Barrow-in-Furness

Barrow-in-Furness
From upper left: part of Central Barrow with Blackpool's skyline also visible, the Dock Museum and Devonshire Dock Hall, Schneider Square, Furness Abbey and Walney Bridge.
Barrow-in-Furness  Barrow-in-Furness shown within Cumbria
Population	2001 Census Town 59,182 Borough 71,981
OS grid reference	SD198690
- London	222 mi (357 km)
District	Barrow-in-Furness
Shire county	Cumbria
Region	North West
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	BARROW-IN-FURNESS
Postcode district	LA13-LA16
Dialling code	01229
Police	Cumbria
Fire	Cumbria
Ambulance	North West
EU Parliament	North West England
UK Parliament	Barrow and Furness
List of places: UK • England • Cumbria

Barrow-in-Furness ( /ˈbærɵ ɪn fˈnɛs/; locally [ˈbærɵ ɪn 'fɜrns] or [ˈbærə ɪn 'fɜrns]) (commonly known as Barrow) is an industrial town and seaport which forms about half the territory of the wider Borough of Barrow-in-Furness in the county of Cumbria, England. It lies 70 km (43 mi) north of Liverpool and 90 km (56 mi) southwest from the county town of Carlisle. The town is situated at the tip of the Furness peninsula bordered by Morecambe Bay, the Duddon Estuary and the Irish Sea. Barrow is located some 360 km (just over 220 miles) north-west of London and 60 miles south of the Scottish border. It has a population of 59,182, whilst the wider borough is home to 71,981 people.^[1]

In the Middle Ages, Barrow was a small fishing hamlet within the parish of Dalton-in-Furness. Furness Abbey, on the outskirts of the modern day town, controlled the local economy before its dissolution in 1537. Even as late as 1843 there were still only 32 dwellings including two pubs. The iron prospector Henry Schneider arrived in Furness in 1839 and, with other investors, opened the Furness Railway in 1846 to transport iron ore and slate from local mines to the coast. Further hematite deposits were discovered in 1850, of sufficient size to develop factories for smelting and exporting of steel. By the late late 19th Century, Barrow was home to the largest steelworks on earth, ^[2] The natural harbour the booming town possessed allowed the locally produced steel to be put to another use: shipbuilding.^[3] and its population had reached 47,000 by 1881.

Barrow's location and the availability of steel made allowed the town to develop into a significant producer of naval vessels, a shift that was accelerated during World War One and the local yard's specialisation in submarines. The original iron- and steel- making enterprises closed down after World War II, leaving Vickers boat building factory as Barrow's main industry and employer. All of Britain's Vanguard class submarines, which carry Trident nuclear weapons, were manufactured at the facility.; the shipyard became a and from the 1960s increasingly specialised in the construction of nuclear-powered submarines With the end of the Cold War and subsequent decrease in military spending the town suffered high unemployment, though the shipyard remains operational and the largest submarine production facility in the UK.^[4]

Barrow is part of the traditional county of Lancashire, but was absorbed into Cumbria in 1974. Amongst some of the events to have brought the town into international attention include the Barrow Blitz and the infamous 2002 Legionnaires' disease outbreak. Barrow has produced numerous sporting personalities with Barrow Raiders being current champions of rugby league's Co-operative Championship and Barrow A.F.C. the current champions of the FA Trophy.

Toponymy

A map of the Lonsdale hundred in 1610 where Barrow appears as 'Barohead'

The name was originally that of an island—the name 'Barrai' can be traced back to 1190. This was later renamed 'Old Barrow', recorded as Oldebarrey in 1537, and Old Barrow Insula and Barrohead in 1577. The island was then joined to the mainland and the town took its name. The name itself seems to mean 'island with promontory', combining British barro- and Old Norse ey, but it is more likely that Scandinavian settlers simply accepted barro- as a meaningless name, and so added an explanatory Old Norse second element.^[5]

History

In the Middle Ages the Furness peninsula was controlled by the Cistercian monks of the Abbey of St Mary of Furness, known as Furness Abbey. This was located in the 'Vale of Nightshade', now on the outskirts of the town.^[6] Originally founded for the Savigniac order, it was built on the orders of King Stephen of England in 1123. Soon after the abbey's foundation the monks discovered iron ore deposits, later to prove the basis for the Furness economy. These thin strata, close to the surface, were extracted through open cut workings,^[7] which were then smelted by the monks in small bloomeries (early furnaces).^[8] The proceeds from mining, along with agriculture and fisheries, meant that by the 15th century the abbey had become the second richest and most powerful Cistercian abbey in England, after Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire.^[9]

However, Barrow itself was just a hamlet in the parish of Dalton-in-Furness on the Furness peninsula, reliant on the land and sea for survival. Small quantities of iron and ore were exported from jetties on the channel separating the village from Walney Island. Amongst the oldest buildings in Barrow are several cottages and farm houses in Newbarns (now a ward of the town) which date back to the early 1600s. Even as late as 1843 there were still only 32 dwellings including two pubs.^[10]

Furness Abbey

In 1839 Henry Schneider arrived as a young speculator and dealer in iron, and he discovered large deposits of haematite in 1850. He and other investors founded the Furness Railway, the first section of which opened in 1846 to transport the ore from the slate quarries at Kirkby-in-Furness and haematite mines at Lindal-in-Furness to a deep water harbour near Roa Island.^[11] The docks built between 1867 and 1881 in the more sheltered channel between the mainland and Barrow Island replaced the port at Roa Island. The increasing quantities of iron ore mined in Furness were then brought to Barrow to be transported by sea.

