Wigan

Wigan

Wigan Pier and the Leeds & Liverpool Canal.jpg
Wigan Pier a former wharf on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.
Wigan (Greater Manchester)
Wigan

Wigan shown within Greater Manchester
Population 81,203 (2001 Census)
OS grid reference SD583055
 - London 176 miles (283 km) SE
Metropolitan borough Wigan
Metropolitan county Greater Manchester
Region North West
Constituent country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town WIGAN
Postcode district WN1-WN3, WN5, WN6
Dialling code 01942
Police Greater Manchester
Fire Greater Manchester
Ambulance North West
European Parliament North West England
UK Parliament Wigan
List of places: UK • England • Greater Manchester

Wigan is a large town in Greater Manchester, England.[1] It stands on the River Douglas, 15 miles (24.1 km) south of Preston, 16.5 miles (26.6 km) west-northwest of Manchester, and 17.4 miles (28.0 km) east-northeast of Liverpool. Wigan is the largest settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan and is its administrative centre. The town of Wigan had a total population of 81,203 in 2001,[2] whilst the wider borough has a population of 305,600.

Historically a part of Lancashire, Wigan was in the territory of the Brigantes, an ancient Celtic tribe. The Romans conquered the area in the 1st century and established a settlement, possibly that of Coccium. Wigan is believed to have been incorporated as a borough in 1246 following the issue of a Charter by King Henry III of England. At the end of the Middle Ages it was one of four boroughs in Lancashire possessing Royal charters, the others being Lancaster, Liverpool, and Preston.

During the Industrial Revolution Wigan experienced dramatic economic expansion and a rapid rise in the population. Although porcelain manufacture and clock making had been major industries in the town, Wigan has since become known as a major mill town and coal mining district.[3] The first coal mine was established at Wigan in 1450 and at its peak there were 1,000 pit shafts within 5 miles (8 km) of the town centre.[3] Mining was so extensive that one of its town councillors once remarked that "a coal mine in the backyard was not uncommon in Wigan".[4] Coal mining ceased during the latter part of the 20th century. In 1974, Wigan became a part of Greater Manchester.

Wigan Pier, a wharf on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, was made famous by the writer George Orwell. In his book, The Road to Wigan Pier, Orwell highlighted the poor working and living conditions of the local inhabitants during the 1930s. Following the decline of industrial activities in the region, Wigan Pier's collection of warehouses and wharfs became a local heritage centre and cultural quarter.

Contents

History

The name Wigan has been dated to at least the 7th century and probably originally meant a "village" or "settlement".[5] It has also been suggested that the name is Celtic, named after a person called Wigan. This may have been linked with Tref (meaning homestead) to give an original name of TrefWigan.[6] The name of the town has been recorded variously as Wigan in 1199, Wygayn in 1240, and Wygan in numerous historical documents.[7]

There is very little evidence of prehistoric activity in the area, especially pre-Iron Age,[8] however Celtic names in the area around Wigan – such as Bryn, Makerfield, and Ince – indicate that the Celtic people of Britain were active in the area in the Iron Age.[6] The first people believed to have settled in the Wigan area were the Brigantes, a Celtic tribe who controlled most of northern Britain. In the 1st century, the area was conquered by the Romans.[6] The late 2nd century Antonine Itinerary mentions a Roman settlement called Coccium 17 miles (27 km) from the Roman fort at Manchester (Mamucium) and 20 miles (32 km) from the fort at Ribchester (Bremetennacum). Although the distances are slightly out, it has been assumed that Coccium is Roman Wigan.[9] Possible derivations of Coccium include from the Latin coccum, meaning "scarlet in colour, scarlet cloth", cocus, meaning "cook".[10] Roman finds from Wigan include coins, possible evidence for the remains of a Roman fort at Ship Yard,[11] and what is most likely a mansio – effectively a Roman hotel – with its own hypocaust and bath house.[12] Despite evidence of Roman activity in the area, there is no conclusive evidence of Wigan being the same site as Coccium and it has been suggested that it could be located at Standish to the north of Wigan.[13]

