5.7x28mm

5.7x28mm
Photo of three 5.7x28mm sporting cartridges. The left cartridge has a plain hollow tip, the center cartridge has a red plastic V-max tip, and the right cartridge has a blue plastic V-max tip.
5.7x28mm sporting cartridges. From left to right: SS195LF, SS196SR, and SS197SR.
Type Personal defense weapon
Place of origin  Belgium
Service history
In service 1991-present [1]
Used by
Wars
Production history
Designer
  • Jean-Paul Denis (SS90) [4]
  • Marc Neuforge (SS90) [4]
Designed
  • 1986-1990 (SS90) [1]
  • 1992-1993 (SS190) [5]
Manufacturer FN Herstal
Produced
  • 1990-1993 (SS90) [5]
  • 1993-present (SS190) [5]
Variants See Variations
Specifications
Case type Rimless, bottleneck [6]
Bullet diameter 5.7 mm (0.224 in) [6]
Neck diameter 6.35 mm (0.25 in) [7]
Shoulder diameter 7.9 mm (0.311 in) [7]
Base diameter 7.9 mm (0.311 in) [7]
Rim diameter 7.80 mm (0.307 in)
Rim thickness 1.14 mm (0.045 in) [7]
Case length 28.83 mm (1.135 in) [7]
Overall length 40.50 mm (1.594 in) [7]
Case capacity 0.90 cm³ (14 gr H2O)
Rifling twist 228.6 mm (1:9 in) [6]
Primer type Boxer Small Rifle [6]
Maximum pressure 345.0 MPa (50,040 psi) [7]
Ballistic performance
Bullet weight/type Velocity Energy
23 gr (1.5 g) SS90 AP FMJ 850 m/s (2,800 ft/s) 540 J (400 ft·lbf)
31 gr (2.0 g) SS190 AP FMJ 716 m/s (2,350 ft/s) 534 J (394 ft·lbf)
28 gr (1.8 g) SS195LF JHP 716 m/s (2,350 ft/s) 467 J (344 ft·lbf)
Test barrel length: 263 mm (10.35 in)

The 5.7x28mm cartridge is a small caliber cartridge developed by FN Herstal simultaneously with the FN P90 personal defense weapon (PDW) and FN Five-seven pistol.[1][8] It is a bottlenecked cartridge that is comparable to the .22 Hornet or .22 K-Hornet, and uses a 5.7-mm (.224 in) bullet.[6] The 5.7x28mm cartridge is produced in several variations.[9] The SS195LF and SS197SR variations are available to civilian shooters for use in the AR-57, FN Five-seven, and FN PS90 firearms.[9]

In 2002 and 2003, NATO conducted a series of tests with the intention of standardizing a PDW cartridge as a replacement for the 9x19mm Parabellum cartridge.[10] The tests compared the relative merits of the 5.7x28mm cartridge and the 4.6x30mm cartridge, which was created by Heckler & Koch as a competitor to the 5.7x28mm.[10] The NATO group recommended the 5.7x28mm cartridge, citing its superior performance in the testing, but the standardization process was indefinitely halted.[10]

By 2006, 5.7x28mm weapons were in service in over 40 countries throughout the world in various police, counter-terrorist or military roles.[11] In 2009, the National Rifle Association added 5.7x28mm firearms to the NRA Tactical Police Competition standards, allowing law enforcement agencies to compete in the event using 5.7x28mm firearms.[12] The commercially available FN PS90 and FN Five-seven weapons in 5.7x28mm caliber have also become increasingly popular among civilian shooters in the United States.