The investors in the burgeoning mining and railway industries decided greater profits could be made by smelting the iron ore into steel, and then exporting the finished product. Schneider and James Ramsden, the railway's general manager, erected blast furnaces at Barrow that by 1876 formed the largest steelworks in the world.^[12] Its success was a result of the availability of local iron ore, coal from the Cumberland mines and easy rail and sea transport. The Furness Railway, who counted local aristocrats William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire and the Duke of Buccleuch as investors, kick-started the Industrial Revolution on the peninsula. The railway brought mined ore to the town, where the steelworks produced large quantities of steel. It was used for shipbuilding, and derived products such as rails were also exported from the newly built docks.^[11] Thus Barrow's population, only 700 in 1851, reached 10,000 by 1864 and 47,000 by 1881, forty years after the railway was built.

Barrow Shipbuilding Works circa. 1890

Cornmill Crossing in 1895 (one of many stations of the Furness Railway), a retail park now exist on the site

The now demolished Buccleuch Street power station and Case's brewery circa. 1940

The sheltered strait between Barrow and Walney Island was an ideal location for the shipyard. The first ship to be built, the Jane Roper, was launched in 1852; the first steamship, a 3,000-ton liner named Duke of Devonshire, in 1873. Shipbuilding activity increased, and on 18 February 1871 the Barrow Shipbuilding Company was incorporated. Barrow's relative isolation from the United Kingdom's industrial heartlands meant that the newly formed company included several capabilities that would usually be subcontracted to other establishments. In particular, a large engineering works was constructed including a foundry and pattern shop, a forge, and an engine shop. In addition, the shipyard had a joiners' shop, a boat-building shed and a sailmaking and rigging loft.^[13]

During these boom years, Ramsden proposed building a planned town to accommodate the large workforce which had arrived. There are few planned towns in the United Kingdom, and Barrow is one of the oldest. Its centre contains a grid of well-built terraced houses, with longest tree-lined road in the UK leading away from a central square. Ramsden later became the first mayor of Barrow,^[14] which was given municipal borough status in 1867, and county borough status in 1889.^[15] The imposing red sandstone Town Hall, designed by W.H. Lynn, was built in a neo-gothic style in 1887.^[16] Prior to this, the borough council had met at the railway headquarters: the railway company's control of industry extended to the administration of the town itself.

The Barrow Shipbuilding Company was taken over by the Sheffield steel firm of Vickers in 1897, by which time the shipyard had surpassed the railway and steelworks as the largest employer and landowner in Barrow. The company constructed Vickerstown, modelled on George Cadbury's Bournville, on the adjacent Walney Island in the early 20th century to house its employees.^[17] It also commissioned Sir Edwin Lutyens to design Abbey House as a guest house and residence for its managing director, Commander Craven.^[18]

By the 1890s the shipyard was heavily engaged in the construction of warships for the Royal Navy and also for export. The Royal Navy's first submarine, Holland 1, was built in 1901,^[19] and by 1914 the UK had the most advanced submarine fleet in the world, with 94% of it constructed by Vickers. Vickers was also famous for the construction of airship hangars during the early 1900s.^[20] Well-known ships built in Barrow include the Mikasa, Japanese flagship during the 1905 Russo-Japanese War, the liner SS Oriana and the aircraft carriers HMS Invincible and HMAS Melbourne. Thousands of local men fought abroad during World War I, 616 were ultimately died in action.^[21]

During World War II, Barrow was a target for the German air force looking to disable the town's shipbuilding capabilities (see Barrow Blitz).^[22] The town suffered the most in a short period between April and May 1941. During the war, a local housewife, Nella Last, was selected to write a diary of her everyday experiences on the home front for the Mass-Observation project. Her memoirs were later adapted for television as Housewife, 49 starring Victoria Wood. The difficulty in targeting bombs meant that the shipyards and steelworks were often missed, at the expense of the residential areas. Ultimately, 83 people were killed and 11,000 houses in the area were left damaged. To escape the heaviest bombardments, many people in the central areas left the town to sleep in hedgerows with some being permanently evacuated. Barrow's industry continued to supply the war effort, with Winston Churchill visiting the town on one occasion to launch the aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable.^[23] Besides the dozens of civilians killed during World War II, some 268 Barrovian men were also killed whilst in combat.^[24]

The end of the war saw the beginning of a long decline of mining and steel-making as a result of overseas competition and dwindling resources. The Barrow ironworks closed in 1963,^[25] three years after the last Furness mine shut. The by then small steelworks followed suit in 1983,^[26] leaving Barrow's shipyard as the town's principal industry. From the 1960s onwards it concentrated its efforts in submarine manufacture, and the UK's first nuclear-powered submarine, HMS Dreadnought was constructed in 1960. HMS Resolution, the Swiftsure-class, Trafalgar-class and Vanguard-class submarines all followed.

