Antonov An-124

An-124 Ruslan
Volga-Dnepr An-124-100
Role	Transport aircraft
Manufacturer	Antonov
First flight	26 December 1982[1]
Introduced	1986
Primary users	Russian Air Force Antonov Airlines Volga-Dnepr Airlines
Number built	58
Unit cost	US$70-100 million[2]
Developed into	Antonov An-225

The Antonov An-124 Ruslan (Ukrainian: Антонов Ан-124 «Руслан») (NATO reporting name: Condor) is strategic airlift jet airplane. It was designed by the Soviet Union's Antonov design bureau. It is the world's largest ever serially manufactured cargo airplane and world's second largest operating cargo aircraft.^[3] During development it was known, in house, as Izdeliye 400 and An-40 in the West. First flown in 1982, civil certification was issued on 30 December 1992.^[4] Over forty are currently in service (26 civilian models with airlines and 10 firm orders as of August 2006) and 20 were in commercial use in 1998^[5] in Ukraine, Russia, the United Arab Emirates and Libya.

Design and development

Cockpit of a Polet An-124.

The An-124 was manufactured in parallel by two plants: the Russian company Aviastar-SP (ex. Ulyanovsk Aviation Industrial Complex) and by the Kyiv Aviation Plant AVIANT, in Ukraine. Series production ceased with the break up of the Soviet Union. The last five unfinished airframes left from the Soviet times were completed in 2001 (1), 2002 (1), and 2004 (3). While currently no An-124 are being produced, Russia and Ukraine have agreed to resume the production in the Q3 2008.^[6]

Externally, the An-124 is similar to the American Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, but has a 25% larger payload, and instead of the Galaxy's T-tail, the An-124 uses a conventional empennage, similar in design to that of the Boeing 747. An-124s have been used to carry locomotives, yachts, aircraft fuselages, and a variety of other oversized cargoes. The An-124 is able to kneel to allow easier front loading. Up to 150 tonnes of cargo can be carried in a military An-124; it can also carry 88 passengers in an upper deck behind the wing centre section. The cargo compartment of An-124 is 36 m x 6.4 m x 4.4 m, slightly larger than the main cargo compartment of C-5 Galaxy, which is 36.91 m x 5.79 m x 4.09 m. However, due to limited pressurization in the main cargo compartment (3.57 psi),^[7] it seldom carries paratroopers.^[8]

An An-124 taking off from Helsinki-Vantaa Airport

Since the type was initially designed for only occasional military use, original An-124s were built with a projected service life of 7,500 flight hours with possibility for extension. However many airframes have flown more than 15,000 flight hours. In response to complaints by commercial users, the An-124-100 version has been built since 2000 with an improved service life of 24,000 hours. Older airframes are being upgraded to this standard. Additional retrofiting is being performed to extend its service life to 40,000 flight hours. The Kyiv Aviation Plant AVIANT offers upgrades to the АN-124-100М-150 version.

In May 2008, at the Berlin Air Show, it was reported that the governments of Russia and Ukraine were closing in on final details to restart production of the An-124. The new variant, to be known as the An-124-150, will feature several new features including a maximum lift capacity of 150 tonnes.^[9] However, an announcement by Antonov's partner, United Aircraft Corporation in May 2009 does not include any planned production for An-124s in the period 2009 – 2012.^[10] In late 2009, it was reported that Russian President Dmitry Medvedev ordered production of the aircraft resumed. It is expected that Russia will be purchasing 20 new aircraft.^[11]

The plane has an on-board overhead crane capable of lifting up to 30tons of cargo, and items up to 120tons can be winched on board.^[12] Some planes have a limit of 20tons for the crane.^[13]

Operational history

A Volga-Dnepr An-124 at Southern California Logistics Airport in Victorville, California

Germany led the recent effort to lease An-124s for NATO strategic airlift requirements. Two aircraft are leased from SALIS GmbH as a stopgap until the Airbus A400M is available.^[14] Under NATO SALIS programme NAMSA is chartering six An-124-100 transport aircraft. According to the contract An-124-100s of Antonov Airlines and Volga-Dnepr are used within the limits of NATO SALIS programme to transport cargo by requests of 18 countries: Belgium, Hungary, Greece, Denmark, Canada, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, France, Germany, Czech Republic and Sweden. Two An-124-100s are constantly based on full-time charter in the airport of Leipzig/Halle, but in case of necessity two more aircraft are to be provided on six days notice and another two on nine days notice.^[15] The current contract is valid until 31 December 2010. The aircraft proved extremely useful for NATO especially with ongoing operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.^[16]

Russian cargo company Volga-Dnepr has contracts with Boeing to ship outsize aircraft components to their Everett plant. The An-124 is used for airlifting (in fully assembled form) the massive General Electric GE90 turbofan engines used in the Boeing 777 airliner.