In the Anglo-Saxon period, the area was probably under the control of the Northumbrians and later the Mercians. In the early 10th century there was an influx of Scandinavians expelled from Ireland. This can be seen in place names such as Scholes – now a part of Wigan – which derives from the Scandinavian skali meaning "hut". Further evidence comes from some street names in Wigan which have Scandinavian origins.[14]

Although Wigan parish church was mentioned in the Domesday Book, the current building dates to the 15th century.[15][16]

Although Wigan is not mentioned in the Domesday Book, possibly because it was included in the Neweton barony (now Newton-le-Willows), it is thought that the mention of a church in the manor of Neweton is Wigan parish church.[14] The rectors of the parish church were lords of the manor of Wigan, a sub-manor of Neweton, until the 19th century. The incorporation of Wigan as a borough happened in 1246 following the issue of a Charter by King Henry III to John Maunsel, the local church rector and lord of the manor.[14] The borough was later granted another Charter in 1257–1258, allowing the lord of the manor to hold a market on every Monday and two annual fairs.[7]

During the medieval period Wigan expanded and prospered and in 1536, antiquarian John Leland described the town, saying "Wigan paved; as big as Warrington and better builded. There is one parish church amid the town. Some merchants, some artificers, some farmers".[7]

In the English Civil War, the people of the town were Royalists. James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, who was a prominent and influential Royalist made Wigan his headquarters. Despite fortifications build around the town, Wigan was captured by Parliamentarian forces on 1 April 1643. The take over was complete in two hours and the town was pillaged before the defences were broken down and the Parliamentarian's retreated. The Earl of Derby was absent when the town fell.[7] In 1648, Royalist forces under James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton occupied Wigan after they had been defeated by Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Preston. The soldiers looted the town as they retreated to Warrington, and afterwards it experienced pestilence. Cromwell himself described Wigan as "a great and poor town, and very malignant".[7]

The Battle of Wigan Lane was fought on 25 August 1651 during the Third English Civil War, between Royalists under the command of the James Stanley, Earl of Derby, and elements of the New Model Army under the command of Colonel Robert Lilburne. The Royalists were defeated, and although Stanley was injured he managed to escape.[17] As Lord of Mann, he had enlisted ten men from each parish in the Isle of Man, 170 in total. David Craine states, "those who did not fall in the fighting [were] hunted to their death through the countryside".[18] A monument on Wigan Lane stands in memory of Sir Thomas Tyldesley, a Royalist, who was killed at the Battle of Wigan Lane.[17]

Trencherfield Mill is an example of one of Wigan's mills being converted for modern use.[19]

In 1720, the moot hall was rebuilt, funded by the member of the borough. It was used as the town hall and the earliest reference to it dates from the 15th century.[7][20] Prior to its final destruction in 1869, the hall was rebuilt in 1829.[20] Wigan's status as a centre for coal production, engineering and textiles in the 18th century led to the Douglas Navigation in the 1740s, the canalisation of part of the River Douglas, and later the diversion of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in the 1790s at the request of the mill owners, to transport coal from the Lancashire coal pits to Wigan's mills and was also used extensively to transport local produce. As a mill town, Wigan was an important centre of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution; however it wasn't until the 1800s that cotton factories began to spread into the town. This was due to a dearth of fast-flowing streams and rivers in the area, but by 1818 there were eight cotton mills in the Wallgate part of Wigan.[21] In 1818 William Woods introduced the first power looms to the Wigan cotton mills. These mills swiftly became infamous for their dangerous and unbearable conditions, low pay and use of child labour.[22] As well as being a mill town, Wigan was also an important centre for coal production. It was recorded that in 1854 there were 54 collieries in and around the town, about a sixth of all collieries in Lancashire.[23]