Barrow-built Mikasa in Japan, it was built in 1902 and the Imperial Japanese Navy's flagship during the Russo-Japanese War.

The end of the Cold War in 1991 marked a reduction in the demand for military ships and submarines, and the town continued its decline. The shipyard's dependency on military contracts at the expense of civilian and commercial engineering and shipbuilding meant it was particularly hard hit as government defence spending was reduced dramatically.^[27] As a result, the workforce shrank from 14,500 in 1990 to 5,800 in February 1995,^[28] with overall unemployment in the town rising over that period from 4.6% to 10%.^[4] The rejection by the VSEL management of detailed plans for Barrow's industrial renewal in the mid-to-late 1980s remains controversial.^[29] This has led to renewed academic attention in recent years to the possibilities of converting military-industrial production in declining shipbuilding areas to the offshore renewable energy sector.^[30]

In the 2002 Barrow-in-Furness Legionnaires' disease outbreak, 172 people were reported to have caught the disease, of whom seven died. This made it the fourth worst outbreak in the world in terms of number of cases and sixth worst in terms of deaths (see list of Legionnaires' disease outbreaks). The source of the bacteria was later found to be steam from a badly maintained air conditioning unit in the council-run arts centre Forum 28.^[31]

At the conclusion of the inquest into the seven deaths, the coroner for Furness and South Cumbria criticised the council for its health and safety failings.^[32] In 2006, council employee Gillian Beckingham and employer Barrow Borough Council were cleared of seven charges of manslaughter, but both admitted breaching the Health and Safety at Work Act. Beckingham, the council senior architect ultimately responsible for health and safety at the centre, was fined £15,000 and the authority £125,000.^[33] The borough council was the first public body in the country to face corporate manslaughter charges.^[34]

Regeneration

The Waterfront

Many areas of the town have seen regeneration in the 1990s, and on 28 September 2007 Barrow's £200 million Dockland regeneration project began. Due to be completed by 2020, the project includes a new 'Barrow Marina Village' which will incorporate an £8 million 400-berth marina, 600 houses, restaurants, shops, hotels and a new state of the art bridge across Cavendish Dock. A large watersports centre is also being built, with the possibility of a cruise ship terminal. Some cruise ships are already scheduled to dock in Barrow, mainly for tourists to visit the Lake District, although there is no official cruise ship terminal yet. Dozens of cruise ships have visited the Port of Barrow in recent years.^[35]

Shipyard

The shipyard has been given planning permission to construct a new assembly hall, dubbed 'Son of DDH' in a reference to the existing Devonshire Dock Hall shipbuilding facility. However, the building will not now be used for the construction of aircraft carrier sections as the carrier build will now take place in Glasgow. John Hutton, MP for Barrow, has, however, promised that all seven Astute Class submarines will be built at the shipyard.^[36] Following a decline in employment levels at the shipyard over the last 20 years, BAE Systems recently announced that the current workforce of 3,835 could soon grow to 5,000, although this is still only a third of the 14,000 employed in the 1980s.^[37]

Proposed bridges

A second bridge to Walney Island from mainland Barrow is planned to relieve congestion and as an aid to 24-hour access for the emergency services, most of which are based on the mainland.

For many years there have been discussions on the possible construction of bridges across Morecambe Bay and the Duddon Estuary, leading to the Build Duddon and Morecambe Bridges party contesting national elections in the borough of Barrow and Furness, receiving 409 (1.1%) votes in the 2005 general election.^[38]

Morecambe Bay Bridge

The Donghai Bridge in Shanghai, China has a similar structure to the proposed Morecambe Bay Bridge

The idea of a 12 miles (19 km) long road bridge connecting Barrow to the Lancashire coast across Morecambe Bay has long been proposed, more recently the design has become more 'green' and if built will become one of the world's longest bridges as well as being capable of powering hundreds of thousands of home via such renewable sources as tidal power.

Duddon Estuary Bridge

A smaller bridge (some 3 km long) crossing the Duddon Estuary linking Askam and Millom would improve transport links to the area, cutting journey times from Barrow to parts of West Cumbria, but would require considerable finance. There has also been talk of building a road and rail tunnel under the Duddon instead of a bridge.^[39] There has been increased talk of this bridge since the announcement of Kirksanton on the North side of the Duddon Estuary being shortlisted as a site for a new nuclear power station ^[40].

Governance

Barrow's iconic Grade II* listed town hall

Barrow is the largest town in the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness^[41] and the largest settlement in the peninsula of Furness. The borough is the direct inheritor of the municipal and county borough charters given to the town in the late 1800s.^[42] Historically it is part of the Hundred of Lonsdale 'north of the sands' in the historic county boundaries of Lancashire.^[43] Since the local government reforms enacted in England in 1974 the town has been within the administrative county of Cumbria. It still forms a part of the Duchy of Lancaster. The Barrow-in-Furness Borough Council forms the 'lower' tier of local government under Cumbria County Council.^[44] The town, along with Walney Island, is unparished and forms the bulk of the wards which make the entire borough's area. They can be seen in the box below.