Contents

History

The 5.7x28mm cartridge was designed in conjunction with the FN P90 personal defense weapon and FN Five-seven pistol, in response to NATO requests for a replacement for the 9x19mm Parabellum cartridge.[10][13] The original 5.7x28mm cartridge, called the SS90, was introduced in the late 1980s. It used a 1.5-g (23 gr) plastic-core projectile which it propelled at a muzzle velocity of roughly 850 m/s (2,800 ft/s) when fired from the P90.[13] A United States patent application for the projectile design used in the SS90 was filed by FN's Jean-Paul Denis and Marc Neuforge in 1989.[4] U.S. Patent 5,012,743 ("High-Performance Projectile") was received in 1991.[5][14]

5.7x28mm SS196SR with a quarter and ruler

The 5.7x28mm SS90 cartridge was further refined, and introduced in 1993 as the SS190.[5] The SS190 uses a 2.7-mm (0.11 in) shorter projectile with a weight of 2.0 g (31 gr), which it fires from the P90 at a muzzle velocity of roughly 715 m/s (2,350 ft/s).[15] The shorter length of the projectile allowed it to be more conveniently used in the 5.7x28mm FN Five-seven pistol, which was also being developed at that time.[5] A modified version of the P90 with a magazine adapted to use the shortened ammunition was introduced in 1993.[5] Several specialized variations of the 5.7x28mm were also developed alongside the SS190, such as the L191 tracer round and the subsonic SB193 bullet for sound-suppressed use in the P90.[1][9] The 5.7x28mm FN Five-seven pistol then went into production in 1998.[16]

In 2002 and 2003, NATO conducted a series of tests with the intention of standardizing a PDW cartridge as a replacement for the 9x19mm Parabellum cartridge.[10] The tests compared the relative merits of the 5.7x28mm cartridge and the 4.6x30mm cartridge, which was created by Heckler & Koch as a competitor to the 5.7x28mm.[10] The results of the NATO tests were analyzed by a group formed of experts from France, the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, and the group's conclusion was that the 5.7x28mm was "undoubtedly" the more efficient cartridge.[10]

Among other points, the NATO group cited superior effectiveness (27 percent greater) for the 5.7x28mm against unprotected targets and equal effectiveness against protected targets.[10] It also cited less sensitivity to extreme temperatures for the 5.7x28mm, and cited a greater potential risk of barrel erosion with the 4.6x30mm.[10] In addition, the group pointed out that 5.7x28mm is close to the 5.56x45mm NATO by its design and manufacture process, allowing it to be manufactured on existing production lines.[10] The group also pointed out that 5.7x28mm weapons are more mature than 4.6x30mm weapons, and that the 5.7x28mm FN Five-seven pistol was already in production at that time, while the 4.6x30mm Heckler & Koch UCP pistol was still only an early concept.[10] However, the German delegation and others rejected the NATO recommendation that 5.7x28mm be standardized, and as a result, the standardization process was indefinitely halted.[10][17]

In 2004, the SS192 hollow point cartridge was introduced to civilian shooters alongside the new Five-seven IOM variant.[18] This cartridge was discontinued later in that same year, and in 2005 the SS196SR cartridge was introduced using a 2.6-g (40 gr) V-Max projectile.[19][20] The SS196 was also shortly discontinued in favor of newer developments. Further development of the 5.7x28mm cartridge has led to the creation of the SS195LF and SS197SR variations, which are available to civilian shooters for use in the FN PS90 carbine and FN Five-seven pistol, and the SS198LF variation which is restricted by FN for law enforcement and military customers.[9]

Design details

The 5.7x28mm cartridge was designed by FN specifically for use in the FN P90 personal defense weapon and FN Five-seven pistol.[1][8] Subsequently it has been used in the FN PS90 carbine and the AR-57, an upper receiver for M16/AR-15 rifles.[21][22] The ST Kinetics CPW can also be configured for the 5.7x28mm cartridge, by changing the barrel and magazine groups.[23]

The 5.7x28mm cartridge weighs 6.0 g (93 grains),[24] roughly half as much as a typical 9x19mm Parabellum cartridge, allowing extra ammunition to be carried more easily.[25][26][27] The 5.7x28mm cartridge produces considerable muzzle blast and flash,[7] but it produces roughly 30 percent less recoil than the 9x19mm cartridge, improving controllability.[26][27] It also exhibits an unusually flat trajectory.[15][26]