In the 1830s Wigan became one of the first towns in Britain to be served by a railway; the line had connections to Preston and the Manchester and Liverpool Railway.[21] Wigan began to dominate as a cotton town in the late 19th century, and this lasted until the mid-20th century.[21] In 1911 the town was described as an "industrial town ... occupying the greater part of the township, whilst its collieries, factories ... fill the atmosphere with smoke".[7] After the Second World War there was a boom followed by a slump from which Wigan's textile industry did not recover. While the town's cotton and coal industries declined in the 20th century, the engineering industry did not go into recession.[21] The last working cotton mill, May Mill, closed in 1980.[22]

In 1937, Wigan was prominently featured in George Orwell's The Road to Wigan Pier which dealt, in large part, with the living conditions of England's working poor. Some have embraced the Orwellian link, as it has provided the area with a modest tourist base over the years.[24] Others regard this connection as disappointing, considering it an insinuation that Wigan is no better now than it was at the time of Orwell's writing.[25]

Governance

The seal of Wigan depicted the moot hall and was used instead of a coat of arms. It was in use from the 17th century until 1922.

Wigan was historically part of the hundred of Newton, later becoming part of the West Derby Hundred. The ancient parish of Wigan All Saints contained a number of townships which formed separate civil parishes from 1866.

On 26 August 1246, Wigan was granted a Royal Charter, making the town a free borough.[7] This happened after Salford was granted its Charter in 1230 and before Manchester in 1301.[1][26] As a borough, Wigan was represented in the Model Parliament from 1295–1306 by two burgesses – freemen of the borough.[27] The Charter allowed taxes to be made on transactions made in the borough by tradesmen and permitted the local burgesses to establish a guild that would regulate trade in the borough. Non-members of the guild were not allowed to do business in the borough without permission from the burgesses.[7] The Charter granting borough status was renewed in 1314, 1329, and 1350; it is thought that the last confirmation changed the Charter, allowing the election of a mayor of Wigan for the first time. Three burgesses were elected to be presented to the lord of the manor who would choose one man to be mayor for a year.[7]

There was rivalry between the lords of the manor and borough. The lord of the manor complained in 1328 that the burgesses were holding private markets, from which he gained no revenue. The rivalry continued in the 16th century, with Bishop Stanley unsuccessfully challenging the right of the burgesses to hold markets, believing it should be the right of the lord of the manor. In 1583 the corporation of the borough attempted to usurp the lord of the manor by laying claim to the lordship. They did so because they felt they were fulfilling the duties of the lord: to improve waste and common land and allowing construction on this land, running courts, and mining coal. A compromise was reached, dividing some power between the two parties.[7]

Under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, the town was reformed and was given a commission of the peace. The borough was divided into five wards with two aldermen and six councillors. Rectors from the local parish church were the lords of the manor since records began until 2 September 1861. On this date, the borough corporation bought the rights associated with the lordship.[7] Under the Local Government Act 1888, Wigan was granted the status of county borough, giving it independence from Lancashire County Council. The borough was again reformed, this time with ten wards, each electing one alderman and three councillors. The former area of Pemberton Urban District was annexed to the County Borough of Wigan in 1904, adding four extra wards to the borough.[7] In 1974 the County Borough of Wigan was abolished and its former area transferred to form part of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan.[28] The metropolitan council provides the local services.[29]

Wigan is in the Wigan Parliamentary constituency, which was recreated in 1547 after having covered the borough in the late 13th century.[7] From 1640 until the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the constituency returned two Members of Parliament (MPs), from then on it had only one.[30] Since 1918, the constituency has been under the control of the Labour Party. The current MP is Neil Turner. The town is part of the Anglican Diocese of Liverpool and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool.