Geography

Barrow-in-Furness is situated at the tip of the Furness peninsula on the north-western edge of Morecambe Bay. The town centre and major industrial areas sit on a fairly flat coastal shelf, with a gentle incline leading away from the coast. Ten miles to the north-east is the southern boundary of the English Lake District.

Map of Barrow-in-Furness

Destinations from Barrow-in-Furness

	Irish Sea, Atlantic Ocean	Askam-in-Furness, Duddon Estuary, Millom	Dalton-in-Furness, Ulverston
	Walney Island, Irish Sea, Isle of Man		Leece, Morecambe Bay, Bolton-le-Sands, Carnforth
		Barrow-in-Furness
	Walney Island, Irish Sea, Anglesey	Roa Island, Morecambe Bay, Fleetwood	Morecambe Bay, Morecambe, Lancaster

Islands

The town is sheltered from the Irish Sea by Walney Island, a 14 mile (22.5 km) long island connected to the mainland by the bascule type Jubilee bridge. About 13,000 live on the isle's various settlements, mostly in Vickerstown, which was built to house workers in the rapidly expanding shipyard. Another significant island which lay in the Walney Channel was Barrow Island, but following the filling of the channel to create land for the yard it is now directly connected to the town. Other islands which lie close to Barrow are Piel Island, whose castle protected the harbour from marauding Scots, Sheep Island, Roa Island and Foulney Island.

Climate

Demographics

Population
Barrow's population increased from the low thousands in the early 1800s to 60,000 in less than twenty years. Since the start of the 20th century the population of the town has gradually diminished to just under 60,000. The Barrow council district, which includes the surrounding area, has a population of 71,980 according to the most recent census, placing it 326th out of the 376 local authorities in England and Wales (however the population density of 900 /km² (2,300 /sq mi) ranks 147th out of 376).^[46] Barrow-in-Furness can be regarded as the largest town in Cumbria, Carlisle in the north of the county having city status. People from Barrow are known as Barrovians.^[47]

Age
The female life expectancy at birth is 80.40 years, and male life expectancy is 74.80 (The respective figures for England are 81.14 and 76.92).^[49]

Ethnicity

2008 estimates state 94.1% of Barrow's population as indigenous White British, and ethnic minority populations in Barrow stand at 5.9%, the breakdown of which is shown in the table below.^[50] The first people to settle in what is now Barrow were the Celts and Scandinavians followed by the Cornish although in the late 19th century there was mass immigration from Scotland and other parts of England. Thus the distinction between these immigrants and the previous native population is not clear from the table below.

Country of birth

St. James', Barrow's largest church

The 2001 UK census states that 93.56% (67,345) of the borough's population was born in England, 2.86% (2,061) in Scotland, 0.63% (451) in Wales, 0.68% (486) in Northern Ireland, 0.32% (231) in the Republic of Ireland and 0.06% (43) in the Channel Islands. 0.61% (441) of the town's 2001 population were born in the rest of Europe, although numbers are likely to be currently much higher, due to significant immigration from Eastern Europe (in particular Poland) to Barrow. Barrow has the eighth fastest growing non-indigenous white community of any town or city in the country, at 15.9% growth between 2004 and 2005, only Exeter, Lancaster, Colchester, Hull, Durham, Leeds and Bristol were faster growing.^[51] Barrow has also seen a huge increase with other ethnic minority groups, and the growth rate for most groups is around 2 times faster than national average.^[52] The Asian born population represented 0.50% (363) of Barrow's population, 0.35% (253) of people were born in North America, 0.23% (177) of people were born in Africa, 0.12% (83) of people were born in Oceania, 0.04% (27) of Barrovians were born in Latin America, and 0.02% (11) of people were born in some other place.^[53]

Religion

In the 2001 census 58,322 Barrovians stated themselves as being Christian. People stating no religion or chose not to state numbered 13,234 combined. The second largest religion in Barrow is Islam with a population of 182 Muslims. Other religious populations are as follows: 72 Buddhists, (nearby Conishead Priory, the first Kadampa Buddhist centre in the west, is home to around 100 Buddhists^[54]) 46 Hindus, 25 Jews and 96 with another religion.^[46]

Other
Out of the 56,987 age 16 or over in 2001, 43.81% were married, 26.26% single, 9.57% widowed, 9.36% divorced, 8.98% re-married and 2.01% separated (but still legally married).^[55] The Total Fertility Rate of Barrow is 1.54, lower than North West England's rate (1.66) and England's (1.65).^[56] 162 Barrovians were working in the Armed Forces in 2001^[57] Barrow has one of the highest percentages of people on benefits in the entire United Kingdom, at 23% of the working age, it is much higher than England's average of 14%.^[58]

