Şanlıurfa

Şanlıurfa
The mosque built on the site where, according to Muslim tradition, Abraham was born.
Şanlıurfa is located in Turkey
Şanlıurfa
Location of Şanlıurfa within Turkey.
Coordinates:
Country  Turkey
Region Southeastern Anatolia
Province Şanlıurfa
Government
 - Mayor Ahmet Eşref Fakıbaba (SP)
 - Governor Nuri Okutan
Elevation 518 m (1,699 ft)
Population (2009)[1]
 - Urban 482,323
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 - Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code 63x xx
Area code(s) 0414
Licence plate 63
Website http://www.sanliurfa.bel.tr/

Şanlıurfa (often simply known as Urfa in daily language, formerly cited as Edessa in Assyrian; or ܐܘܪܗܝ Urhoy or in Kurdish; Riha , or in Armenian Urhai, Arabic الرها ar-Raha) is a city with 482,323 inhabitants (2009 estimate[2] in south-eastern Turkey, and the capital of Şanlıurfa Province. Urfa is situated on a plain under big open skies, about eighty kilometres east of the Euphrates River. The climate features extremely hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters.

Contents

Etymology

Costumes of the rich females of Urfa.

The city has been known by many names in history: Ուռհա in Armenian,Urhai in Aramaic, ܐܘܪܗܝ, Riha in Syriac, الرها, ar-Ruhā in Arabic, Ορρα, Orrha in Greek (also Ορροα, Orrhoa). For a while it was named Callirrhoe or Antiochia on the Callirhoe (Greek: Αντιόχεια η επί Καλλιρρόης). During Byzantine rule it was named Justinopolis. Although, prior to the Turkish rule, it was often best known by the name given it by the Seleucids, Εδεσσα, Edessa.

'Şanlı' (from Arabic: shan, شأن dignity + Turkish adjectival suffix -lı) means great, glorious, dignified in Turkish and Urfa was officially re-named Şanlıurfa (Urfa the Glorious) by the Turkish Grand National Assembly in 1984, in recognition of the local resistance in the Turkish War of Independence. The title was achieved following repeated requests by the city's members of parliament, desirous to earn a title similar to those of neighbouring rival cities 'Gazi' (veteran) Antep and 'Kahraman' (Heroic) Maraş.

History

The history of Şanlıurfa is recorded from the 4th century BC, but may date back to the 9000 BC, when there is ample evidence for the surrounding sites at Duru, Harran and Nevali Cori.[3] It was one of several cities in the Euphrates-Tigris basin, the cradle of the Mesopotamian civilization. According to Turkish Muslim traditions Urfa (its name since Byzantine days) is the biblical city of Ur, due to its proximity to the biblical village of Harran. However, some historians and archaeologists claim the city of Ur is in southern Iraq. Urfa is also known as the birthplace of Job.

According to tradition, Nimrod had Abraham immolated on a funeral pyre, but God turned the fire into water and the burning coals into fish.
The pool of sacred fish remains to this day.

Urfa was conquered repeatedly throughout history, and has been dominated by many civilizations, including the Ebla, Akkadians, Sumerians, Babylonians, Hittites, Hurris, Armenians, Mittannis, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Medes, Persians, Macedonians (under Alexander the Great), Seleucids, Arameans, Osrhoenes, Romans, Sassanids, Byzantines, and Crusaders.

The city of Edessa

Main article: Edessa, Mesopotamia

In the Byzantine period Edessa was a powerful regional centre with churches, schools and monasteries.

The age of Islam

Islam first arrived around 638 C.E., when the Rashidun army conquered the region without a fight. Islam was then established permanently in Urfa by the empires of the Ayyubids (see: Saladin Ayubbi the Kurdish warrior), Seljuks and Ottoman Turks. In the aftermath of the First Crusade, the city was the center of the Crusader County of Edessa, until 1144, when it was again captured by the Turk Zengui, and most of its inhabitants were slaughtered together with the Latin archbishop (see Siege of Edessa). For the ten years following the Turkish capture, Urfa was at the center of European history, since the very reason for which the Second Crusade was launched was the city's recapture. While it began with an enthusiastic massacre of Jews in western Europe and the presence of an Emperor and a King of France gave it much lustre, it was a disaster, its only success recorded resulting from auxiliary operation when an English fleet took from the Arabs and passed into the hands of the future King of Portugal the city of Lisbon.[4]

Under the Ottomans Urfa was a centre of trade in cotton, leather, and jewellery. There were three Christian communities: Syrian, Armenian, and Latin. The last Syrian Christians left in 1924 and went to Aleppo (where they settled down in a place that was later called Hay al-Suryan "The Syriac Quarter").[5]

The First World War and after

In 1914 Urfa was estimated to have 75,000 inhabitants: 45,000 Kurds and Turks, 25,000 Armenians and 5,000 Syrian Christians. There was also a Jewish presence in the town, most of whom fled to Istanbul, Egypt and other countries due to antisemitism caused in accordance to the creation of Israel.