Geography

The Wigan skyline with the JJB stadium in the middle ground

The historic town of Wigan forms a tightly-integrated conurbation along with the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan districts of Orrell and Ince-in-Makerfield, this is connected by ribbon development to Standish and Abram. These areas, together with the West Lancashire town of Skelmersdale, are defined by the Office for National Statistics as the Wigan Urban Area, with a total population of 166,840.[31]

Areas of Wigan
Beech Hill · Bull Hey · Pemberton · Platt Bridge · Poolstock · Scholes · Springfield · Wallgate · Whelley · Worsley Mesnes

Demography

Further information: Demography of Greater Manchester
Wigan Compared
2001 UK census Wigan[32] Wigan (borough)[33] England
Total population 81,203 301,415 49,138,831
White 98.8% 98.7% 90.9%
Asian 0.4% 0.4% 4.6%
Black 0.1% 0.2% 2.3%

According to the Office for National Statistics, at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, Wigan had a population of 81,203. The 2001 population density was 4,430 per km², with a 100 to 95.7 female-to-male ratio.[34] Of those over 16 years old, 28.9% were single (never married) and 45.0% married.[35] Wigan's 34,069 households included 29.7% one-person, 38.9% married couples living together, 8.5% were co-habiting couples, and 10.8% single parents with their children.[36] Of those aged 16–74, 38.5% had no academic qualifications,[37] this was significantly higher than the average for the borough as a whole and England.[38]

As of the 2001 UK census, 87.7% of Wigan's residents reported themselves as being Christian, 0.3% Muslim, 0.2% Hindu, and 0.1% Buddhist. The census recorded 6.2% as having no religion, 0.1% had an alternative religion and 5.4% did not state their religion.[39]

Population growth in Wigan since 1901
Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1939 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Population 82,428 89,152 89,421 85,357 81,662 84,560 78,690 81,152 88,901 85,819 81,203
County Borough 1901-1971 [40]  • Urban Subdivision 1981-2001 [41]

Economy

The Santus Toffee factory in Wigan where Uncle Joe's Mint Balls are made

Business connections to the town include:

The Tote chain of bookmakers has its headquarters in Wigan,[43] providing about 300 jobs in the town.[44]

Landmarks

Market Square, Wigan

Sports

Wigan Athletic F.C. and Wigan Warriors share the JJB Stadium.

The JJB Stadium which is home to both Wigan Warriors Rugby League Football Club and Wigan Athletic Football Club, is in Wigan. The 25,000-seat stadium is rated as one of the best rugby league stadiums in the country. It was opened in August 1999 and cost £30M to build.[45] Wigan Warriors and Wigan Athletic moved into the ground on its completion from their old homes, Central Park and Springfield Park respectively. Wigan Warriors compete in the Super League and Wigan Athletic play in the Premier League. The area has a strong tradition of rugby league, and the main rugby union team in the town is the amateur Orrell R.U.F.C.;[46] before turning amateur in in 2007, the team was professional and played in the Guinness Premiership in the 1990s.[47][48] The town is also home to non-league side Wigan Robin Park Football Club.

Wigan has an international-standard swimming pool in the town centre, built to Olympic standards, but never used for official Olympic sanctioned competition, due to it being about 2 inches (5.1 cm) shorter than regulation length. The resident swimming club, Wigan Wasps, which has now changed its name to Wigan BEST,[49][50] has produced Olympic standard swimmers, including medal winner June Croft.

Wigan has staged motorcycle speedway racing at two different venues. Poolstock Stadium was the home of Wigan Warriors who raced in the National League Division two in 1947 and a short open season in 1960. Woodhouse Lane Stadium was used briefly in the early 1950s.

Wigan is home to Billy Riley's Snake Pit, a prominent professional wrestling school that is reputed as one of the toughest in the world, basing itself on traditional catch as catch can wrestling to build ring-tough performers. Garage Pro Wrestling have built a huge reputation in the area as the paramount entertainment company in the Greater Manchester area and beyond and regularly run shows in Wigan.

Wigan Warlords are an Inline Hockey team that are the current Under 16 national champions and European Bronze medalists. The club features players from all across Wigan and surrounding areas.

Education

Further information: List of schools in Wigan

Wigan is home to a number of colleges of Further Education including Winstanley College and Wigan and Leigh College which offers a wide range of courses in vocational and academic subjects. Schools include St Peters High School, Deanery High School and St. John Fisher Catholic High School Abraham Guest High School (Which is to be rebuilt in 2009) and Shevington High School.