Economy

Shipyard

BAE Systems viewed from Walney Island

HMS Bulwark of the Albion-class landing platform docks

HMS Astute is the most recent vessel to have been launched in Barrow

The BAE Systems Submarine Solutions shipyard at Barrow is one of the largest shipyards in Britain. It was expanded in 1986 by construction of a new covered assembly facility, the Devonshire Dock Hall (DDH), completed by Alfred McAlpine plc, on land that was created by infilling part of the Devonshire Dock with 2.4 million tonnes of sand pumped from nearby Roosecote Sands.^[59] DDH is the tallest building in Cumbria at 51 m. With a length of 268 m (879 ft), width of 51 m (167 ft) and an area of 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft) it is the second largest shipbuilding construction complex of its kind in Europe.^[60][61]

The DDH provides a controlled environment for ship and submarine assembly, and avoids the difficulties caused by building on the slope of traditional slipways. Outside the hall, a 24,300 tonne capacity shiplift allows completed vessels to be lowered into the water independently of the tide. Vessels can also be lifted out of the water and transferred to the hall.^[62] The first use of the DDH was for construction of the Vanguard-class submarines, and later vessels of the Trafalgar-class submarines were also built there. The shipyard is currently constructing the Astute-class submarines the first of which was launched on 8 June 2007.^[63] BAE Systems is currently studying the design of a new class of ballistic missile submarines. BAE Systems also has orders for submarine pressure domes for the Spanish Navy.^[64]

BAE Systems has obtained planning permission from Barrow Borough Council for the new Central Assembly Shop dubbed 'Son of DDH' which will provide over 700 new jobs, initially in construction of a large section of the new Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carriers. (hull lower block 3).^[65][66] Despite the large fall in numbers employed by the shipyard, Barrow retains a high proportion of workers in the manufacturing industry. In September 2008, Barrow was named as the most working class location in the UK, based on a series of measures devised to judge the lifestyle of the people. Ironically in the 1870s Barrow had more aristocrats per head than anywhere else in the country.^[67]

The shipyard does not build submarines exclusively: it undertook fitting out and commissioning of helicopter carrier HMS Ocean in the mid-1990s (although the ship was built by Kværner in Govan, Glasgow), and construction of Wave Class tanker Wave Knight and Albion Class amphibious assault ships HMS Albion and HMS Bulwark.

Other

Associated British Ports Holdings owns and operates the port of Barrow which can berth vessels up to 200 m (660 ft) long and with a draught of 10 m (33 ft). Principal traffic includes the export of condensate by-product from the production of gas at the Rampside Gas Terminal, wood pulp, and locally quarried limestone which is exported to Scandinavia for use in the paper industry. The port, which has deep water access, also handles the shipment of nuclear fuels and radioactive waste for BNFL's nearby Sellafield plant.^[68]

In 1985, gas was discovered in Morecambe Bay, with the products processed onshore at the gas terminal in Rampside, south of the town.^[69] A new 30 turbine wind-farm which has recently been built in the Irish Sea off the coast of Walney Island, although the electricity generated is sent by undersea cable to Heysham.^[70]

James Fisher & Sons plc, a service provider in all sectors of the marine industry and a specialist supplier of engineering services to the nuclear industry in the UK and abroad,^[71] was founded in Barrow in 1847^[72] and is the largest company to have its headquarters situated in Cumbria. Annual revenue stood at almost £90 million in 2007 (up 55% from £57 million in 2006), as well as staff numbers standing at over 1,000 worldwide, with 120 of those in the Barrow headquarters.^[73]

Other major employers include the NHS, through Furness General Hospital, which employs 1,800 staff^[74] and the Kimberly Clark paper mill which has 400 employees.^[75] Amongst many retailers that have established themselves in Barrow, the furniture store Stollers is noted as being one of the largest shops of its kind in the UK.

Employment

Tesco has two locations in Barrow which employ hundreds of staff each

Below is a list of how many people were employed by each sector (2001 UK Census), the percentage in brackets is that of the total working population of Barrow. The + or - signs at the end indicate whether the percentge employed in that sector is slightly higher +, much higher ++, slightly lower- or much lower—than England's average.^[76]

• Manufacturing - 8,087 employed (28.03% of the town's working population) ++
• Retail: 4,671 (16.19%) -
• Health and Social Work: 3,635 (12.60%) ++
• Real estate, renting and business activities: 1,852 (6.42%) –
• Construction: 1,797 (6.23%) -
• Education: 1,765 (6.12%) -
• Hotels and Catering: 1,730 (6.00%) ++
• Transport Storage and Communication: 1,490 (5.16%) -
• Public Administration and Defence: 1,427 (4.95%) -
• Other: 1,179 (4.09%) -
• Finance: 471 (1.63%) –
• Electricity, Gas and Water supply: 379 (1.31%) +
• Agriculture: 252 (0.87%) -
• Fishing: 8 (0.03%) +

