Bromeliaceae

Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads) is a family of monocot flowering plants of around 3,170 species native mainly to the tropical Americas, with a few species found in the American subtropics and one in tropical west Africa, Pitcairnia feliciana.^[1] It is the one of the basal families within the Poales and is unique because it is the only family within the order that has septal nectaries and inferior ovaries.^[2] These inferior ovaries characterize the Bromelioideae, a subfamily of the Bromeliaceae.^[3] The family includes both epiphytes, such as Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides), and terrestrial species, such as the pineapple (Ananas comosus). Many bromeliads are able to store water in a "tank" formed by their tightly-overlapping leaf bases. However, the family is diverse enough to include the tank bromeliads, grey-leaved epiphytic Tillandsia species that gather water only from leaf structures called trichomes, and a large number of desert-dwelling succulents.

The largest bromeliad is Puya raimondii, which reaches 3–4 m tall in vegetative growth with a flower spike 9–10 m tall, and the smallest is probably Spanish moss.

Bromeliads is one of the more recent plant groups to have emerged. The greatest number of primitive species reside in the Andean highlands of South America where they originated in the tepuis of the Guyana Shield.^[4] The most basal genus Brocchinia is endemic to these tepuis and is placed as the sister group to the remaining genera in the family.^[5] The west African species Pitcairnia feliciana is the only bromeliad not endemic to the Americas, and is thought to have reached Africa via long-distance dispersal approximately 12 million years ago.^[4]

Humans have been using bromeliads for thousands of years. The Incas, Aztecs, Maya and others used them for food, protection, fiber and ceremony, just as they are still used today. European interest began when Spanish conquistadors returned with pineapple, which became so popular as an exotic food that the image of the pineapple was adapted into European art and sculpture. In 1776, the species Guzmania lingulata was introduced to Europe, causing a sensation among gardeners unfamiliar to such a plant. In 1828, Aechmea fasciata was brought to Europe, followed by Vriesea splendens in 1840. These transplants were successful enough that they are still among the most widely grown bromeliad varieties.

In the 1800s, breeders in Belgium, France and the Netherlands started hybridizing plants for wholesale trade. Many exotic varieties were produced up until World War I, which halted breeding programs and led to the loss of some species. The plants experienced a resurgence of popularity after World War II. Since then, Dutch, Belgian and North American nurseries have largely expanded bromeliad production.

Contents 1 Collectors 2 Description 3 Adaptations 4 Distribution 5 Subfamilies 6 Genera 7 Gallery 8 Cultivation and uses 9 See also 10 References 11 External links

Collectors

Édouard André was a French collector/explorer whose many discoveries of bromeliads in the Cordilleras of South America would be influential on horticulturists to follow. He was felt to have served as a source of inspiration to twentieth century collectors, in particular Mulford B. Foster and Lyman Smith of the United States and Werner Rauh of Germany.^[6]

Description

Bromeliads are a varied group of organisms, adapted to a number of climates. Foliage take different shapes, from needle thin to broad and flat, symmetrical to irregular, spiky and soft. The foliage, which usually grows in a rosette, is the most widely patterned and colored of any plant in the world. Leaf colors range from maroon, through shades of green, to gold. Varieties may have leaves with red, yellow, white and cream variegations. Others may be spotted with purple, red, or cream, while others have different colors on the tops and bottoms of the leaves.

The inflorescence produced by bromeliads are also regarded as considerably more diverse than any other plant family. Some flower spikes may reach 10 meters tall while others only measure 2–3 mm across. Upright stalks may be branched or simple with spikes retaining their color from two weeks up to twelve months, depending on species. In some species the flower remains unseen, growing deep in the base of the plants.

Root systems vary according to plant type. Terrestrial bromeliad species have complex root systems that gather water and nutrients while epiphytic bromeliads only grow hard, wiry roots to attach themselves to trees and rocks.

Some bromeliads are faintly scented while others are heavily perfumed. Blooms from the species Tillandsia cyanea resemble the smell of clove spice.

