exists for each of these areas that manage sectors including primary education and health; an elected Executive Chairman and a group of elected Councillors form the Local Government Council that heads each Local Government Area.^[51][52] Enugu South is split between its rural and urban parts when electing an Executive Chairman. The Executive Chairmen include Paul Ogbe for Enugu South Urban, Theresa Egbo for Enugu South Rural, Emeka Nnamani for Enugu North, and Christopher Ugwu for Enugu East.^[53] Sullivan Chime is the current executive governor for the whole of Enugu State. He was elected by the people of Enugu State in April 2007^[54] and was sworn into office on May 29, 2007.^[55] The governor is above a group of commissioners who he has placed as heads of ministries that oversee various portfolios such as Health and Housing; both the governor and the commissioners form the Executive Council of Enugu State. The Ministry of Lands, Survey and Town Planning (at the state level) and the Local Planning Authority (at the local government level) are responsible for the administration of urban lands and town planning.^[51] Government House, Enugu is where the government of the state is based.

Demographics

According to the 2006 Nigerian census, the Enugu metropolitan area has an estimated population of 722,664.^[6] This estimate along with population estimates of other Nigerian cities have been disputed with accusations of population inflation and deflation in favour of the northern part of the country.^[7] Like the rest of Nigeria most people in Enugu speak Nigerian English alongside the dominant language in the region.^[59] In this case the dominant language is Igbo.^[60] Nigerian English, or pidgin (a mix of English and indigenous words) is often used because of ethnic diversity and sometimes because of the diversity of dialects in the Igbo language.^[61] In cultural and linguistic terms Enugu is within the Northern cluster of the Igbo region which includes other towns and cities like Awka and Nsukka.^[62]

The indigenous people of Enugu include the Ogui Nike who live in the areas surrounding Hotel Presidential, Obiagu, Ama-Igbo, Ihewuzi and Onu-Asata. Other groups include the Awkunanaw people, who live mainly in the Achara Layout and Uwani areas. The Enugwu Ngwo people live in Hilltop on the west of the city with their farm lands sprawling all over the valley. Other Nike people live around the Abakpa, Iji-Nike, and Emene areas of the city.^[63][64][65] Most of the non-indigenous people of Enugu are migrants from the other parts of the Igbo cultural area. After the majority Igbo, the Yoruba people are another significant ethnic group found present in Enugu; other groups include the Hausa and Fulani people.^[66]

Crime

Enugu's crime rate rose in 2009 as kidnapping and armed robbery rates increased in southeastern Nigeria specifically between the months of September and December.^[67] The Enugu State government sought to squash the high kidnapping rates by passing a bill on February 2009 that made kidnapping by the use of a weapon a capital offence; the bill was passed by the Enugu House of Assembly unanimously.^[68] 1,088 arrests were made in the city between September and December 2009; 270 of these were in September, 303 were in October, 295 in November and 220 were in December. 477 of these detainees were accused of committing capital offences which included kidnapping.^[67] The motives of kidnappers in Enugu is primarily financial and some ransoms went into the millions of Naira. The Chief Press Secretary to the Governor of Enugu State, Dan Nwomeh, had his ransom set as high as ₦500 million (3.3 million US Dollars As of 26 June 2010 (2010 -06-26)^[update]),^[69] dropping to ₦200 million and then ₦50 million before he was released without a ransom being paid because of the refusal of the government to negotiate with the kidnappers. Much of the crime in Enugu and the rest of Nigeria has been attributed to unemployment.^[70]

Culture

External images
	Enugu's Mmanwu masquerades in full costume[71]

As a Northern Igbo territory, Enugu shares cultural traits with its neighbouring towns. Two important Igbo traditional festivals take place in Enugu annually; the Mmanwu festival and the New yam festival. The Mmanwu festival takes place in November and features various types of masquerades that each have a name. This festival is held at the Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium as a parade of carnival-like masquerades that are accompanied by music and it is supported by the Enugu Council of Arts and Culture.^[72][73][74] The second important Igbo festival, the New yam festival known as 'iwa ji', is held between the months of August and October marking the harvesting and feasting of the new yam. The yam is a root vegetable that is the staple crop and a cultural symbol for the Igbo people.^[72][73] Recently created festivals include the Enugu Festival of Arts which is managed by the Enugu Council of Arts and Culture. The festival highlights African culture and traditions and it is here that the Enugu Council of Arts and Culture included the Mmanwu parade as part of the events. The Enugu Festival of Arts was started in 1986; it has modernised the Mmanwu festival by transferring it from its traditional village surroundings to the urban setting of Enugu.^[74] Diana, Princess of Wales was a notable spectator of Enugu's cultural shows when she visited the city in 1990.^[75]