At the end of World War I, with the Ottoman Empire defeated, and European armies attempting to grab parts of Anatolia, first the British and then the French occupied Urfa. The British occupation of the city of Urfa started de facto on 7 March 1919 and officially as of 24 March 1919, and lasted till 30 October 1919. French forces took over the next day and their uncomfortable presence, met by outbursts of resistance, lasted until 11 April 1920, when they were defeated by local resistance forces (the new Turkish government in Ankara not being established, with the National Assembly declared on 23 April 1920.

The French retreat from the city of Urfa was conducted under an agreement reached between the occupying forces and the representatives of the local forces, commanded by Captain Ali Saip Bey assigned from Ankara. The withdrawal was meant to take place peacefully, but was disrupted by an ambush on the French by irregular forces at the Şebeke Pass on the way to Syria, leading to 296 casualties among the French, and more among the ambushers.

Şanlıurfa today

Şanlıurfa's old town contains many atmospheric backstreets.
The skyline of Şanlıurfa as viewed from the Castle which dominates the City Centre.

Modern Şanlıurfa presents stark contrasts between its old and new quarters. The old town is one of the most evocative and romantic in Turkey, with an ancient bazaar still visited by local people to buy fruit and vegetables, where traditionally dressed and scarfed Arab and Kurdish villagers arrive in the early morning to sell their produce. Much of the old town consists of traditional Middle Eastern houses built around courtyards, invisible from the dusty streets, many of which are impassable to motor vehicles. In the narrow streets of the bazaar people scurry to and fro carrying trays of food, which is eaten on newspapers spread on low tables in a corner of the little shops, many people drinking water from the same cup. This very oriental atmosphere is bewitching but below the surface parts of the old city are very poor indeed, with people still living in cave houses (built into the side of the rock).

Şanlıurfa's newer districts meanwhile, are a sprawl of modern concrete apartment blocks, with many surprisingly tidy leafy avenues, containing modern restaurants, sports facilities and other amenities with air-conditioning, a refuge from the roasting summer heat.

Politics

Although a lot of residents are ethnically Kurdish and Kurdish is widely spoken, the local population is largely assimilated into Turkish society, and there is little open political support for Kurdish nationalism. There is also a large Turkmen population, mainly consisting of the Baraks. Urfa is regarded in Turkish popular sentiment as being, second only to Konya, the most devout in Turkey and it is a stronghold of the governing Justice and Development Party.

Food and drink

The cuisine is typical of the south-east; bread and meat are at the centre either kebab, doner or kavurma (fried meats or liver), with lots of use of aubergine, tomato and hot pepper, including the legendary local red pepper isot (a very dark cultivar that becomes almost black when dried). Other dishes include: the spicy appetiser çiğ köfte (in Urfa even spicier than usual); the rich sweets such as the hot butter and syrup künefe or the walnut pastry sillik; the bitter Arabic-style coffee mırra and the coffee-like drink made from terebinth menengiç kahvesi.

Sanliurfa is not a huge metropolis and in many ways feels like a conservative country town (albeit a largish one). You will not be served an alcoholic drink with your dinner in Urfa and even the tea-gardens (the only public social venue that Urfa provides) are strictly segregated for families or single-men (not the case in western Turkey for example). One local tradition is the sıra gecesi, where groups of men gather at home, especially in winter evenings, to play lutes (ud or bağlama) and sing folk songs. However, today there are a couple of smart hotels where you can get a drink and with the new economic growth, plus the growing university, Urfa's social infrastructure must surely develop soon.

Economy

In this roasting climate the plains of Urfa and Harran are hot and dry. However, since the early 1990s Şanlıurfa has prospered on the back of the Southeastern Anatolia Project, which has provided a reliable supply of water for local farmers and fostered and agricultural boom, including cotton production. This in turn is driving significant development of light industry in the city. Unemployment and poverty, while real problems, are on a smaller scale than in other eastern Turkish cities, and luxury automobiles can be seen on the streets of Urfa (incidentally one phenomenon is common to many Eastern cities: the newer smarter cars usually carry Istanbul or Ankara number-plates, not the local plate). The huge reservoir is also a spectacular sight, and now there are waterfront restaurants popping up.

Places of interest[6]

Famous people

See also

References

  1. ↑ [1]
  2. ↑ [2]
  3. ↑ Segal, J. B. (2001) [1970]. "I. The Beginnings". Edessa:'The Blessed City' (2 ed.). Piscataway, New Jersey, United States: Gorgias Press. pp. 5. ISBN 0-9713097-1-X. "It is certainly surprising that no obvious reference to Orhay has been found so far in the early historical texts dealing with the region, and that, unlike Harran, its name does not occur in cuneiform itineraries. This may be accidental, or Orhay may be alluded to under a different name which has not been identified. Perhaps it was not fortified, and therefore at this time a place of no great military significance. With the Seleucid period, however, we are on firm historical ground. Seleucus I founded—or rather re-founded—a number of cities in the region. Among them, probably in 303 or 302 B.C., was Orhay." 
  4. ↑ Roberts, J. M.. "II/4. Frontiers and neighbours". The Penguin History of Europe. London: Penguin Books. pp. 162–163. ISBN 978-0-140-26561-3. 
  5. ↑ Joseph, John (1983). Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East: The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition. United States: State University of New York Press. pp. 150. ISBN 0873956125. 
  6. ↑ http://sanliurfa.meteor.gov.tr/ortasayfa/sanliurfa/sanliurfaorta.htm

External links