United Launch Alliance contracts the An-124 to transport the Atlas V launch vehicle from its facilities near Denver to Cape Canaveral. Two flights are required to transfer each launch vehicle (one for the Atlas V main booster stage and another for the Centaur upper stage).^[17]

Space Systems Loral contracts the An-124 to transport satellites from Palo Alto, CA to the Arianespace spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana.^[18]

Rolls-Royce contracts the Antonov An-124 to transport the Trent family engines to and from their test facilities worldwide.

Polet Airlines An-124 being loaded with 1/3 model of an Airbus A380 centre fuselage section in Emirates Airline livery.

Airbus Transport International has selected another Russian cargo company, Polet Airlines as "designated carrier" to the company. Polet expects its three An-124-100s will transport astronautic equipment manufactured by EADS, which is Airbus' parent company, and full-size components of a model of the Airbus A380 superjumbo.^[19] As the Rolls-Royce Trent 900 is the only A380 engine that can be transported whole in a Boeing 747F,^[20] the competing Engine Alliance GP7200 needs a larger aircraft, like the An-124, if it is to be shipped in one piece.

Significant activities

Container being lifted into the belly of an Antonov An-124

An American Mobile Air Traffic Control Tower is loaded onto an An-124 for a relief mission to Haiti following the 2010 Haiti earthquake

• On May 1987, an An-124 set a world record, covering the distance of 20,151 km (10,881 nmi) without refuelling.^[21] The flight took 25 hours and 30 minutes; the takeoff weight was 455,000 kg. The previous record was held by a Boeing B-52H Stratofortress (18,245 km).
• In July 1985, an An-124 took 171,219 kg (377,473 lb) of cargo to an altitude of 2,000 m and 170,000 kg to an altitude of 10,750 m (35,270 ft).^[22]
• An An-124 was used to transport the Obelisk of Axum back to its native homeland of Ethiopia from Rome in April 2005.^[23] The shipment was made in three trips, each carrying a third of the monument's 160 tons and 24-metre (78 ft) length. The airstrip at Axum was modified to accommodate such a large aircraft.
• An An-124 was used to transport an EP-3E Aries II electronic intelligence aircraft from Hainan Island, China on 4 July 2001 during the Hainan Island incident.
• An An-124 transported the first of IÉ's new 201 Class (JT42HCW) locomotives from Canada to Ireland in June 1994.^[24]
• A Volga-Dnepr An-124 delivered a whale from Nice (France) to Japan; another flight was to deliver an elephant from Moscow to Taiwan.^[25]
• On 9 September 2003, an Antonov An-124 carried an 85-ton vessel head to Harrisburg International Airport in Pennsylvania, for use at the nearby Three Mile Island Unit One nuclear power plant.
• The Air Launch Aerospace Corporation (ALAC) in Russia will develop a space transportation system for near-earth orbit using a space launch vehicle ejected from the An-124-100AL aircraft.
• The An-124s provided by Ruslan International,^[26] a specialist transport company based at Stansted UK, has been used on several occasions by BAE Systems to transport airframes as part of their Nimrod refurbishment programme.
• In April 2008, an An-124 provided by Antonov Airlines was used to transport the Pilatus PC-21 to RAAF Base Pearce as part of the Republic of Singapore Air Force S211 to PC-21 transition program.
• In January 2008, an An-124 provided by Antonov Airlines was used to transport military vehicles, weapons, ammunition, water, medical supplies and gear for the Irish Army Rangers for the Mission to Chad.
• An An-124 was used in the James Bond film Die another day, though the interior shots appear to be that of an Ilyushin Il-76.^[27]

Variants

An-124 at Moffett Federal Airfield transporting USAF helicopters to Afghanistan

An-124-100 kneeling with front ramp down (note tilt of aircraft fuselage and retraction of front wheels)

An-124 Ruslan

Strategic heavy airlift transport aircraft

An-124-100

Commercial transport aircraft

An-124-100M-150

Commercial transport version fitted with Western avionics

An-124-102

Commercial transport version with an EFIS flight deck

An-124-130

Proposed version

An-124-135

Variant with one seat in the rear and the rest of the cargo area (approx. 1,800 square feet) dedicated to freight

An-124-150

New variant with several new features

An-124-200

Proposed version with General Electric CF6-80C2 engines, each rated 59,200 lbf (263 kN)

An-124-210

Joint proposal with Air Foyle to meet UK's Short Term Strategic Airlifter (STSA) requirement, with Rolls-Royce RB211-524H-T engines, each rated 60,600 lbf (264 kN) and Honeywell avionics—STSA competition abandoned in August 1999, reinstated, and won by the Boeing C-17A.

Operators

Ukrainian An-124

Military

 Russia

• Russian Air Force (25)

Civil

Polet Airlines Antonov An-124 next to an Airbus A320 and an ATR-72 at Wrocław-Strachowice airport, August 2008

In September 2009 a total of 28 Antonov An-124 aircraft remain in airline service, with a further 10 firm orders.