Regeneration

Market Place and the Grand Arcade

Wigan is currently in the midst of a large regeneration project with the 'Grand Arcade' shopping complex, which opened 22 March 2007, being the largest current development. The area around the pier is currently being developed into the “Wigan Pier Quarter” with the redevelopment of Trencherfield Mill as an office and residential building being at the forefront of the development. A hotel, numerous bars and art studios are also set to the feature, although plans for a new theatre look to be doomed because of spiralling costs. Other developments in the pipeline include a new swimming baths, central library, children's library and local government services "Hub" to be built on the same site as the current baths, library and Wiend which are to be demolished, a new 18 storey tower block, which will include 15,000 sq ft (1,400 m2) of retail and leisure units, 35,000 sq ft (3,300 m2) of offices and 150 apartments, called "Tower Grand", which will be located next to the Grand Arcade. There are also plans to develop the old town hall, which has been in a state of decay for many years. Wigan Council granted planning permission for a new residential, business and leisure development on the site of the former police station in October 2007.

The former Westwood power station site which was transformed recently into the Westwood Park business park[51] and features a large amount of Wigan MBC office space will be further transformed by the creation of a 55-acre (220,000 m2) textiles centre in co-operation with the Chinese state owned trading company Chinamex at a cost of £125M. Up to 1m square feet of manufacturing and research space will be created along with an estimated 1000 jobs and 3000 in the wider economy.[52] Chinamex which represents 70% of the Chinese textiles industry and has 6300 member companies will in addition offer space in the development to member companies for up to two years at a time to allow the establishment of a British subsidiary before moving on to dedicated premises.

Culture

Music

Wigan has been well known for its popular music since the days of George Formby Snr and George Formby Jnr. It was the birthplace of The Eight Lancashire Lads a dancing troupe who gave the young Charlie Chaplin his professional debut. One member of the troupe was a John Willie Jackson, The "John Willie" to whom George Formby would often refer in his songs. Local bands that gained wider repute include The Verve, The Ting Tings, The Railway Children, Witness, The Tansads, Limahl of Kajagoogoo and (more recently) Starsailor. The Verve are one of the most important British rock groups of the 1990s, finding success in the UK and abroad (even touring on the USA's famous Lollapalooza alternative rock festival). The band was formed when the members met at Winstanley College in 1989. They held their most famous homecoming gig at Haigh Hall, Wigan on 24 May 1998.

From 1973–1981 Wigan Casino was the location for Wigan's weekly Northern Soul all-nighters. This was the inspiration for the 1989 dance record Wigan by Baby Ford.

Wigan remains a centre of popular music for young people, with a number of alternative pubs/clubs in the town centre. The town also has a music collective which exists to promote the scene and help out local musicians and bands. They host bi-weekly gigs at The Tudor and also host various other activities such as the annual Haigh Hall Music Festival, which attracted around 7,000 guests in 2007. The Collective also offers recording sessions and gig advice for young musicians.[53] Throughout the early 1990s The Den was a popular venue for bands with acts such as Green Day heading over to play. The Lux Club was a popular venue during the mid 2000's before it went the same way as the Den and the Casino before it, demolished. The town currently has a host of venues putting on gigs for upcoming local bands including The Tudor, Club Nirvana, Kings Electric, The Boulevard, The Waiting Room and The Swinley.

"Pie-eaters"

Wigan is home to the annual World Pie Eating Championship, usually held at Harry's Bar on Wallgate, Wigan. The competition has been held since 1992 and in 2007 a vegetarian option was added.[54] Wiganers are often jokingly known as "pie-eaters". The name is said to date from the 1926 General Strike when Wigan miners were starved back to work before their counterparts in surrounding towns and were forced to eat "humble pie".[55][56]

Transport

The entrance of Wigan North Western station

Wigan lies on the meeting point of two primary A roads, the A49 and A577 which link to the M6, M61 motorway and M58 motorway. Increased traffic in recent years, encouraged by retail development, has resulted in very congested main roads for most of the day. This situation is linked to the town's geography, with river valleys and railway lines impeding road improvement.