One study found 175,000 bromeliads per hectare (2.5 acres) in one forest; that many bromeliads can sequester 50,000 liters (more than 13,000 gallons) of water.^[7]

A wide variety of organisms take advantage of the pools of water trapped by bromeliads. A study of 209 plants from the Ecuadorian lowlands identified 11,219 animals, representing more than 300 distinct species, many found only on bromeliads; for instance, some species of ostracods, small salamanders approximately 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) in length and tree frogs. Jamaican bromeliads are home to Metopaulias depressus, a reddish-brown crab 2 cm (0.75 inch) across, which has evolved social behavior to protect its young from predation by Diceratobasis macrogaster, a species of damselfly whose larvae live in bromeliads. Some bromeliads even form homes for other species of bromeliads.^[7]

Adaptations

The plants within the Bromeliaceae are able to live in a vast array of environmental conditions due to their many adaptations. Trichomes, in the form of scales or hairs, allow bromeliads to capture water in cloud forests and help to reflect sunlight in desert environments. ^[8]. Some bromeliads have also developed an adaptation known as the tank habit, which involves the bromeliads forming a tightly bound structure with their leaves that helps to capture water and nutrients in the absence of a well-developed root system. ^[8]. Bromeliads also use crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis to create sugars. This adaptation allows bromeliads in hot or dry climates to open their stomates at night rather than during the day, which prevents them from losing water.^[9].

Distribution

Plants in the Bromeliaceae family are widely represented in their natural climates across the Americas. One species can be found in Africa. They can be found at altitudes from sea level to 4200 meters, from rainforests to deserts. Approximately half the species are epiphytes, some are lithophytes, and some are terrestrial. Accordingly, these plants can be found in the Andean highlands, from northern Chile to Colombia, in the Sechura Desert of coastal Peru, in the cloud forests of Central and South America, in southern America from Florida to Texas, and even in pockets of coastal forest in British Columbia and New Brunswick, Canada.

Subfamilies

The family Bromeliaceae is organized into 3 subfamilies:

• Bromelioideae (32 genera, 861 species)
• Pitcairnioideae (16 genera, 1030 species)
• Tillandsioideae (9 genera, 1277 species)

Genera

Acanthostachys Klotzsch Aechmea Ruiz & Pav. Alcantarea Ananas Mill. — Includes the pineapple. Androlepis Brongn. ex Houllet Araeococcus Brongn. Billbergia Thunb. Brewcaria L.B.Sm., Steyerm. & H.Rob Brocchinia Schult.f. Bromelia L. Canistropsis Canistrum E.Morren Catopsis Griseb. Connellia N.E.Br. Cottendorfia Schult.f.

Cryptanthus Otto & A.Dietr. Deinacanthon Deuterocohnia Mez Disteganthus Lem. Dyckia Schult.f. Edmundoa Eduandrea Encholirium Mart. ex Schult.f. Fascicularia Mez Fernseea Baker Fosterella L.B.Sm. Glomeropitcairnia Mez Greigia Regel Guzmania Ruiz & Pav. Hechtia Klotzsch

Hohenbergia Schult.f. Hohenbergiopsis L.B.Sm. & Read Lindmania Mez Lymania Read Mezobromelia L.B.Sm. Navia Schult.f. Neoglaziovia Mez Neoregelia L.B.Sm. Nidularium Lem. Ochagavia Phil. Orthophytum Pepinia Pitcairnia L'Her. Portea K. Koch Pseudaechmea L.B.Sm. & Read

Pseudananas Hassl. ex Harms Puya Molina Quesnelia Gaudich. Racinaea Ronnbergia E.Morren & André Sequencia Steyerbromelia L.B.Sm. Tillandsia L. Ursulaea Vriesia Lindl. Werauhia J.R.Grant Wittrockia Lindm.

Gallery

Billbergia pyramidalis	Billbergia pyramidalis	Tillandsia usneoides hanging from branches	The flower of a Billbergia sp.
Puya berteroniana	Flower close-up	A bromeliad	Tillandsia airplants mounted on the bark of a cork oak

Cultivation and uses

Only one bromeliad, the pineapple (Ananas comosus), is a commercially important food crop. Bromelain, a common ingredient in meat tenderizer, is extracted from pineapple stems. Many other bromeliads are popular ornamental plants, grown as both garden and houseplants.

See also

List of foliage plant diseases (Bromeliaceae)

References

External links

• Palm trees, small palms, Cycads, Bromeliads and tropical plants Photos of Bromeliads and associated flora, with information on habitat and cultivation.
• LUTHER, H. E. (2002) An Alphabetical List of Bromeliad Binomials The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, Florida, USA. Published by The Bromeliad Society International.
• Bromeliaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. Published by Delta-intkey (2002-06-18)
• The Bromeliad Society International
• Bromeliad care information
• Puya raimondii photos
• The World Botanical Gardens
• Bromeliads of Chile in Chileflora
• LUTHER, H. E. (2008) An Alphabetical List of Bromeliad Binomials, Eleventh Edition The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, Florida, USA. Published by The Bromeliad Society International.