One of the design intents of the SS190 variation of this cartridge (not sporting variations) was that it have the ability to penetrate Kevlar protective vests, such as the NATO CRISAT vest, that will stop conventional pistol bullets.[27] Fired from the P90, the SS190 variation is capable of penetrating the CRISAT vest at a range of 200 m (655 ft).[27] It is also capable of penetrating a Level IIIA Kevlar vest at the same range.[15] However, sporting variants of the 5.7x28mm are classified as being not armor piercing by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF).[19]

Photo of various cartridges, showing from left to right: 9x19mm Parabellum, .40 S&W, .45 ACP, 5.7x28mm, 5.56x45mm NATO, .300 Winchester Magnum, 2.75-inch 12 gauge, and 3-inch 12 gauge
From left to right: 9x19mm Parabellum, .40 S&W, .45 ACP, 5.7x28mm, 5.56x45mm NATO, .300 Winchester Magnum, and a 2.75-inch (70 mm) and 3-inch (76 mm) 12 gauge

FN states that the 5.7x28mm has an effective range of 200 m (655 ft) and a maximum range of 1,800 m (5,905 ft) when fired from the P90,[28] and an effective range of 50 m (165 ft) and a maximum range of 1,510 m (4,950 ft) when fired from the Five-seven.[18] The SS190 and similar 5.7x28mm projectiles have been shown to turn base over point ("tumble") in testing in ballistic gelatin and other media, using the 21.6-mm (.85 in) projectile length[18] to create a larger wound cavity.[8][15][25][29][30] However, some are skeptical of the bullet's terminal performance, and it is a subject of debate among civilian shooters in the United States.[30]

The 5.7x28mm projectiles are statistically safer than others, because the projectile designs limit overpenetration and the projectiles have a low risk of ricochet.[29][31][32] Since the SS190 projectile does not rely on fragmentation or the expansion of a hollow point, the cartridge (and 5.7x28mm weapons) are considered suitable for military use under the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which prohibit use of expanding or fragmenting bullets in warfare.[30]

FN's 5.7x28mm brass cases are covered with a special polymer coating for easier extraction with the PS90 carbine due to the high chamber pressures and lack of case tapering.[25] In addition, the coating ensures proper feeding and function in the magazines.[25]

Cartridge dimensions

Drawing of the 5.7x28mm cartridge's outline, with dimensions listed

5.7x28mm maximum CIP cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).

The 5.7x28mm has a cartridge case capacity of 0.90 ml (13.85 grains) H2O.[7]

Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 35 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 1:228.6 mm (1:9 in), 8 grooves, Ø lands = 5.53 mm, Ø grooves = 5.62 mm, land width = 1.63 mm and the recommended primer type is small rifle.[6][7]

According to the official Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives (CIP) guidelines the 5.7x28mm case can handle up to 345 MPa (50,037 psi) piezo pressure.[7] In CIP-regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers.