 Libya

• Libyan Arab Air Cargo (2)

 Russia

• Volga-Dnepr (10)+ 5 on order.
• Polet Airlines (8)+ 5 on order.

 Ukraine

• Antonov Airlines (7)

 United Arab Emirates

• Maximus Air Cargo (1)

 Bulgaria

• AirCargo Bulgaria (1)
• Russian Cargo (1)

Former operators

 Russia

• Aeroflot Russian International Airlines
• Ayaks
• Russian State Transport Company
• Transaero Airlines

 Soviet Union

• Aeroflot Soviet Airlines

 United Kingdom

• Air Foyle (in partnership with Antonov Design Bureau)
• HeavyLift Cargo Airlines (in partnership with Volga-Dnepr Airlines)
• Antonov AirTrack
• Titan Cargo
• TransCharter Titan Cargo

Former military operators

 Soviet Union

• Soviet Air Force

Notable incidents

As of 2009, four An-124 hull-loss accidents have been recorded, with a total of 97 fatalities:^[28]

• SSSR-82002, operated by Antonov Airlines crashed near Kiev, Ukraine on 13 October 1992 during flight testing. 8 fatalities.^[29]
• RA-82071, Operated by Aviastar Airlines crashed into a mountain at 11,000 feet while in a holding pattern at Kerman, Iran on 15 November 1993. 17 fatalities.^[30]
• RA-82069, owned by Aeroflot but operated by Ajax, crashed at San Francesco al Campo, Italy, during a go-around on 8 October 1996. 4 fatalities.^[31]
• RA-82005, operated by the Russian Air Force, crashed in a residential area after take-off in Irkutsk, Russia, on 5 December 1997. 68 fatalities.^[28]

Specifications

Two Ivchenko Progress D-18T Series 4S powerplants

Data from antonov.com^[32]

General characteristics

• Crew: 6
• Capacity: 88 passengers or the hold can take an additional 350 on a palletised seating system
• Payload: 150,000 kg (330,000 lb)
• Length: 68.96 m (226 ft 3 in)
• Wingspan: 73.3 m (240 ft 5 in)
• Height: 20.78 m (68 ft 2 in)
• Wing area: 628 m² (6,760 sq ft)
• Empty weight: 175,000 kg (385,000 lb)
• Loaded weight: 405,000 kg (893,000 lb)
• Useful load: 230,000 kg (508,000 lb)
• Max takeoff weight: 405,000 kg (893,000 lb)
• Powerplant: 4× Ivchenko Progress D-18T turbofans, 229.5 kN (51,600 lbf) each

Performance

• Maximum speed: 865 km/h (467 kn (537 mph))
• Cruise speed: 800-850 km/h (430 kn (490 mph))
• Range: 5,400 km (2,900 nm, 3,360 mi (5,410 km))
• Service ceiling: 12,000 m (35,000 ft)
• Wing loading: 365 kg/m² (74.7 lb/sq ft)
• Thrust/weight: 0.23

Flight range

An-124-100

• 0 tons of cargo = 15,000 km (8,100 nmi)^[33]
• 10 tons of cargo = 14,125 km (7,627 nmi)
• 20 tons of cargo = 13,250 km (7,154 nmi)
• 30 tons of cargo = 12,375 km (6,682 nmi)
• 40 tons of cargo = 11,500 km (6,210 nmi)
• 72 tons of cargo = 8,700 km (4,698 nmi)
• 90 tons of cargo = 7,125 km (3,847 nmi)
• 97 tons of cargo = 6,495 km (3,507 nmi)
• 104 tons of cargo = 5,900 km (3,186 nmi)
• 108 tons of cargo = 5,550 km (2,997 nmi)
• 120 tons of cargo = 4,500 km (2,430 nmi)
• 122 tons of cargo = 4,325 km (2,335 nmi)

Аn-124-100М-150

• 92 tons of cargo = 7,500 km (4,050 nmi)
• 113 tons of cargo = 5,925 km (3,199 nmi)
• 120 tons of cargo = 5,400 km (2,916 nmi)
• 122 tons of cargo = 5,250 km (2,835 nmi)

See also

Related development

• Antonov An-225
  

Comparable aircraft

• Airbus A380
• Boeing 747-8F
• C-5 Galaxy
• Sukhoi KR-860
  

References

External links

• Antonov An-124 page on the Antonov website
• Aviastar-SP - manufacturer of the An-124 in Russia
• Aviant - manufacturer of the An-124 in Ukraine
• An-124-210 Condor Long-Range Heavy Transport Aircraft - Specifications
• Antonov An-124 on aero-enthusiast.com
• AN-124 specifications compared next to other air cargo aircraft