There are two railway stations in Wigan town centre. These are located virtually across the street from each other in Wallgate, on the southern fringe of the town centre. Wigan North Western is located on the electrified north-south West Coast Main Line. Virgin Trains provides express trains to London Euston, Birmingham, Lancaster, Carlisle, Edinburgh and Glasgow. Northern Rail has trains to Preston and Blackpool and a regular local service along the line to St Helens and Liverpool Lime Street. Wigan Wallgate serves lines running east and west from Wigan. Northern Rail provides trains to Southport and Kirkby (with connections to Liverpool Central and the Merseyrail system). A frequent local service also operates to Bolton and Manchester (Victoria and Piccadilly), with most trains from Wigan continuing through to other destinations such as Manchester Airport, Stockport, Oldham and Rochdale. Pemberton railway station serves the Pemberton area of the town.

A network of local buses, coordinated by Greater Manchester PTE and departing from the bus station in the town centre, serves Wigan and district. Wigan bus station is also served by National Express long distance services. Since deregulation and privatisation of the bus industry in the 1980s and 1990s, a number of different companies have operated in the area. They include: First Manchester, Arriva, South Lancs Travel, and Stagecoach North West.

Wigan is on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and is epitomised by Wigan Pier. There is also a branch of the canal from Wigan to Leigh, with a connection to the Bridgewater Canal which links Wigan to Manchester.

Notable people

People who were either born or brought up in Wigan, or have had some significant connection with the town during their life, include:

Arts and entertainment
  • Darren Almond, Artist
  • Richard Ashcroft, Singer, Songwriter, The Verve
  • Kay Burley, TV presenter
  • George Formby, Sr., comedian, singer
  • George Formby, Jr., comedian, ukulele player and actor
  • Eddie Halliwell, Dance Music DJ
  • Roy Kinnear, comedy actor
  • Limahl, Pop Singer
  • Sir Ian McKellen, Hollywood actor
  • Stuart Maconie, journalist, TV/radio presenter
  • Jennifer Moss, actress
  • Eva Pope, actress
  • Frank Randle, comedian
  • Ted Ray, comedian
  • John Roby, folklorist
  • Jennifer James, actress
  • Greg Ellis, actor and voice over artist
  • Kathryn Drysdale, actress
  • Brian Finch, Television Writer
  • Georgia Taylor, actress
  • James Lawrence Isherwood prolific impressionist/expressionist painter
  • The Verve band singers
  • Dianne Pilkington From Wicked
Business
  • David Whelan, businessman, setup JJB Sports which he sold for £190M in 2007,[57] current owner of Wigan Athletic and former owner of Wigan Warriors.
Politics
  • Gerrard Winstanley, the founder of the 17th century Diggers, was born in Wigan.[58]
Sport
  • Mike Gregory, former Great Britain Rugby League and Warrington Wolves Captain and former Wigan Warriors coach[59]
  • Shaun Edwards, Rugby League player and outspoken Wasps Rugby Union coach
  • Andrew Farrell, former Great Britain Rugby League captain and Wigan Warriors captain
  • Sean Long, Rugby League player, now playing for St. Helens RLFC
  • Peter Atherton, Former Sheffield Wednesday footballer.
  • Danny Wilson, Successful footballer and football league manager.
  • Danny Sonner, Wigan born Northern Ireland international footballer.