Variations

SS90 prototype
The SS90 was an early prototype round used only in the earliest examples of the P90. It used a lightweight 1.5-g (23 grain) full metal jacket bullet with a polymer core, propelled at a muzzle velocity of roughly 850 m/s (2,800 ft/s). It was abandoned in 1994 in favor of the heavier and 2.7-mm (0.11 in) shorter SS190 projectile.[13]
SS190 duty
The SS190 FMJ, a refinement of the SS90, was introduced in 1993.[5] It offered superior performance over the prototype projectile as well as slightly reduced length.[5] The latter change allowed it to be used more conveniently in the Five-seven pistol also being developed at that time.[13] Fired from the P90, the SS190 propels a 2.0-g (31 grain) bullet at a muzzle velocity of roughly 715 m/s (2,350 ft/s). It has a steel penetrator and an aluminum core.[33] The SS190 has been manufactured with a plain, black, or black-on-white tip color.[9][34][35] It is classified as armor piercing (AP) ammunition by the ATF and its sale is currently restricted by FN to law enforcement and military customers.[9][19]
In testing done by Houston Police Department SWAT, the SS190 fired from the P90 exhibited 28 to 34 cm (11 to 13.5 in) penetration in bare ballistic gelatin.[15] In testing in 1999 by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), the SS190 fired from the P90 at a distance of 25 m (82 ft) exhibited an average penetration depth of 25 cm (9.85 in) in ballistic gelatin after passing through a Level II kevlar vest.[36]
Photo of the L191 cartridge and box. The cartridge has a red-on-black tip, and the box is light brown with a white label.
L191 cartridge and box
L191 tracer
The L191 (also formerly called the SS191)[37] is a tracer cartridge designed for easier bullet spotting in dim light.[9] Combustible chemicals packed in the rear of the L191 projectile create a contrail visible up to 200 m (656 ft).[35] The L191 has been manufactured with a red or red-on-black tip.[9][34] The performance and trajectory of the L191 is identical to the SS190.[24][26] For this reason, it is also classified as armor piercing ammunition by the ATF and its sale is currently restricted by FN to law enforcement and military customers.[9][19]
SS192 hollow point
The SS192 was discontinued in late 2004.[37] It used a 1.8 g (28 grain) hollow point bullet with a copper jacket and an aluminum core.[18] The projectile had a length of 21.6 mm (.85 in).[18] It had an unmarked hollow nose with a depth of 7.6 mm (0.3 in) and a 0.8-mm (0.03 in) opening.[18] The SS192 was classified as not armor piercing by the ATF, and in testing by FNH USA it did not penetrate a Level IIIA vest when fired from the Five-seven.[19]
SB193 subsonic
The SB193 (also formerly called the SS193)[37] is a subsonic cartridge featuring a 3.6-g (55 grain) Sierra Game King FMJBT (Full Metal Jacket Boat Tail) projectile. The SB193's low muzzle velocity eliminates the distinctive "crack" created by supersonic rounds, and when used in conjunction with a sound suppressor, the muzzle report is also reduced. Due to the greatly decreased muzzle velocity, the SB193 benefits from a slightly reduced recoil force of 1.3 kgm/s.[38] The SB193 can be identified by its white tip color.[9] Its sale is currently restricted by FN to law enforcement and military customers.[9]
T194 training
The T194 training round was discontinued in 2002. It could be considered an early version of the SS192 or SS195. It used the same 1.8-g (28 grain) copper-jacketed aluminum core bullet, propelled at the same muzzle velocity.[24] It had a green painted tip.[24]
Photo of the SS195LF cartridge and box. The cartridge has a plain tip, and the box is plain white with a white label.
SS195LF cartridge and box
SS195LF (lead free)
The SS195 is a commercially available cartridge that features a lead-free primer and produces ballistics similar to the SS192 round, which it replaced in late 2004.[37] It uses the same 1.8-g (28 grain) copper-jacketed aluminum core bullet as the SS192. The SS195 cartridge can be identified by the unmarked, hollow void at the tip and the silver-colored primer.[9] It was classified as not armor piercing by the ATF.[19] The SS195 is currently manufactured by FN in Belgium.[6]
SS196SR (sporting round)
The SS196 cartridge was introduced in 2005 and it is now discontinued in favor of the SS197SR cartridge.[20] It featured a lead core 2.6-g (40 grain) Hornady V-Max bullet which it propelled at a muzzle velocity of roughly 500 m/s (1,650 ft/s) when fired from the Five-seven.[20] The polycarbonate tip used in the V-Max bullet acts as a wedge, enhancing expansion of the bullet. The SS196 was classified as not armor piercing by the ATF and in testing by FNH USA it did not penetrate a Level II vest when fired from the Five-seven.[19] The SS196 can be identified by its red polycarbonate tip.[37]
SS197SR (sporting round)
Photo of the 5.7x28mm SS197SR cartridge next to a 5.56x45mm NATO cartridge. The 5.56x45mm cartridge is significantly larger.
SS197SR (left) and 5.56x45mm NATO (right)
The SS197 cartridge is currently offered to civilian shooters in addition to the SS195LF.[39] It uses the same lead core 2.6-g (40 grain) Hornady V-Max projectile as the SS196SR,[6] but it is loaded for a roughly 30-m/s (100 ft/s) higher muzzle velocity. The projectile has a blue-colored polycarbonate tip instead of the red color used in the SS196 projectile tip.[9] The SS197 is currently manufactured by Fiocchi under contract for FN Herstal[6][40][41] and distributed in the USA by Federal Cartridge Company.[9][39]
SS198LF (lead free)
The SS198 uses the same lead-free projectile and primer as the SS195LF,[34] but propels it at roughly 30-m/s (100 ft/s) higher muzzle velocity. It has a green painted tip.[9] Its sale is currently restricted by FN to law enforcement and military customers.[9]
Non-FN ammunition
Elite Ammunition makes a wide variety of 5.7x28mm ammunition offerings, designed for high performance.[42] Handloading is also possible with 5.7x28mm ammunition, using 5.7-mm (.224 in) bullets which are widely available due to use in .223 Remington and 5.56x45mm NATO cartridges.[6] Handloaders have noted that the 5.7x28mm cartridge is very sensitive.[7] Bullets weighing 2.6 g (40 grains) or less are recommended for optimal use in 5.7x28mm applications,[7] but the 1:231 mm (1:9.1 in) rifling twist rate (distance the bullet must travel to complete one full revolution) used in the weapons' barrels will stabilize bullets weighing up to 4.5 g (70 grains).[6]