The tourism industry in Enugu, managed by the Enugu State Tourism Board (ESTB), is small; however, the state government recognises a variety of historic and recreational sites. These sites include places like the Udi Hills, from which the majority of Enugu city can be viewed. The Polo amusement park is a funfair that is among the first generation of public parks in the city;^[72][76] other parks in the city include the Murtala Muhammed Park.^[77] Enugu's former coal mines, Onyeama and Okpara, are open to public visits.^[72] Some other spots include: The Institute of Management and Technology (IMT) Sculptural Garden and Art Gallery, the Eastern Region Parliamentary Building, the Old Government Lodge,^[72] and Enugu Golf course. Enugu Zoo is another attraction in the city. It is divided into the botanical garden and the zoological section.^[78] A National Museum is located near Enugu at its north, although it receives few visitors.^[2] It is managed by National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM). Other galleries include the Bona Gallery.^[79]

Literature

Some of Nigeria's well known writers were born and have lived in the City of Enugu. Chinua Achebe, writer of Things Fall Apart lived in Enugu in 1958, the same year the book was published.^[80] He moved to the city again with his family during the Nigerian-Biafran War after escaping Lagos. It was at this time that he met and became friends with Nigerian poet Christopher Okigbo where they started a publishing house called Citadel Press releasing such titles as How the Dog was Domesticated and How the Leopard Got His Claws.^[81] Christopher Okigbo lived in Enugu during the early months of the Nigerian-Biafran War in the late 60's. Okigbo's home on Hilltop contained many of his unpublished writings which were mostly destroyed by bombing when the war started.^[82] Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, writer of Half of a Yellow Sun, a winner of the Orange Prize for Fiction in 2007,^[83][84] was born in Enugu in 1977 and grew up in Nsukka.^[85][86]

Media

Among the city's television and radio stations are the Nigerian Television Authority's network affiliate (NTA Enugu) headquarters located at Independence Layout; and the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) network affiliate station (Radio Enugu) which broadcasts in English, Igbo, Efik, Ijaw and Tiv.^[87] Enugu State Broadcasting Service Television (ESBS-TV) is a state owned television broadcasting company which offers 18 hours of continuous broadcasting on weekends.^[88]

Enugu, after Lagos is a preferred city for shooting films in Nigeria and a film production centre in the East.^[89][90] In 2007, Enugu hosted the first-ever film festival in the state, the Enugu International Film Festival. Held at Hotel Presidential, the festival's intent was to highlight Enugu as a "film making hub" in Africa including movie premiers and prizes for different film categories.^[91]

Sports

Enugu's main sports centre is the Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium, named after Nnamdi Azikiwe, the first president of Nigeria. The stadium remained the centre of sports for the whole of the eastern region until the Nigerian-Biafran War broke out, leading to the stadium's damage. At the war's end the stadium was refurbished.^[92]

Association football is the most popular sport in Enugu. The Enugu Rangers, a first-division professional league team, is Enugu's home team that plays in the Nigerian Premier League. As of 2009^[update], the Rangers in total had won six Nigerian Premier League titles.^[93] Enugu Rangers were founded and are based in the Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium, where they play their home games.^[92] Former Rangers players include Jay-Jay Okocha and Taribo West.^[93] Enugu was a host for the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup games (24 October – 15 November) alongside Calabar and five other Nigerian cities with matches taking place at the Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium.^[93] Its hosting of the FIFA U-17 World Cup benefited Enugu through the renovation of the Nnamdi Azikiwe stadium, having had such things as a new artificial surface laid.^[93]

Economy

Nicknamed the Coal City,^[1] Enugu's economy in the early 20th century depended on coal mining in the Udi plateau; this industry was the pushing force towards the city's growth.^[94] The Nigerian Coal Corporation has been based in Enugu since its creation in 1950 where it controls coal mining.^[95] With the creation of the Enugu-Port Harcourt railway, Enugu was connected with the sea via Port Harcourt to its south and later connected to the city of Kaduna to Enugu's north.^[96] The Biafran war brought widespread devastation that forced a decline in coal production from damage or destruction of equipment. As of 2005^[update], coal mining is no longer the major source of income and mines lay unused.^[97] Other minerals mined in Enugu include iron ore, limestone, fine clay, marble, and silica sand.^[5]

In Enugu most goods are sold in open markets or by street hawkers; a significant number of street hawkers in Nigeria are children. As of 2003^[update], around 44 under-16-year-olds (equally boys and girls) hawk on every street on every hour in Enugu.^[98] There are three main urban markets in Enugu: Ogbete Market, Awkunanaw Market and New Market. New Market is a major market for the sale of garri.^[99] Ogbete market is patronised by merchants from all over the surrounding area, including merchants from cities like Onitsha, Aguleri, Abakaliki and Aba. In Ogebete market non-food goods are also sold.^[100] Textile manufacturing, food processing, lumbering, soft-drink bottling, brewing, and furniture manufacturing are among other industries in the city.^[5] For a period of time Sosoliso Airlines had its head office on the grounds of Akanu Ibiam International Airport in Enugu.^[101]

The former Eastern Region was once famed for producing half the world's total output of palm kernels.^[102] Since the Nigerian-Biafran War production has markedly declined largely because the plantations and processing equipment were either damaged or destroyed.^[103] The production of other important cash crops such as cocoa, groundnut and groundnut oil, rubber, cassava, cotton and cotton seed and timber tumbled after the civil war and the subsequent oil boom years.^[104] Consequently, the area called Enugu State as well as the rest of Nigeria, which was once a self-sufficient net exporter in agricultural produce, must import food.^[105]

