Adygea

Republic of Adygea (English)
Республика Адыгея (Russian)
Адыгэ Республик (Adyghe)
-  Republic  -
Map of Russia - Republic of Adygea (2008-03).svg
Coordinates:
Adygeya - Coat of Arms.png
Coat of arms of the Republic of Adygea
Flag of Adygea.svg
Flag of the Republic of Adygea
Anthem Anthem of the Republic of Adygea
Political status
Country Russia
Political status Republic
Federal district Southern[1]
Economic region North Caucasus[2]
Capital Maykop
Official languages Russian[3]; Adyghe[4]
Statistics
Population (2002 Census)[5] 447,109 inhabitants
- Rank within Russia 74th
- Urban[5] 52.5%
- Rural[5] 47.5%
- Density 58.83 /km2 (152.4 /sq mi)[6]
Area (as of the 2002 Census)[7] 7,600 km2 (2,934.4 sq mi)
- Rank within Russia 80th
Established July 27, 1922[8]
License plates 01
ISO 3166-2:RU RU-AD
Time zone MSK/MSD (UTC+3/+4)
Government (as of October 2008)
President[9] Aslan Tkhakushinov[10]
Legislature State Assembly (Khase)[9]
Constitution Constitution of the Republic of Adygea
Official website[11]
http://www.adygheya.ru/

The Republic of Adygea (English pronunciation: /ɑːdɨˈɡeɪ.ə/;[12] Russian: Респу́блика Адыге́я, tr. Respublika Adygeya, IPA: [ɐdɨˈgʲejə]; Adyghe: Адыгэ Республик, Adyge Respublik) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) enclaved within Krasnodar Krai. Its area is 7,600 km² with a population of 447,109.[5] Its capital is Maykop.

Contents

Geography

Adygea lies in south-east Europe in the north foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, with plains in the north, and mountains in the south. Forests cover almost 40% of its territory.

Rivers

The 870-km long Kuban River is one of the major navigable rivers in the Caucasus region. It forms part of the northern border between Adygea and Krasnodar Krai. Other rivers include:

Lakes

There are no large lakes in the republic. There are, however, several large reservoirs, including:

Mountains

The republic's major mountains range in height from 2,000 to 3,238 m and include:

Natural resources

The republic is rich in oil and natural gas. Other natural resources include gold, silver, tungsten, and iron.

Climate

History

Map of Adygea

The Adyghe people, sometimes known as Circassians, were the ancient dwellers of the North-West Caucasus since the 13th century.

Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast was established within the Russian SFSR on July 27, 1922, on the territories of Kuban-Black Sea Oblast, primarily settled by the Adyghe people. At that time, Krasnodar was the administrative center. It was renamed Adyghe (Cherkess) Autonomous Oblast on August 24, 1922, soon after its creation. In the first two years of its existence the autonomous oblast was a part of the Russian SFSR, but on October 17, 1924, it was transferred to the jurisdiction of the newly created North Caucasus Krai within the RSFSR.[13]

It was renamed Adyghe Autonomous Oblast (AO) in July 1928. On January 10, 1934, the autonomous oblast became part of new Azov-Black Sea Krai, which was removed from North Caucasus Krai. Maykop was made the administrative center of the autonomous oblast in 1936. Adyghe AO became part of Krasnodar Krai when it was established on September 13, 1937.

On July 3, 1991, the oblast was elevated to the status of a republic under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. The first president of Adygea was Aslan Aliyevich Dzharimov, elected in January 1992. From 2002 to 2007, Hazret Sovmen was president. He, and most of the rest of the political elite in Adygea, are Adyghes. As a reaction to that, an organization calling itself the Union of Slavs was established, claiming that ethnic Russians are discriminated against in Adygea. They advocate the merger of Adygea with Krasnodar Krai, but have so far have had little support for that proposition from the Russian government.

Politics

Lago-Naki area in Adygea

The head of the government in Adygea is the President, who is elected for a five-year term. Proficiency in the Adyghe language is a prerequisite for presidential candidacy.[14]

The current President, Aslan Tkhakushinov (since January 13, 2007), succeeded Hazret Sovmen, appointed by Vladimir Putin, although he received only 2% of the vote in 2002.[15] There is also a directly elected State Assembly (Khase or Xase—not to be confused with the Adyghe Khase, a union of Adyghe who supported Sovmen for a second term), which comprises the Council of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. Both councils are elected every five years and have 27 deputies each.

The Prime Minister of Adygea is appointed by the president with the consent of the National Assembly. The current prime minister of the republic is Vladimir Samozhenkov.

The republic sends three representatives to the parliament of the Russian Federation; one to the State Duma and the other two to the Federation Council.

Constitution of the Republic of Adygea was adopted on May 14, 1995.

Divisions

Administrative divisions of the Republic of Adygea

The Republic of Adygea is administratively divided into seven districts (raions), two cities/towns, and five urban-type settlements. Municipally, the republic is divided into two urban okrugs, five urban settlements, and 46 rural settlements.

