Drug

Coffee is the most widely used psychotropic beverage in the world. In 1999 the average consumption of coffee was 3.5 cups per day per U.S. citizen.^[1]

Wine is a common alcoholic beverage.^[2]

A drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function.^[3] There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in drug control law, government regulations, medicine, and colloquial usage.^[4]

In pharmacology, a drug is "a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being."^[4] Drugs may be prescribed for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders.^[5]

Recreational drugs are chemical substances that affect the central nervous system, such as opioids or hallucinogens.^[5] They may be used for perceived beneficial effects on perception, consciousness, personality, and behavior.^[5][6] Some drugs can cause addiction and habituation.^[6]

Drugs are usually distinguished from endogenous biochemicals by being introduced from outside the organism. For example, insulin is a hormone that is synthesized in the body; it is called a hormone when it is synthesized by the pancreas inside the body, but if it is introduced into the body from outside, it is called a drug.

Many natural substances such as beers, wines, and some mushrooms, blur the line between food and drugs, as when ingested they affect the functioning of both mind and body.

Etymology

Drug is thought to originate from Old French "drogue", possibly deriving later into "droge-vate" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry barrels", referring to medicinal plants preserved in them.^[7]

Medication

Nexium pills 40 mg
(esomeprazole magnesium)

A medication or medicine is a drug taken to cure and/or ameliorate any symptoms of an illness or medical condition, or may be used as preventive medicine that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms.

Dispensing of medication is often regulated by governments into three categories—over-the-counter (OTC) medications, which are available in pharmacies and supermarkets without special restrictions, behind-the-counter (BTC), which are dispensed by a pharmacist without needing a doctor's prescription, and Prescription only medicines (POM), which must be prescribed by a licensed medical professional, usually a physician.

In the United Kingdom, BTC medicines are called pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. These medications are designated by the letter P on the label.^[8] The range of medicines available without a prescription varies from country to country.

Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them, but they can also be derived from naturally occurring substance in plants called herbal medicine. Those that are not patented (or with expired patents) are called generic drugs since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder.

Drugs, both medicinal and recreational, can be administered in a number of ways:

• Bolus, a substance into the stomach to dissolve slowly.
• Inhaled, (breathed into the lungs), as an aerosol or dry powder.
• Injected as a solution, suspension or emulsion either: intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraosseous.
• Insufflation, or snorted into the nose.
• Orally, as a liquid or solid, that is absorbed through the intestines.
• Rectally as a suppository, that is absorbed by the rectum or colon.
• Sublingually, diffusing into the blood through tissues under the tongue.
• Topically, usually as a cream or ointment. A drug administered in this manner may be given to act locally or systemically.^[9]
• Vaginally as a suppository, primarily to treat vaginal infections.

Many drugs can be administered in a variety of ways.

Recreation

The cigarette is the common pharmaceutical form of tobacco – one of the world’s best selling drugs.^[10]

Cannabis is another commonly used recreational drug.^[11]

Recreational drugs use is the use of psychoactive substances to have fun, for the experience, or to enhance an already positive experience. National laws prohibit the use of many different recreational drugs and medicinal drugs that have the potential for recreational use are heavily regulated. Many other recreational drugs on the other hand are legal, widely culturally accepted, and at the most have an age restriction on using and/or purchasing them. These include alcohol, tobacco, betel nut, and caffeine products.

Spiritual and religious use

The spiritual and religious use of drugs has been occurring since the dawn of our species. Drugs that are considered to have spiritual or religious use are called entheogens. Some religions are based completely on the use of certain drugs. Entheogens are mostly hallucinogens, being either psychedelics or deliriants, but some are also stimulants and sedatives.

Nootropics

Nootropics, also commonly referred to as "smart drugs", are drugs that are claimed to improve human cognitive abilities. Nootropics are used to improve memory, concentration, thought, mood, learning, and many other things. Some nootropics are now beginning to be used to treat certain diseases such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. They are also commonly used to regain brain function lost during aging.

Legal definition of drugs

Some governments define the term drug by law. In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act definition of "drug" includes "articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals" and "articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals."^[12] Consistent with that definition, the U.S. separately defines narcotic drugs and controlled substances, which may include non-drugs, and explicitly excludes tobacco, caffeine and alcoholic beverages.^[13]

Governmental controls

In Canada the government has moved to remove the influence of drug companies on the medical system. “The influence that the pharmaceutical companies, the for-profits, are having on every aspect of medicine ... is so blatant now you'd have to be deaf, blind and dumb not to see it,” said Journal of the American Medical Association editor Dr. Catherine DeAngelis.^[14][15]

See also

References

External links

• DrugBank, a database of 4800 drugs and 2500 protein drug targets
• The Cult of Pharmacology: How America Became the World's Most Troubled Drug Culture by Richard DeGrandpre, Duke University Press, 2006.

Recreational drug use Major Recreational Drugs Opioids Diacetylmorphine (heroin) · Oxycodone · Hydrocodone · Codeine · Morphine (Opium)  · Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) · Methadone · Buprenorphine (Subutex, Suboxone) · Propoxyphene (Darvon, Darvocet) · Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) Depressants Barbiturates · Benzodiazepines · Ethanol (Alcoholic beverages) · GHB · Nonbenzodiazepines · Kava Stimulants Amphetamine · Arecoline (Areca) · Betel · Caffeine (Coffee - Tea) · Cathinone (Khat) · Cocaine (Coca) · Ephedrine (Ephedra) · Mephedrone · Methamphetamine · Methylphenidate · Nicotine (Tobacco) · Theobromine (Cocoa) Entactogens MDA · MDMA (Ecstasy) Hallucinogens Psychedelics Bufotenin (Yopo · Vilca · Psychoactive toads) · DMT (Ayahuasca) · LSD-25 · Mescaline (Peyote · San Pedro · Peruvian Torch) · Psilocybin & Psilocin (Psilocybin mushrooms) Dissociatives DXM · Inhalants (Nitrous oxide) · Ketamine · PCP · Salvinorin A (Salvia divinorum) Deliriants Datura · Deadly Nightshade · Henbane · Mandrake Cannabinoids THC (Cannabis · Hashish · Hash oil) Culture and Related Topics Cannabis 420 · Stoner Film · Spiritual Use of Cannabis · Medical Cannabis · Cannabis Cultivation · Cannabis smoking Psychedelic Art · Drug · Experience · Literature · Music Other Counterculture of the 1960s · Club Drug · Dance Party · Drug Tourism · Drug Paraphernalia · Hippie · Party and Play · Poly Drug Use · Rave · Self-medication · Sex and Drugs · Spiritual use of drugs Problems with Drug Use Abuse · Addiction (Prevention · Opioid Replacement Therapy · Rehabilitation · Responsible Use) · Drug-related crime · Illegal Trade · Overdose Legality of Drug Use International 1961 Narcotic Drugs · 1971 Psychotropic Substances · 1988 Drug Trafficking State Level Drug Policy (Prohibition · Supply reduction · Decriminalization) · Policy Reform (Liberalization · Harm Reduction · Demand Reduction) Other Designer Drug · Drug Possession · Drug Test · Hard and Soft Drugs · Narc · War on Drugs · Mexican Drug War Lists of Countries by... Alcohol Consumption · Cannabis Legality (Annual Use · Lifetime Use) · Cocaine Use · Opiate Use · Cigarette Consumption