Education

Students at a seminar in Enugu

Enugu has three main tertiary institutions: the Enugu State University of Science & Technology (ESUT); the University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus (UNEC); and the Institute of Management & Technology (IMT). The city is also home to Our Saviour Institute of Science and Technology, a polytechnic.^[106] Some notable secondary schools in Enugu include the College of the Immaculate Conception (CIC) built in 1940, Holy Rosary College (HRC) built in 1943,^[107] Colliery Comprehensive Secondary school, Queen's Secondary School, Federal Government College and the University of Nigeria Secondary school. University Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu, under the university of Nigeria, is another university located in the city.^[108]

Healthcare

In Enugu, health care services can be obtained at several institutions including the ESUT (Enugu State University of Science and Technology) Teaching Hospital; University of Nigeria, Enugu, Teaching Hospital (UNTH); Park Lane General Hospital in the GRA; PMC (Peenok Medical Center) located on Ziks Avenue in Uwani; Hansa Clinic on Awolowo Street in Uwani; Niger Foundation Hospital and Diagnostic Centre on Presidential Close in the Independence Layout; and the Ntasi Obi Ndi no n'Afufu Hospital organization located on Enuguabor Street in the Trans-Ekulu layout, among others.^[109] Some of the specialist hospitals in Enugu include the Psychiatric Hospital Enugu and the National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu (NOHE).^[110]

Many of the hospitals in Enugu are privately run. The UNTH and the National Orthopaedic Hospital are among some of the government controlled hospitals in the city.^[110] The medical equipment for the UNTH was upgraded in 2009 as well as parts of the hospital which were renovated in the same year. Most hospitals in the city suffer from a poor standard of medical facilities available to them;^[111] many of the cities citizens travel abroad for medical care.^[112] However, hospitals have been aided by foreign organisations and by Enugu's community at home and abroad who have donated medicine and other medical equipment.^[113][114] The most developed government hospital in Enugu is the Park Lane Hospital.^[110] Nigeria's emergency telephone number is 199;^[115] the governor has said that state has bought some ambulance service vehicles in March 2010.^[116] Enugu State has established free medical care for pregnant women and for all children under 5 years of age in the state. The child healthcare programme, founded under the District Health System (DHS), was added to the states 2008 budget.^[117] Enugu State has a HIV/AIDS prevalence of 6.5%, one of the highest in the country.^[118]

Transport

Enugu is located on a narrow-gauge railway line from the city of Port Harcourt; the Enugu train station is by the side of the National Stadium; dating back to its coal-mining origins, it is located on Ogui Street. The main forms of transportation in the city are taxi cabs and buses.^[77] Okada (motorcycles), once served as public transportation in the city until the state government banned them from this use in April 2009.^[119] Most transport enters and leaves the city through Enugu's Ogbete Motor Park,^[2] Garki Motor Park serves as a transport pick-up point as well.^[77] Unregistered taxis are known as Kabu Kabu and are differentiated with registered ones through the lack of yellow paint on the unregistered vehicles.^[120] In 2009, Enugu introduced a taxi job scheme under 'Coal City Cabs' to help in the eradication of poverty in the city.^[121][122] 200 registered Nissan Sunny taxis, provided by the state government; and 200 registered Suzuki taxis, provided by the Umuchinemere Pro-Credit Micro Finance Bank, were given out on loan to unemployed citizens in the city who will operate as taxi drivers and will own the vehicles after payments are completed.^[123][124] 20 buses with the capacity for 82 passengers seated and standing were introduced as Coal City Shuttle buses on March 13, 2009 to run as public transport for Enugu urban.^[119]

The main airport in the state is the Akanu Ibiam International Airport which can be accessed by buses and taxis.^[77] Renovations began on November 30, 2009, to upgrade it to accommodate wide-bodied aircraft. These plans include extending the 2,400-metre (7,900 ft) runway by 600 metres (2,000 ft) to make it 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long; the runway will be widened from 45 to 60 metres (148 to 200 ft). It is estimated that the project will cost ₦4.13bn^[125] (27.3 million US Dollars As of 26 June 2010 (2010 -06-26)^[update]).^[126]

The A3, or the Enugu-Port Harcourt highway, was opened in the 1970s and links the two cities together by passing through Aba, a major urban settlement.^[127][128] The A3 goes further on past Enugu's north to link to the city of Jos via Makurdi.^[128] Two more highways, the A232 from Benin City, Asaba and Onitsha to Enugu's east^[129] and the A343 from Abakaliki to Enugu's west,^[130] makes Enugu the site of a major junction.^[48]

See also

• People from Enugu
• Cinema of Nigeria

References

External links

• The Coal City – Updates from Enugu and Enugu State
• Igbo Enugu Guide – A guide to Enugu and Igboland's culture and language

	Abor
	Ngwo
		Enugu
	Udi	Agbani	Amagunze

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