See also

References

Notes
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 A select gazetteer of local government areas, Greater Manchester County, Greater Manchester County Record Office, 2003-07-31, http://www.gmcro.co.uk/guides/gazette/gazframe.htm  Retrieved in 9 July 2008.
  2. ↑ KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas (line 674), Office for National Statistics, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8271&Pos=2&ColRank=1&Rank=224  Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Frangopulo, N. J. (1977). Tradition in Action: The Historical Evolution of the Greater Manchester County. EP Publishing, Wakefield. p. 139. ISBN 0715812033. 
  4. ↑ Wigan County Borough Council (1972). The County Borough of Wigan: Official Handbook. 
  5. ↑ Newsletter 15: Wigan – What's in a name?, Wigan Archaeological Society, 15 July 1998, http://www.wiganarchsoc.co.uk/content/News_Letters/news015.htm  Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Celtic Wigan, Wigan Archaeological Society, http://www.wiganarchsoc.co.uk/how.html#Celtic  Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 'Townships: Wigan', A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4 (1911), pp. 68-78. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41380. Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  8. ↑ Prehistoric Wigan, Wigan Archaeological Society, http://www.wiganarchsoc.co.uk/how.html#PWigan  Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  9. ↑ Waddelove 2001, p. 299.
  10. ↑ Coccuim: Minor Romano-British Settlement: Wigan, Lancashire, Roman-Britain.org, 14 June 2005, http://www.roman-britain.org/places/coccium.htm  Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  11. ↑ The University of Manchester Field Archaeology Centre: Projects, University of Manchester, http://www.arts.manchester.ac.uk/umfac/gmau/projects/  Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  12. ↑ Adrian Morris, Roman Wigan, Wigan Archaeological Society, http://www.wiganarchsoc.co.uk/how.html#Roman  Retrieved on 18 November 2008.
  13. ↑ Waddelove 2001, p. 302.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Bill Aldridge, Medieval Wigan, Wigan Archaeological Society, http://www.wiganarchsoc.co.uk/how.html#Medieval  Retrieved on 19 November 2008.
  15. ↑ Church of All Saints, Wigan, Images of England, http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=484991  Retrieved on 19 November 2008.
  16. ↑ Wigan Parish Church: History and restoration, Wiganparishchurch.org, http://www.wiganparishchurch.org/index_files/Page751.htm  Retrieved on 19 November 2008.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Adrian Morris, The Battle of Wigan Lane, Wigan Archaeological Society, http://www.wiganarchsoc.co.uk/how.html#Civil  Retrieved on 20 November 2008.
  18. ↑ Craine, D. (1956), Manannan's Isle, The Manx Museum and National Trust 
  19. ↑ Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council, Exciting times for Trencherfield Mill, Wigan.gov.uk, http://www.wigan.gov.uk/Services/Environment/BuiltEnvironment/ExcitingtimesforTrencherfieldMill.htm  Retrieved on 20 2008.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council, Mayors Handbook - Looking Back - A Brief History, Wigan.gov.uk, http://www.wigan.gov.uk/Services/CouncilDemocracy/Mayoralty/MayorsHandbook/HandbookLookingBack.htm  Retrieved on 1 December 2008.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 McNeil & Nevell 2000, p. 66.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Later textiles in Wigan, Wigan Archaeological Society, http://www.wiganarchsoc.co.uk/how.html#LText  Retrieved on 4 December 2008.
  23. ↑ McNeil & Nevell 2000, p. 65.
  24. ↑ Vallely, Paul (30 April 2003). "On the road again", The Independent. "It seems funny to celebrate Orwell for highlighting all our bad points, but Wigan wouldn't be anywhere near as famous without him," says the Wigan Pier Experience's manager, Carole Tyldesley. "In the end George Orwell has proved to be a strong marketing tool." 
  25. ↑ Vallely, Paul (30 April 2003). "On the road again", The Independent. "What he wrote still colours people's views of Wigan... But if Wigan is going to grow it's got to leave Orwell behind and sell all that." 
  26. ↑ Cooper 2005, p. 12.
  27. ↑ (PDF)A Brief Chronology of the House of Commons, Parliament.uk, November 2006, http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/g03.pdf  Retrieved on 1 December 2008.
  28. ↑ Youngs, Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Volume 2.
  29. ↑ Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council, Article 1 - The Constitution, Wigan.gov.uk, http://www.wigan.gov.uk/Services/CouncilDemocracy/Constitution/Article1.htm  Retrieved on 1 December 2008.
