Commensalism
In ecology, commensalism is a class of relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits but the other is unaffected. There are three other types of association: mutualism (where both organisms benefit), competition (where both organisms are harmed), and parasitism (one organism benefits and the other one is harmed).
Commensalism derives from the English word commensal, meaning "sharing of food" in human social interaction, which in turn derives from the Latin cum mensa, meaning "sharing a table". Originally, the term was used to describe the use of waste food by second animals, like the carcass eaters that follow hunting animals but wait until they have finished their meal.
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Examples of commensal relationships
Commensalism is more difficult to demonstrate than parasitism and mutualism, for it is easier to show a single instance whereby the host is affected, than it is to prove or disprove that possibility. Often, a detailed investigation will show that the host indeed has become affected by the relationship.
Cattle egrets and livestock
An example of commensalism: cattle egrets foraging in fields among cattle or other livestock. As cattle, horses, and other livestock graze on the field, they cause movements that stir up various insects. As the insects are stirred up, the cattle egrets following the livestock catch and feed upon them. The egrets benefit from this relationship because the livestock have helped them find their meals, while the livestock are typically unaffected by it.
Tigers and golden jackals
In India, lone golden jackals expelled from their pack have been known to form commensal relationships with tigers. These solitary jackals, known as kol-bahl, will attach themselves to a particular tiger, trailing it at a safe distance in order to feed on the big cat's kills. A kol-bahl will even alert a tiger to a kill with a loud pheal (thereby straying into mutualism). Tigers have been known to tolerate these jackals: one report describes how a jackal confidently walked in and out between three tigers walking together a few feet away from each other.[1] Tigers will however kill jackals on occasion: the now extinct tigers of the Amu-Darya region were known to eat jackals frequently.[2]
Other examples
Another example of commensalism: birds following army ant raids on a forest floor. As the army ant colony travels on the forest floor, they stir up various flying insect species. As the insects flee from the army ants, the birds following the ants catch the fleeing insects. In this way, the army ants and the birds are in a commensal relationship because the birds benefit while the army ants are unaffected.
Orchids and mosses are plants that can have a commensal relationship with trees. The plants grow on the trunks or branches of trees. They get the light they need as well as nutrients that run down along the tree. As long as these plants do not grow too heavy, the tree is not affected.
Barnacles
Barnacles are highly sedentary crustaceans that must attach themselves permanently to a hard substrate, such as rocks, shells, whales, or anything else on which they can gain a foothold. When they attach to the shell of a scallop, for instance, barnacles benefit by having a place to stay, leaving the scallop presumably unaffected.
Arguments
Whether the relationship between humans and some types of our gut flora is commensal or mutualistic is still unanswered.
Some biologists argue that any close interaction between two organisms is unlikely to be completely neutral for either party, and that relationships identified as commensal are likely mutualistic or parasitic in a subtle way that has not been detected. For example, epiphytes are "nutritional pirates" that may intercept substantial amounts of mineral nutrients that would otherwise go to the host plant.[3] Large numbers of epiphytes can also cause tree limbs to break or shade the host plant and reduce its rate of photosynthesis. Similarly, the phoretic mites may hinder their host by making flight more difficult, which may affect its aerial hunting ability or cause it to expend extra energy while carrying these passengers.
Types
Like all ecological interactions, commensalisms vary in strength and duration from intimate, long-lived symbioses to brief, weak interactions through intermediaries.
- Phoresy
- One animal attaching to another for transportation only. This concerns mainly arthropods, examples of which are mites on insects (such as beetles, flies, or bees), pseudoscorpions on mammals[4] or beetles, and millipedes on birds.[5] Phoresy can be either obligate or facultative (induced by environmental conditions).
- Inquilinism
- Using a second organism for housing. Examples are epiphytic plants (such as many orchids) that grow on trees, or birds that live in holes in trees.
- Metabiosis
- A more indirect dependency, in which the second organism uses something the first created, however, after the death of the first, for example, maggots, which feast and develop on the corpse, or hermit crabs, which use gastropod shells to protect their bodies.
In domestication, the matter is more vague. For instance, in domesticated cattle, humans can use the beast in both commensal and parasitic relationships; parasitic as a source of meat and milk, while, after death (usually not a natural death), the hide can be used commensually as leather. Further, draft cattle can be used for transport. If the animal died a natural death, then the relationship would be commensal. However, if it were killed for meat or leather, or to reduce loading on pasture, or any other purpose where humans benefit, then the relationship would be parasitic.
See also
- Symbiosis - long-term interactions between different biological species, which can be mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic
- Mutualism - where both organisms experience mutual benefit in the relationship
- Parasitism - where one organism benefits at the expense of another
- Remora - phoretic fishes that may also eat the scraps off their hosts, though they may also be mutualistic cleaners
References
- ↑ Perry, Richard (1965). The World of the Tiger. pp. 260. ASIN: B0007DU2IU.
- ↑ Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. 1992. Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, part 2, Carnivores(Feloidea), p. 177. Leiden, E. J. Brill. 784 pp. ISBN 9004088768
- ↑ Benzing, D.H. (1980) Biology of the Bromeliads. Eureka, California: Mad River Press.
- ↑ Durden, Lance A. (2001) "Pseudoscorpions Associated With Mammals in Papua New Guinea". Biotropica, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 204–206.
- ↑ Tajovy, Karel, et al. (2001) "Millipedes (Diplopoda) in Dog's’ nests". European Journal of Soil Biology, vol. 37, pp. 321–323.
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