Tourism

An example of the scenery, just south of the town in Rampside

Being only around 20 minutes from the Lake District,^[77] Barrow has been referred to as a 'gateway to the lakes',^[78] a status which could be enhanced by the new marina complex and planned cruise ship terminal.^[79] Barrow itself has several tourist attractions, including the Dock Museum. The museum tells the history of Barrow's shipbuilding, as well as offering gallery space to local artists and schoolchildren. It is built upon and around the old graving dock.^[80] Barrow also has a popular indoor market, which features a food hall as well as stalls selling clothes and other goods.^[81][82] Barrow has been described as the Lake District's premier shopping town, with big name shops mingling in with small local ones,^[83] and being home to Portland Walk Shopping Centre.^[84] The town also features Hollywood Park - a leisure facility with restaurants, shops^[83] and Cumbria's largest cinema.^[85] The town also features several other retail parks (including Cornmill Crossing, Cornerhouse Retail Park, Hindpool Retail Park and Walney Road Retail Park).^[86] The Park Leisure Centre is a fitness suite with a pool, set in the 45-acre (18 ha) Barrow Park.^[83] Walney Island has two world renowned nature reserves as well as several golf courses, and Furness Abbey on the outskirts of Barrow was once the second richest and most powerful Cisterian abbey in the entire country. Both locations are significant tourist draws.

Transport

Roads

Jubilee Bridge links Barrow Island to Walney Island

Barrow's principal road link is the A590, linking it to Ulverston, the Lake District and to the M6 motorway.^[87] Just north of Barrow is the southern terminus of the A595, linking the town to Whitehaven, Workington and eventually Carlisle.^[87] The possibility of a bridge link over Morecambe Bay is occasionally raised, with feasibility studies currently underway.^[88] Walney Bridge connects Barrow Island to Walney Island.

Buses

Bus services within the town are operated by Stagecoach North West. There is no specifically designated bus station, although many buses start and terminate their routes near the town hall. The original bus station was known for its role in a 1970s television commercial for Chewits sweets before its demolition.^[89] Other services link Barrow with outlying villages as well as longer distance routes to Dalton-in-Furness, Ulverston and Kendal.

Railways

Barrow-in-Furness railway station provides connections to Whitehaven, Workington and Carlisle to the north, via the Cumbrian Coast Line and to Ulverston, Grange-over-Sands and Lancaster to the east, via the Furness Line. It handles 503,800 passengers annually.^[90] Barrow has a second railway station, Roose, which serves the suburb of the same name.

Furness Abbey, Barrow's third main line station, closed in 1950. There was also a station on Barrow Island, used to enable workers at Vickers Limited (as it was then known) to commute directly between the shipyard and nearby towns served by the Furness Railway. This railway link was severed in 1966 when the famous cradle bridge across the docks was closed permanently for safety reasons.

Other transport

Air

Barrow/Walney Island Airport operates two Beechkraft Kingair 250 aircraft which fly to various destinations every weekday, including Manchester, Bristol and Blackpool. It is owned and operated by BAE Systems (IATA airport code: BWF, ICAO: EGNL). The longest runway is almost 4,000 feet long. It is one of two airports in the county, the other being Carlisle Airport (which alongside Barrow once served as a commercial domestic airport). The nearest international airport is Blackpool International Airport, although most people from Barrow use the larger Liverpool and Manchester airports.

Sea

Despite being one of the UK's leading shipbuilding centres, the Port of Barrow is only a minor port. The only ferry links are between Roa Island and Piel Island, but there are proposals to create a cruise ship terminal.^[91]

Sport

Holker Street, the home of Barrow A.F.C.

Craven Park, the current home of Barrow Raiders

Barrow A.F.C.

Barrow A.F.C. are in the Conference National division of English football.^[92] The team, founded in 1901, are nicknamed "the Bluebirds" and play their home games at the Holker Street stadium.^[93] The side were members of the Football League until they were demoted in 1972.^[93] In 1990, they won the FA Trophy beating Leek Town 3-0 in the final at Wembley Stadium, London.^[94] Football players born in Barrow include England internationals Emlyn Hughes^[95] and Gary Stevens,^[96] as well as Harry Hadley,^[97] and Vic Metcalfe.^[98] Of current professional footballers, Wayne Curtis,^[99] Morecambe striker, and Iran Under-20 and Hibernian winger Shana Haji^[100] both hail from the town.

Holker Old Boys F.C.

Holker Old Boys, based at Rakesmoor Lane, are the town's second most successful football team, and they play in the North West Counties Football League Division One.

Barrow RLFC

Rugby league is a well-established sport and the town is considered as one of the game's traditional heartlands at professional and amateur levels.^[101] The professional team, Barrow Raiders, whose home games are at Craven Park, play in The Championship. In the 1950s the side played in three Challenge Cup finals, winning the last of these against Workington Town. In the 1997 reorganisation of the sport the original Barrow RLFC team merged with Carlisle Border Raiders to form Barrow Border Raiders,^[102] with the word "border" later dropped. Players who were born in the town and played at a professional level include brothers Ade^[103] and Mat Gardner^[104] and Willie Horne.^[105] The latter captained Barrow to their Challenge Cup victory and represented Great Britain at an international level. He was inducted in to the "Barrow Hall of Fame" along with former Barrow players Phil Jackson and Jimmy Lewthwaite.^[106]

Motorcycle Racing

Barrow-in-Furness has staged speedway racing at three venues since the pioneer days in the late 1920s. The first track was at Holker Street. This venue had a revival for a short spell in the early to mid 1970s. In 1930 the sport moved to Little Park but this a somewhat hazy venue. The sport had a revival in 1978 at Park Avenue Industrial Estate but this was relatively short lived.