Demographics

Source:[16]
Births Deaths Birth rate Death rate
1970 5,681 3,307 14.7 8.6
1975 5,900 3,907 14.9 9.9
1980 6,610 4,828 16.2 11.8
1985 6,966 5,283 16.5 12.5
1990 6,171 5,375 14.2 12.3
1991 5,912 5,905 13.5 13.5
1992 5,306 5,969 12.0 13.5
1993 4,774 6,662 10.7 14.9
1994 4,907 6,519 10.9 14.5
1995 4,798 6,475 10.7 14.4
1996 4,625 6,382 10.3 14.2
1997 4,430 6,302 9.8 14.0
1998 4,340 6,245 9.6 13.9
1999 3,879 6,215 8.6 13.8
2000 4,071 6,710 9.1 15.0
2001 4,212 6,566 9.4 14.7
2002 4,540 6,715 10.2 15.0
2003 4,634 6,929 10.4 15.5
2004 4,648 6,645 10.4 14.9
2005 4,550 6,726 10.3 15.2
2006 4,606 6,686 10.4 15.1
2007 5,210 6,454 11.8 14.6
2008 5,601 6,558 12.7 14.8
1926 census 1939 census 1959 census 1970 census 1979 census 1989 census 2002 census
Adyghe 50,821 (44.8%) 55,048 (22.8%) 65,908 (23.2%) 81,478 (21.1%) 86,388 (21.4%) 95,439 (22.1%) 108,115 (24.2%)
Russians 29,102 (25.6%) 171,960 (71.1%) 200,492 (70.4%) 276,537 (71.7%) 285,626 (70.6%) 293,640 (68.0%) 288,280 (64.5%)
Armenians 738 (0.7%) 2,348 (1.0%) 3,013 (1.1%) 5,217 (1.4%) 6,359 (1.6%) 10,460 (2.4%) 15,268 (3.4%)
Ukrainians 26,405 (23.3%) 6,130 (2.5%) 7,988 (2.8%) 11,214 (2.9%) 12,078 (3.0%) 13,755 (3.2%) 9,091 (2.0%)
Others 6,415 (5.7%) 6,313 (2.6%) 7,289 (2.6%) 11,198 (2.9%) 13,939 (3.4%) 18,752 (4.3%) 26,355 (5.9%)

Economy

Even though it is now one of the poorest parts of Russia, the republic has abundant forests and rich soil. The region is famous for producing grain, sunflowers, tea, tobacco, and other produce. Hog and sheep breeding are also developed.

Food, timber, woodworking, pulp and paper, heavy engineering, and metal-working are the most developed industries.

Transportation

There is a small airport in Maykop (ICAO airport code URKM). Several rail lines pass through the republic.

Culture

The Adyghe language (Adyghabze) is a member of the Northwest Caucasian group of Caucasian languages. Along with Russian, Adyghe is the official language of the republic.

There are 8 state and 23 public museums in the republic. The largest museum is the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea in Maykop.

Education

Adyghe State University and Maykop State Technological University, both in the capital Maykop, are the two major higher education facilities in Adygea.

See also

References

  1. Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000).
  2. Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. According to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia, Russian is the official language on the whole territory of the Russian Federation. Article 68.2 further stipulates that only the republics have the right to establish official languages other than Russian.
  4. Constitution of Adygea, Article 5
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_04_1.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-01. 
  6. The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2002 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the Census (2002).
  7. Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-17. 
  8. Azarenkova et al., p. 154
  9. 9.0 9.1 Constitution, Article 7.4.
  10. Official website of the Republic of Adygea. Aslan Kitovich Tkhakushinov
  11. Президент Республики Адыгея. Распоряжение №46-рп от 2 апреля 2007 г. «Об организации официального Интернет-сайта исполнительных органов государственной власти Республики Адыгея». (President of the Republic of Adygea. Directive #46-rp of April 2, 2007 On Creation of the Official Website of the Executive Organs of State Power of the Republic of Adygea. ).
  12. "Adygeya at merriam-webster.com". m-w.com. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Adygeya. Retrieved 2009-09-23. 
  13. под ред. М. Макфола и Н. Петрова (1998). ""Политический альманах России 1997. Том 2. Социально-политические портреты регионов" (Political Almanac of Russia 1997. Vol. 2. Social and Political Portraits of the Regions), online edition" (in Russian). Московский Центр Карнеги. http://www.carnegie.ru/ru/pubs/books/volume/218103adygeya.pdf. Retrieved 2007-04-17. 
  14. Казенин, Константин (2009) (in Russian). «ТИХИЕ» КОНФЛИКТЫ НА СЕВЕРНОМ КАВКАЗЕ. Moscow: Regnum. p. 17. ISBN 9785911500306. 
  15. Tsvetkov, Oleg. "Transitions Online: Friends in High Places". Tol.cz. http://www.tol.cz/look/TOL/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrIssue=226&NrSection=1&NrArticle=18839. Retrieved 2010-08-20. 
  16. Russian Federal State Statistics Service

Sources

External links