  30. ↑ John Bartholomew (1887), "Wigan", Gazetteer of the British Isles, http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/place_page.jsp?p_id=645&st=wigan  Retrieved on 23 November 2008.
  31. ↑ "Table KS01 - Usual resident population - Census 2001". Office for National Statistics.
  32. ↑ KS06 Ethnic group: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, Statistics.gov.uk, 25 January 2005, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8283&More=Y  Retrieved on 20 November 2008.
  33. ↑ Wigan Metropolitan Borough ethnic group, Statistics.gov.uk, http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276785&c=Wigan&d=13&e=16&g=356907&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1227146867359&enc=1&dsFamilyId=87  Retrieved on 20 November 2008.
  34. ↑ KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, Statistics.gov.uk, 7 February 2005, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8271&More=Y  Retrieved on 20 November 2008.
  35. ↑ KS04 Marital status: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, Statistics.gov.uk, 2 February 2005, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8276&More=Y  Retrieved on 20 November 2008.
  36. ↑ KS20 Household composition: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, Statistics.gov.uk, 2 February 2005, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8349&More=Y  Retrieved on 20 November 2008.
  37. ↑ KS13 Qualifications and students: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, Statistics.gov.uk, 2 February 2005, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8326&More=Y  Retrieved on 5 August 2008.
  38. ↑ Wigan Metropolitan Borough key figures, Statistics.gov.uk, http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=276785&c=Wigan&d=13&e=16&g=356907&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1227147833078&enc=1  Retrieved on 20 November 2008.
  39. ↑ KS07 Religion: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, Statistics.gov.uk, 2 February 2005, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8286&More=Y  Retrieved on 5 August 2008.
  40. ↑ "Wigan County Borough". Vision of Britain. Retrieved on 2008-07-24.
  41. ↑ "KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas". National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-07-24.
  42. ↑ "Heinz Canning Plant Energy Efficiency Expansion". Food Processing Technology. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  43. ↑ Alistair Osborne (17 June 2008), Tote auction plans face big hurdles, The Daily Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/2791646/Tote-auction-plans-face-big-hurdles.html  Retrieved on 23 November 2008.
  44. ↑ Tote auction plans face big hurdles, Wigan Today, 8 October 2008, http://www.wigantoday.net/wigannews/39Takeover-will-secure-Tote-jobs39.4570517.jp  Retrieved on 23 November 2008.
  45. ↑ Around the Ashes grounds, BBC Online, 18 October 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/ashes_series/1581593.stm  Retrieved on 20 November 2008.
  46. ↑ Dave Woods (20 May 2002), No place like home for Wigan, BBC Online, http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/rugby_league/1999303.stm  Retrieved on 20 November 2008.
  47. ↑ Brendan Gallagher (12 October 2006), It's grim up north for Orrell, The Daily Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/columnists/brendangallagher/2347837/It%27s-grim-up-north-for-Orrell.html  Retrieved on 20 November 2008.
  48. ↑ Orrell Rugby Club: about us, OrrellRUFC.co.uk, http://www.orrellrufc.co.uk/aboutUs.html  Retrieved on 20 November 2008.
  49. ↑ "Wigan Wasps Website".
  50. ↑ "Wigan BEST website".
  51. ↑ Green light for green business park
  52. ↑ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2008/02/17/cnwigan117.xml
  53. ↑ "The Wigan Music Collective: Information". Retrieved on 2007-07-27.
  54. ↑ Pie-eating championship goes slimline Retrived on 3 november 2008
  55. ↑ Pie Eaters urged to get fit Retrieved on 2008-04-17
  56. ↑ Pie eaters steam over new rules Retrieved on 2008-04-17
  57. ↑ "Whelan sells stake in JJB Sports", BBC News (8 June 2007). Retrieved on 2008-03-31. 
  58. ↑ Gerrard Winstanley, ElmbridgeMuseum.org.uk, http://www.elmbridgemuseum.org.uk/?Document=100.050.010.010  Retrieved on 5 December 2008.
  59. ↑ Dave Hadfield (21 November 2007), Mike Gregory: Inspirational Warrington and Great Britain rugby league forward, The Independant, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mike-gregory-758863.html  Retrieved on 5 December 2008.
Bibliography
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  • Waddelove, E. (2001), "The Location of Roman 'Coccium'?", Britannia (Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies): 299–304, http://www.jstor.org/stable/526965 

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