Specifications

SS190 L191 SS192 SB193 T194 SS195LF SS196SR SS197SR SS198LF
Projectile weight 2.0 g (31 gr) 2.0 g (31 gr) 1.8 g (28 gr) 3.6 g (55 gr) 1.8 g (28 gr) 1.8 g (28 gr) 2.6 g (40 gr) 2.6 g (40 gr) 1.8g (28 gr)
Muzzle velocity (P90) 716 m/s (2,350 ft/s) 716 m/s (2,350 ft/s) 716 m/s (2,350 ft/s) 305 m/s (1,000 ft/s) 716 m/s (2,350 ft/s) 716 m/s (2,350 ft/s) 549 m/s (1,800 ft/s) 594 m/s (1,950 ft/s) —
Muzzle energy (P90) 534 J (394 ft·lbf) 534 J (394 ft·lbf) 467 J (343 ft·lbf) 163 J (120 ft·lbf) 467 J (343 ft·lbf) 467 J (343 ft·lbf) 393 J (290 ft·lbf) 461 J (340 ft·lbf) —
Projectile type FMJ "AP" FMJ Tracer JHP FMJBT JHP JHP V-Max V-Max JHP
Effective range 200 m (655 ft) 200 m (655 ft) 200 m (655 ft) 50 m (165 ft) 200 m (655 ft) 200 m (655 ft) 150 m (490 ft) 150 m (490 ft) 200m (655 ft)
Color code Plain, black or white/black Red or red/black Plain JHP White/grey Green Plain JHP w/ silver primer Red V-Max Blue V-Max Green
Availability Restricted by FN Restricted by FN Commercial (discontinued) Restricted by FN Restricted by FN (discontinued) Commercial Commercial (discontinued) Commercial Restricted by FN

Fired from the longer 40.74-cm (16.04 in) barrel of the PS90, the muzzle velocity of SS195LF is roughly 60-m/s (200 ft/s) faster, and the muzzle velocity of SS197SR is roughly 45-m/s (150 ft/s) faster.[33] Fired from the shorter 12.2-cm (4.8 in) barrel of the Five-seven pistol, the muzzle velocity of SS195LF is roughly 90-m/s (300 ft/s) slower, and the muzzle velocity of SS197SR is roughly 60-m/s (200 ft/s) slower.[33]

Controversy

In 2005, the FN Five-seven and 5.7x28mm ammunition were the subject of brief controversy in the United States when it was stated by the Brady Campaign that commercially available SS192 ammunition penetrated a Level IIA Kevlar vest in testing.[43][44] The National Rifle Association shortly countered this claim by stating that the Brady Campaign may not have adhered to standard testing procedures, and by pointing out that FN only offers armor-piercing variants of the 5.7x28mm cartridge to law enforcement and military customers.[9][44] Commercially available variations of the 5.7x28mm cartridge are classified by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) as being not armor-piercing and it was stated that the SS192 and SS196 cartridge variations did not penetrate various types of Kevlar vests in tests conducted by FNH USA.[19] In 2005, the Five-seven pistol and 5.7x28mm ammunition were specifically targeted for a United States federal ban, which failed.[45] However, sales of the pistol increased dramatically.[43]

