Britons (historical)
Mainly Brythonic areas
Mainly Gaelic areas
Mainly Pictish areas
The Britons (sometimes Brythons or British) were the Celtic people living in Great Britain from the Iron Age through the Early Middle Ages.[1] They spoke the Insular Celtic language known as British or Brythonic. They lived throughout Britain south of about the Firth of Forth; after the 5th century Britons also migrated to continental Europe, where they established the settlements of Brittany in France and the obscure Britonia in what is now Galicia, Spain.[1] Their relationship to the Picts north of the Forth has been the subject of much discussion, though most scholars accept that the Pictish language during this time was a Brythonic language related to, but perhaps distinct from, British.[2]
The earliest evidence for the Britons and their language in historical sources dates to the Iron Age.[1] After the Roman conquest of 43 AD, a Romano-British culture began to emerge. With the advent of the Anglo-Saxon settlement in the 5th century, however, the culture and language of the Britons began to fragment. By the 11th century their descendants had split into distinct groups, and are generally discussed separately as the Welsh, Cornish, Bretons, and the people of the Hen Ogledd ("Old North"). The British language developed into the distinct branches of Welsh, Cornish, Breton, and Cumbric.[1]
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Etymology
The earliest known reference to the inhabitants of Britain seems to come from records of the voyage of Pytheas, a Greek geographer who made a voyage of exploration around the British Isles between 330 and 320 BC. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the time of the Roman Empire made much reference to them. Pytheas called the islands collectively as αι Βρεττανιαι, which has been translated as the Brittanic Isles, and the peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοι, Priteni, Pritani or Pretani. The group included Ireland which was referred to as Ierne (Insula sacra, the sacred island, as the Greeks interpreted it) "inhabited by the race of Hiberni" (gens hiernorum), and Britain as insula Albionum, "island of the Albions".[3][4] The term Pritani may have reached Pytheas from the Gauls, who possibly used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands.[4][5]
The Latin name in the early Roman Empire period was Britanni or Brittanni, following the Roman conquest in AD 43.[6]
In current usage, Briton also refers to the modern, mainly English-speaking, inhabitants of the United Kingdom – the British people. As such it is a collective term for the English, Scottish, Welsh, and Cornish, as well as the Irish people from Northern Ireland. Welsh Brython was introduced into English usage by John Rhys in 1884 as a term unambiguously referring to the P-Celtic speakers of Great Britain, as complementing Goidel; hence the adjective Brythonic referring to the group of languages.[7] Brittonic is a more recent coinage (first attested 1923 according to the Oxford English Dictionary) intended to refer to the ancient Britons specifically.
Language
The Britons were speakers of the Brythonic (or Brittonic) languages. Brythonic languages are believed to have been spoken throughout the island of Britain.[1][8] According to early mediaeval historical tradition, such as The Dream of Macsen Wledig, the post-Roman Celtic-speakers of Armorica were colonists from Britain, resulting in the Breton language, a language related to Welsh and identical to Cornish in the early period and still used today. Thus the area today is called Brittany (Br. Breizh, Fr. Bretagne, derived from Britannia).
The Brythonic languages developed from Proto-Celtic, after it was introduced to the British Isles from the continent. The first form of the Brythonic languages is believed to be British. After the Roman conquest of Britain, the British language adopted some words from Latin; hence it is sometimes termed Romano-British in this period.
Some linguists have invented the terms Western and Southwestern Brythonic to classify subsequent developments of the British language. The Western and Southwestern developed into Cumbric, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton in Gaul. While Welsh, Cornish and Breton survive today, Cumbric became extinct in the 12th century.
In his book The Origins of the British, Stephen Oppenheimer suggests that the inhabitants of did not uniformly speak Celtic languages, and that there may have been pre-Roman British tribes who spoke Germanic languages such as Old English. His cited evidence for this is a lack of Celtic placenames in eastern England and certain anomalies in the English language that he suggest may have developed prior to the conventional dates for the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons in Britain. Oppenheimer suggests the Old English language may have already been developing in Britain before the arrival of Anglo-Saxons, and may therefore be a native development.
