.au
| Introduced | 1986 |
|---|---|
| TLD type | Country code top-level domain |
| Status | Active |
| Registry | Various |
| Sponsor | .au Domain Administration |
| Intended use | Entities connected with Australia |
| Actual use | Commonly used in Australia |
| Registration restrictions | Limited to individuals, companies, and organizations located in Australia; different subdomains have various other restrictions |
| Structure | Names may be registered only at the third level within generic second-level categories |
| Documents | IANA report on redelegation; ICANN registry agreement |
| Dispute policies | .au Dispute Resolution Policy (auDRP), Complaints (Registrant Eligibility) Policy |
| Website | auDA; AusRegistry |
.au is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Australia.
Contents |
History
The domain name was originally allocated by Jon Postel, operator of IANA to Kevin Robert Elz of Melbourne University in 1986. After an approximately five year process in the 1990s, the Internet industry created a self regulatory body called .au Domain Administration to operate the domain. It obtained assent from ICANN in 2001, and commenced operating a new competitive regime for domain registration on July 1, 2002. Since this new regime, any registration has to be ordered via a registrar.
Operation of .au
Oversight of .au is by .au Domain Administration (auDA). It is a not-for-profit organisation whose membership is derived from Internet organisations, industry members and interested individuals. The organisation operates under the consent of the Australian government which has legislative power to decide the operators of electronic addressing in the country.
Policy for .au is devised by policy development panels. These panels are convened by auDA and combine public input with industry representation to derive policy.
The day-to-day operation of the .au registry technical facility is tendered out by auDA. The operator from 2002 to 2006 for many of .au's second-level domains is AusRegistry.
The registry does not sell direct to the consumer, who must register and maintain their domain name via a domain name registrar. After the industry's liberalisation in 2002, there is an active competitive market in registrars with a variety of prices and services.
Registration
It is not possible to register directly in the second level of .au (such as mycompany.au). The naming rules for .au require registrations under second-level categories that describe a type of entity. .com.au, for example, is designed for commercial entities. This follows a similar allocation policy to that used in other countries such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand.
Second-level domains
- .com.au - Commercial entities
- .net.au - Commercial entities (historically only ISPs, but the use has been broadened)
- .org.au - Associations and non-profit organisation (historically only for organisations that did not fit in other categories)
- .edu.au - Educational institutions (see Third-level domains, below)
- .gov.au - Governments and their departments (see Third-level domains, below)
- .csiro.au - CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation)
- .asn.au - Associations and non-profit organisations
- .id.au - Individuals (by real name or common alias)
New Second-level domains
- .act.au Australian Capital Territory
- .nsw.au New South Wales
- .nt.au Northern Territory
- .qld.au Queensland
- .sa.au South Australia
- .tas.au Tasmania
- .vic.au Victoria
- .wa.au Western Australia
Third-level domains
The use of .gov.au and .edu.au is also split up into further state-based categories. State governments and schools use a domain name that reflect their locale, and these state-based third-level domains are managed independently by the states.
For example, a school in Western Australia would register schoolname.wa.edu.au, whereas a New South Wales government department would use deptname.nsw.gov.au. Similarly, replacing the bold part of these domains, Victoria would use .vic, Queensland would use .qld, South Australia would use .sa, Tasmania would use .tas, Northern Territory would use .nt and the Australian Capital Territory would use .act. However, after a change of internet services in Queensland State Schools their internet addresses were changed from schoolname.qld.edu.au to schoolname.eq.edu.au. This is not the case for private schools in Queensland. Often, URLs can even contain a fourth-level domain: for instance, a NSW public school might have the address schoolname.schools.nsw.edu.au.
auDA has delegated responsibility of the .edu.au domain to Australian Information and Communications Technology in Education Committee (AICTEC), which formed a specialist sub-committee, .edu.au Domain Administration Committee (eDAC).[1]
Tertiary institutions are typically exempt from requiring state-based distinctions. For example Edith Cowan University in Western Australia has a domain address of ecu.edu.au rather than ecu.wa.edu.au, Monash University in Victoria uses monash.edu.au rather than monash.vic.edu.au. This difference can be associated with states having responsibility for primary and secondary education while the Commonwealth has responsibility for tertiary education - tertiary institutions often having a presence in multiple states.
Historic second-level domains
Some second-level domain names are no longer actively used. Whilst registrations are grand-fathered for some, no new registrations are accepted.
- .archie.au - Host of the Archie information service of the early 1990s. Has since been deleted
- .conf.au - Conferences and other short-lived events
- .gw.au - Gateways and miscellaneous AARNet routing equipment. Has since been deleted
- .info.au - General information
- .otc.au - A mapping domain for X.400 addresses; was obsoleted by telememo.au
- .oz.au - Historical domain name for Australian sites. Australia's original top-level domain for use in the store-and-forward Internet messaging system MHSnet was .oz. The top-level domain later officially became .au and those domains in .oz were moved to .oz.au
- .telememo.au - A mapping domain for X.400 addresses
Other Australian domain names
.au is not the only top-level domain name assigned to Australia. Some Australian territories were, for historical reasons, also allocated top-level domains.
- .cc - Cocos (Keeling) Islands
- .cx - Christmas Island
- .hm - Heard and McDonald Islands
- .nf - Norfolk Island
As the appropriate authorities were late in recognising the need to manage these, most were registered by entrepreneurs for use as vanity domains unrelated to the locale they serve. .cc, for example, is now operated by VeriSign. .hm represents a nature preserve with no human inhabitants.
References
- ↑ "Application of auDA Published Policies to the edu.au 2LD". auDA (02 2004). Retrieved on 2007-06-06.
External links
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