The Five-seven and 5.7x28mm ammunition were the subject of further controversy following reports of their use by drug cartels in the Mexican Drug War.[3][46][47] Some reports stated that the pistol was used in various incidents to murder police officers or civilians.[46][48][49] According to the ATF, the Five-seven is one of the weapons favored by drug cartels in the Mexican Drug War, and smuggled Five-seven pistols can sell for $2,600 to $5,000 in Mexico.[3][47]

In November 2009, the Five-seven and 5.7x28mm ammunition again became the subject of controversy following the pistol's reported use by U.S. Army psychiatrist, Major Nidal Malik Hasan in the Fort Hood shooting, where 13 were killed and 30 were wounded.[50][51][52] Shortly after the shooting took place, FNH USA responded with a fact sheet dismissing allegations about the nature of the pistol and 5.7x28mm sporting ammunition.[32] Later in the month, a number of gun control organizations such as the Brady Campaign wrote a collaborative letter to U.S. President Barack Obama, citing the weapon's reported use by the Fort Hood shooter and Mexican drug cartels, and calling on him to ban importation of the Five-seven pistol and 5.7x28mm ammunition.[53]

See also

Photo of the 5.7x28mm cartridge next to the similarly-sized 4.6x30mm and .30 carbine cartridges
From left to right: 4.6x30mm, 5.7x28mm and .30 Carbine
  • .22 Hornet
  • 4.6x30mm
  • 5.56x30mm MINSAS
  • 5.7mm MMJ
  • 5.8x21mm
  • 7.92x24mm
  • 5 mm caliber
  • List of cartridges by caliber
  • List of handgun cartridges / rifle cartridges
Weapons