Territory
Throughout their existence, the territory inhabited by the Britons was composed of numerous ever-changing areas controlled by tribes. The extent of their territory before and during the Roman period is unclear, but is generally believed to include the whole of the island of Great Britain, as far north as the Clyde-Forth isthmus. The territory north of this was largely inhabited by the Picts, although a portion of it was eventually absorbed into the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata. The Isle of Man was originally inhabited by Britons also, but eventually it became Gaelic territory. Meanwhile, Ireland is generally believed to have been entirely Gaelic throughout this period.
In 43 the Roman Empire invaded Britain. The British tribes initially opposed the Roman legions, but by 84 the Romans had decisively conquered southern Britain and had pushed into what is now Scotland. In 122 they fortified the northern border with Hadrian's Wall, which spanned across what is now North England. In 142 Roman forces pushed north again and began construction of the Antonine Wall, which ran between the Forth-Clyde isthmus, but they retreated back to Hadrian's Wall after only twenty years. Although the native Britons mostly kept their land, they were subject to the Roman governors. The Roman Empire retained control of "Britannia" until its departure about AD 400.
Around the time of the Roman departure, the Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons began a migration to the Eastern coast of Britain, where they established their own kingdoms.[9] Eventually, the Brythonic language in these areas was replaced by that of the Anglo-Saxons . At the same time, some Britons established themselves in what is now called Brittany. There they set up their own small kingdoms and the Breton language developed there from Insular Celtic rather than Gaulish. They also retained control of Cornwall and Northwest England, where Kingdoms such as Dumnonia and Rheged survived. By the end of the 1st millennium, the Anglo-Saxons and Gaels had conquered most of the British territory in Britain, and the language and culture of the native Britons had largely been extinguished[10], remaining only in Wales, Cornwall, parts of Cumbria and Eastern Galloway.
Mythology and religion
Famous Britons
- Arthur – Romano-British war leader of debatable historicity.
- Boudica – Queen of the Iceni, who led the rebellion against Roman occupation in 60 AD.
- Cadwallon ap Cadfan - King of Gwynedd, fought against the Anglo-Saxons.
- Caratacus – a leader of the defence against the Roman conquest of Britain.
- Cartimandua – Queen of the Brigantes during and after the Roman invasion.
- Cassivellaunus – led the defence against Julius Caesar's second expedition to Britain in 54 BC.
- Coel Hen - the "Old King Cole" of the popular nursery rhyme.
- Cogidubnus – a British client-king, later made a citizen of Rome and awarded Fishbourne Roman Palace.
- Commius – historical King of the Belgic nation of the Atrebates, initially in Gaul, then in Britannia, during the 1st century BC.
- Cunedda – post-Roman King and progenitor of the Kingdom of Gwynedd.
- Cunobelinus – historical King of southern Britain between the first and second Roman invasions. The basis for Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
- King Lot - grandfather of St Kentigern, and eponymous king of Lothian.
- Mailoc - Bishop of Britonia (Galicia) in the 6th century AD
- Pelagius – an influential Christian monk and theologian, whose thought was branded heresy later in life.
- Prasutagus – husband of Boudica.
- Togodumnus – a leader of the defence against the Roman conquest of Britain.
- Urien – King of Rheged (modern Lancashire and Cumbria).
- Vortigern – warlord and King in the 5th century AD. Best known for inviting the Jutes to Kent.
See also
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Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Koch, pp. 291–292.
- ↑ Forsyth, p. 9.
- ↑ Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). The Britons. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22260-X.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Foster (editor), R F; Donnchadh O Corrain, Professor of Irish History at University College Cork: Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland (1 November 2001). The Oxford History of Ireland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280202-X.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of the Celts: Pretani
- ↑ OED s.v. "Briton". See also Online Etymology Dictionary: Briton
- ↑ Online Etymology Dictionary: Brythonic
- ↑ While there have been attempts in the past to align the Pictish language with non-Celtic language, the current academic view is that it was Brythonic. See: Forsyth (1997) p37: "[T]he only acceptable conclusion is that, from the time of our earliest historical sources, there was only one language spoken in Pictland, the most northerly reflex of Brittonic."
- ↑ Pattison, John E. (2008), Is it Necessary to Assume an Apartheid-like Social Structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England?, Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275(1650):2423-2429; doi 10.1098/rspb.2008.0352.
- ↑ http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13752-germanic-invaders-may-not-have-ruled-by-apartheid.html
References
- Forsyth, Katherine (1997). Language in Pictland. De Keltische Draak. ISBN 90-802785-5-6. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/2081/1/languagepictland.pdf.
- Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
External links
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