Golf

Barrow is home to two large golf clubs. Barrow Golf Club, founded in 1922, is situated in Hawcoat and covers some 6,209 yards (5,678 m) with 18 holes.^[107] Furness Golf Club founded in 1872 is the sixth oldest golf club in England and is possibly the more famous of the two. It is located on Walney Island, just 50 yards (46 m) from the Irish Sea. It also offers an 18-hole course, a shop and other facilities.^[108]

Culture

Dialect

Furness is unique within Cumbria and the local dialect tends to be more Lancashire-oriented. Until 1974 Furness was an exclave of Lancashire. As with Liverpool for example, the special local dialect has been influenced by large numbers of settlers from various regions (predominantly Scotland, England and Ireland). In general the Barrovian dialect tends to drop certain letters (including h and t); for example holiday could be pronounced as 'oliday, with more emphasis on the letter o. Similarly the word "hiya" which could be pronounced "'iya" with emphasis on the letter i. Another example is with the letter t where twenty is often pronounced "twen'y" (again an emphasis on the n could occur); see Cumbrian dialect as well as Lancashire dialect for more information.

Nightlife

The lower decks of the Princess Selandia are occupied by the Blue Lagoon nightclub

There are countless pubs and working men's clubs located across Barrow—Barrow has fourteen of the latter, one of the highest number per capita of any British town.^[109] There are also many bars and clubs found primarily in Barrow Town Centre on Duke Street and Cornwallis Street. Popular venues on Duke Street include the following bars: Jeffersons, Chambers, The Lounge, Bar Cairo, Yates's. Cornwallis Street – often dubbed the Gaza Strip by locals – is currently undergoing a multi-million pound renovation with the former Martinis being the flagship renovation into Club M. Other clubs on Cornwallis Street include: Circus Circus, Kavannas, O'Sullivans, Scorpio and the nearby floating Blue Lagoon Nightclub which has multiple floors like a number of other Barrow clubs although with a capacity of 2,500 it is the town's largest club.^[110]

Music

Barrow has produced several musical performers of note. They include Thomas Round, a singer and actor in D'Oyly Carte productions of Savoy Opera^[111] as well as Glenn Cornick, the original bass guitarist in the rock band Jethro Tull.^[112] The father of Simply Red's Mick Hucknall was born in Barrow before moving to Manchester.^[113] In addition, Paul MacKenzie, bass player with 1980s Preston-based thrash metal band Xentrix, is from Barrow.^[114] More recently, hip-hop DJ and record producer Aim has had considerable commercial success.^[115] Les Muscutt, jazz banjo player and guitarist was born in Barrow in Furness in 1942. The family moved to East Ham in London where Les became a professional musician at age 15.

Shortly after the Second World War, an Old Tyme Dancing trio was formed by Wyn Large (piano), Felix Lee (piano accordion) and Reg Powell (drums). This group entertained three or more times a week at several venues in the town and surrounding districts and was very popular with those locals who enjoyed keeping Old Tyme dancing alive. Wyn Large was succeeded by Billy Steele in the 1960s after which the group became known as the Felix Lee Trio until it disbanded in the 1970s due to its ageing members.

Expressive arts

The Duddon Valley near Barrow

Several notables in Art and Literature have come from Barrow. Artist Keith Tyson, the 2002 Turner Prize winner, was born in nearby Ulverston, attended the Barrow-in-Furness College of Engineering and worked at the then VSEL shipyard.^[116] Constance Spry, the author and florist who revolutionised interior design in the 1930s and 40s, moved to the town with her son Anthony during World War I to work as a welfare supervisor.^[117] Peter Purves, later a Blue Peter presenter, began his acting career with 2 years as a member of the Renaissance Theatre Company at the town's Her Majesty's Theatre.^[118] The Canteen Media & Arts Centre - known simply as "The Canteen" - and Forum Twenty Eight are the main venues for theatre.

Literature

In fictional works, Barrow and Vickerstown on Walney Island featured in children's show The Railway Series, which developed into Thomas the Tank Engine, as the point where the fictional Island of Sodor connected to mainland Britain and the national rail network.^[119]

The great Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa wrote a poem called "Barrow-in-Furness". His "heteronym" Álvaro de Campos lived in Barrow when he was studying ship engineering.