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Diez, Octavio (2000). Armament and Technology: Handguns. Barcelona: Lema Publications, S.L.. ISBN 9788484630135. 
  2. ↑ "Special Forces: Tout Sauf des Rambo" (in French). La Libre Belgique. March 25, 2006. http://www.lalibre.be/actu/belgique/article/276594/l-histoire.html. Retrieved February 6, 2010. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Harris, Byron (March 16, 2009). "Texas is arming Mexican drug cartels". Dallas Morning News. http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/wfaa/bharris/stories/wfaa090313_wz_mexiweapons.31e413c2.html. Retrieved April 27, 2010. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Watters, Daniel E.. "The 5.56 X 45mm Timeline: 1986-1989". The Gun Zone. http://www.thegunzone.com/556dw-9.html. Retrieved June 21, 2010. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Watters, Daniel E.. "The 5.56 X 45mm Timeline: 1990-1994". The Gun Zone. http://www.thegunzone.com/556dw-10.html. Retrieved January 31, 2010. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 Forker, Bob (May 28, 2008). "The 5.7x28 FN". Guns & Ammo. http://www.gunsandammo.com/content/the-57x28-fn?packedargs=recid%253D1198098376868. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 Rodriguez, Greg (2008). "Favorite Loads: Hot Off The Press - 5.7x28mm". Shooting Times. http://www.shootingtimes.com/ammunition/ST_5point7by28mm_200811. Retrieved February 1, 2010. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Miller, David (2001). The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns. London: Salamander Books Ltd.. ISBN 9781840652451. 
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 "FNH USA Products — Ammunition". FNH USA. 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/products/firearms/ammo.asp. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 Oliver, David (2007). "In the Line of Fire". Global Defence Review. http://web.archive.org/web/20061016074936/www.global-defence.com/2006/Utilities/article.php?id=40. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  11. ↑ "New FN Herstal's Products Introduced at FIDAE". Army Technology. June 21, 2006. http://www.army-technology.com/contractors/machine_guns/fnherstal/press3.html. Retrieved June 24, 2010. 
  12. ↑ "NRA Adds FN 5.7x28mm Caliber Firearms to Tactical Police Competition Standards". FNH USA. May 14, 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/press/detail.asp?id=61. Retrieved January 3, 2010. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Marchington, James (2004). The Encyclopedia of Handheld Weapons. Miami: Lewis International, Inc.. ISBN 9781930983144. 
  14. ↑ "U.S. Patent 5,012,743 (High-Performance Projectile)". United States Patent and Trademark Office. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5012743.PN.&OS=PN/5012743&RS=PN/5012743. Retrieved July 15, 2010. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Wall, Sandy (2002). "Spring 2003 Experiences with the FN P90". Hendon Publishing Co.. Archived from the original on January 10, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050310072413/http://www.trmagonline.com/Spring2003TR/spring2003experienceswiththefnp90.htm. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  16. ↑ Hogg, Ian (2002). Jane's Guns Recognition Guide. Jane's Recognition Guides. Glasgow: Jane's Information Group and Collins Press. ISBN 9780007127603. 
  17. ↑ Gourley, S.; Kemp, I (November 26, 2003). "The Duellists". Jane's Defence Weekly (ISSN: 02653818), Volume 40 Issue 21, pp 26-28.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Sterett, Larry S. (2005). "FN 5.7mm Five-seveN Pistol Makes Civilian Model Debut". Gun Week. http://www.gunweek.com/2005/feature0110.html. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 "FN 5.7 (Fabrique Nationale) Pistol is a Semiautomatic Pistol in 5.7 X 28 mm Caliber". Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. January 20, 2005. http://www.atf.gov/press/releases/2005/01/012005-openletter-tech-fabrique-nationale-pistol.html. Retrieved January 4, 2010. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "New Sporting Round from FN Herstal USA". Guns Magazine (ISSN 1044-6257), May 2005.
  21. ↑ "FN Semi-Automatic Carbines - PS90". FNH USA. 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/products/firearms/family.asp?fid=FNF009&gid=FNG006. Retrieved October 20, 2009. 
  22. ↑ Crane, David (August 11, 2008). "AR Five Seven (AR-57): 50-Shot 5.7x28mm AR-15 Carbine". Defense Review. http://www.defensereview.com/ar-five-seven-ar-57-50-shot-57x28mm-ar-15-carbine. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  23. ↑ "Compact Personal Weapon". ST Engineering. http://www.stengg.com/upload/1042HiNo89LUSmLXjcjW.pdf. Retrieved April 6, 2010. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 "FNH USA, Inc. 5.7x28mm Weapon System". FNH USA. 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20021225101159/www.fnhusa.com/contents/tw_57x28system.htm. Retrieved February 1, 2010. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Detty, Mike (October 2008). "FNH 5.7x28mm Dynamic Duo". Special Weapons. http://www.tactical-life.com/online/special-weapons/fnh-57x28mm-dynamic-duo. Retrieved November 21, 2009. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 "Big Scale Progress for Small Arms". Global Defence Review. 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20080515044827/http://www.global-defence.com/2002/weap-herstal.html. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Fortier, David (2008). "Military Ammo Today". Handguns Magazine. http://www.handgunsmag.com/ammunition/hg_militarytoday_200811. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  28. ↑ Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds (January 27, 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 9780710628695. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Humphries, Michael O. (May 2008). "Radical Tactical Firepower". Tactical Weapons. http://www.tactical-life.com/online/tactical-weapons/radical-tactical-firepower. Retrieved October 20, 2009. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Bahde, Dave (November 2009). "FNH Five-seveN ODG 5.7×28mm". Combat Handguns. http://www.tactical-life.com/online/combat-handguns/fnh-five-seven-odg-57x28mm. Retrieved November 28, 2009. 
  31. ↑ Cutshaw, Charlie (May 2006). "FN Herstal's Five-seveN Pistol". Tactical Response.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Five-seveN Facts". FNH USA. November 9, 2009. http://www.fnhusa1.com/PDF/Five-seveNFacts.pdf. Retrieved November 27, 2009. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 "FN 5.7x28mm Ammunition Catalog". FNH USA. 2008. http://www.fnhusa1.com/PDF/FNH08ammunition.pdf. Retrieved January 30, 2010. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 "FNH USA 2009 Product Catalog". FNH USA. 2009. http://fnhusa1.com/PDF/2009FNHUSAcatalog.pdf. Retrieved February 1, 2010. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "The 5.7x28mm SS190 Ammunition". FN Herstal. 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20020802211039/www.fnherstal.com/html/Index.htm. Retrieved February 1, 2010. 
  36. ↑ Cutshaw, Charlie (May 2006). "FN Herstal's Five-seveN Pistol". Tactical Response.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 "Responses to Frequently Asked Questions about 5.7x28mm Ammunition and Firearms Systems". FNH USA. 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060411012151/www.fnhusa.com/contents/tw_57x28mm.htm. Retrieved February 1, 2010. 
  38. ↑ "5.7x28mm Ammunition". FN Manufacturing LLC. 2000. http://web.archive.org/web/20021212233833/www.fnmfg.com/lawenf/ss190/ss190.htm. Retrieved February 1, 2010. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "FNH USA 2010 Product Catalog". FNH USA. January 2010. http://www.fnhusa1.com/PDF/2010_Commercial_Catalog.pdf. Retrieved January 16, 2010. 
  40. ↑ "FNH USA Partners with Fiocchi". Shooting Industry (ISSN 0037-4148), January 2006.
  41. ↑ "FNH USA Maintains Steady Pricing and Plentiful Supply of 5.7x28mm Ammunition Despite Demand". FNH USA. September 27, 2007. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/press/detail.asp?id=22. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  42. ↑ "Elite Ammunition: High Performance 5.7x28mm". Elite Ammunition. 2009. http://www.eliteammunition.net/57_ammunition.html. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Police Officers at Risk from Cop-Killer Gun". Brady Campaign. February 17, 2005. http://www.bradycampaign.org/media/press/view/626. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Lautenberg, Schumer Join Brady Campaign In Lying About the FN Five-seveN Pistol". National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative Action. March 09, 2005. http://www.nraila.org/Issues/factsheets/read.aspx?ID=172. Retrieved May 12, 2010. 
  45. ↑ "U.S. Congressional Record - Senate S9191". U.S. Government Printing Office. July 27, 2005. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?position=all&page=S9191&dbname=2005_record. Retrieved July 15, 2010. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Grillo, Ioan (August 19, 2007). "'Cop-killer' guns from US seen crossing into Mexico". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2007/08/19/cop_killer_guns_from_us_seen_crossing_into_mexico. Retrieved April 27, 2010. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Castillo, Victor (January 13, 2009). "Operation Rio Bravo to curb weapons smuggling". Valley Central News. http://www.valleycentral.com/news/story.aspx?list=195030&id=245997. Retrieved April 27, 2010. 
  48. ↑ Cruz Flores, Alejandro (April 3, 2007). "La PGR evalúa desde el viernes crimen de Mireya López Portillo" (in Spanish). La Jornada. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/04/03/index.php?section=politica&article=015n2pol. Retrieved February 6, 2010. 
  49. ↑ "Ejecutan a dos personas en Sinaloa" (in Spanish). El Imparcial. April 23, 2008. http://www.elimparcial.com/busqueda/TraerNota.aspx?Numnota=300130. Retrieved April 27, 2010. 
  50. ↑ "Hash Browns, Then 4 Minutes of Chaos". Wall Street Journal. November 9, 2009. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125750297355533413.html. Retrieved July 15, 2010. 
  51. ↑ "Fort Hood Killer Reportedly Chose "Cop Killer" Handgun". Brady Campaign. November 6, 2009. http://www.bradycampaign.org/media/press/view/1194. Retrieved November 9, 2009. 
  52. ↑ "'Cop Killer' Gun Used In Ft. Hood Shooting, Officials Said". ABC News. November 6, 2009. http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/cop-killer-gun-thought-ft-hood-shooting/story?id=9019521. Retrieved November 21, 2009. 
  53. ↑ "Gun Violence Prevention Organizations Call on President Obama to Use Executive Authority to Ban Import of Armor-Piercing Pistol Used in Fort Hood Attack". Violence Policy Center. November 19, 2009. http://www.vpc.org/press/0911obama.htm. Retrieved November 28, 2009. 

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