Architecture

The Nan Tait Centre on Abbey Road is Grade II listed

Barrow Central Public Library

Barrow is one of Britain's few planned towns and has many fine buildings to show for it.^[120] There are many old and distinctive buildings in the town centre, mostly from the Victorian era, such as the town hall, old fire station, the 'Nan Tait' Centre, Salvation Army building and public library. There is also an increasing number of modern office buildings as well as the shipyard's cranes and construction halls which dominate much of Barrow's skyline. Barrow has 8 Grade I listed buildings, 15 Grade II* and 249 Grade II buildings.^[121]

Media

Radio

Barrow is served by one commercial radio station, The Bay, which is broadcast from Lancaster and serves the area around Morecambe Bay. Another commercial station, Abbey FM, ceased broadcasting in February 2009 when it went into administration.^[122] The BBC's local radio service is BBC Radio Cumbria, who have studio facilities in the town.^[123]

Newspapers

There is one paid-for evening daily paper, the North West Evening Mail. There is also a weekly freesheet called the Advertiser, which is delivered to most households in the Furness area. Both are owned by independent publisher the CN group, formerly Cumbrian Newspapers.^[124]

Television

Barrow lies in the Granada TV – North West England region with the main signal coming from the Winter Hill transmitter near Bolton. There is also a relay transmitter at Millom whose signal can be received in the northern end of the town.

Various television personalities were born in the district. Dave Myers was a biker born in Barrow, before he found fame as one half of television cookery duo The Hairy Bikers.^[125] Karen Taylor is a TV comedienne best known for her BBC Three sketch show Touch Me, I'm Karen Taylor.^[126] Steve Dixon is a newsreader for Sky News,^[127] while Nigel Kneale was a well-known film and television scriptwriter.^[128] Peter Purves, the sixth presenter of Blue Peter also lived and worked in Barrow for a time.

Wartime diarist and local housewife Nella Last's memoirs were adapted for television, with parts of the town used in filming. The resulting programme, Housewife, 49, starring comedienne Victoria Wood, was broadcast by ITV in 2006. It won two BAFTA awards - one for Best Single Drama, the other for Best Actress (Victoria Wood).^[129][130] CITV children's show The Treacle People had two villains named Barrow and Furness.^[131]

Social issues

Health

The Accident and Emergency entrance at Furness General Hospital

The principal hospital in Barrow is Furness General Hospital which is operated by the University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Trust and located on the outskirts of the town. As of July 2010 there are 12 NHS GP practices/doctors surgeries and 5 NHS dental surgeries in Barrow.^[132] The average life expectancy for males in Barrow is 76.0 years (compared to England average of 77.7) and 80.9 years for females (again compared to national average of 81.8).^[133] The 2001 UK Census showed that 63.12% of Barrovians were in good health, 23.63% in fairly good health and 13.25% in bad health. This compared to England's averages of 68.76%, 22.21% and 9.03% respectively show that in general people in Barrow are in a slightly worse state of health than England as a nation.^[134] A 2009 NHS in depth publication of health in Barrow indicated that, eight years later the population of Barrow despite becoming healthier is still worse off than national average.^[133] The opening statement of the publication read 'The health of people in Barrow-in-Furness is varied. Many indicators are significantly worse than the England average, including violent crime and binge drinking adults (an estimate). However, a number of indicators are similar to the average, such as GCSE achievement and healthy eating adults (an estimate), and a fifth of indicators are significantly better than average, including physically active children and adults.'^[133] One fairly alarming figure is that Barrow has the tenth worst rate of incapacity benefit claimants for mental illness in the country. The NHS also identified Barrow as having significantly worse figures than England average in the fields of deprivation, child poverty, violent crime, breast feeding initiation, children's tooth decay, binge drinking adults, over 65s 'not in good health', hospital stays for alcohol related harm, male and female life expectancy, deaths from smoking and early deaths from cancer.^[133] Despite this, as stated earlier the number of physically active children and adults in Barrow is significantly better than England average, whilst the town also has much lower numbers of drug misusers, diabetes sufferers and road accident injuries and deaths.^[133] All other aspects of the health of Barrow's population have been stated as more or less level with nationwide average.^[133]

Education

Furness Academy North Site, formerly Thorncliffe School

Education in the state sector is provided by the local education authority, Cumbria County Council. There are fifteen primary schools, five infant schools, five junior schools and many nurseries. Five secondary schools were created following the reorganisation of Barrow's selective tri-partite secondary education system in 1979: Parkview School, St. Bernard's Catholic High School, Walney School, Thorncliffe School and Alfred Barrow School. Three schools - Parkview, Thorncliffe and Alfred Barrow closed in August 2009 with a new Furness Academy opening in their place from early September 2009. In addition to publicly funded education, the town has one private school, Chetwynde, which has fee-paying pupils from nursery to sixth form level.^[135]

In the further education sector there are two colleges.^[136] Barrow-in-Furness Sixth Form College concentrates on teaching A-level subjects,^[137] while Furness College specialises in vocational courses.^[138]

The town's main library is the Central Library in Ramsden Square, situated near the town centre.^[139] The library was established in 1882 in a room near the town hall, and moved to its current premises in 1922. A branch of the County Archive Service, opened in 1979 and containing many of the town's archives, is located within adjoining premises,^[140] whilst until 1991 the library also housed the Furness Museum, a forerunner of the Dock Museum.^[141] Smaller branch libraries are currently provided at Walney, Roose, Ormsgill and Barrow Island.^[139]

See also

• Port of Barrow
• BAE Systems Submarine Solutions
• Barrow-in-Furness (borough)
• List of famous residents of Barrow-in-Furness
• List of ships and submarines built in Barrow-in-Furness

References