University of Toronto

The University of Toronto (U of T) is a public research university located in the heart of downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the largest university in Canada in terms of student enrollment.^[5] The institution comprises sixteen academic faculties and a collegiate framework of eleven colleges within its principal campus on St. George street, which surrounds Queen's Park in the Downtown district. There are two other campuses along with the St. George campus in downtown Toronto—University of Toronto Scarborough and University of Toronto Mississauga.

The University of Toronto, or King's College, as it was first called, was established under the auspices of the Church of England, and was endowed in 1828. It was inaugurated and opened in 1843.^[6] The University was chartered in 1827 as King's College, the first institution of higher learning in the colony of Upper Canada. The university acquired its present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution. Since the creation of University College in 1853 as the first of its constituent colleges, the university had also incorporated the ecclesiastical schools of Trinity College, Victoria University, and St. Michael's College, among others, into its organization. In 1883, the Toronto Woman's Medical College, affiliated with the University of Toronto, was established. Emily Stowe became the first female physician to graduate from a Canadian medical school. In 1891, the University of Toronto began offering extension courses.

Research at the University of Toronto has been responsible for the world's first electronic heart pacemaker, artificial larynx, single-lung transplant, nerve transplant, artificial pancreas, chemical laser, G-suit, the first practical electron microscope, the first cloning of T-cells, and the extraction of insulin. The University is also affiliated with 9 Nobel laureates (6 alumni), the most of any Canadian university. The university is consistently placed among the leading academic institutions of the world.^{[7][8][9][10]}

History

The founding of a colonial college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe, the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. An Oxford-educated military commander who fought in the American Revolutionary War, Simcoe felt that a college would be needed to counter the spread of republicanism from the United States.^[11] The Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 that a college be established in York, the colonial capital.^[11]

A painting by Sir Edmund Walker depicts University College as it appeared in 1859.

Having survived a major fire in 1890, the University College building is now a National Historic Site.

On March 15, 1827, a Royal Charter was formally issued by George IV of the United Kingdom, proclaiming "from this time one College, with the style and privileges of an University … for the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, and for their instruction in the various branches of Science and Literature … to continue for ever, to be called King's College." The granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the first president of the college.^[12] The original three storey Greek Revival school building was constructed on the present site of Queen's Park and the Ontario Parliament Buildings.^[13]

Under Strachan's guidance, King's College was a strongly Anglican institution that closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite known as the Family Compact.^[14] Reformist politicians opposed the clergy's control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized.^[15] After a lengthy and heated public debate, the newly-elected responsible government of Upper Canada passed a law in 1849 to rename King's College as the University of Toronto, officially ending its ties with the Anglican Church. Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned in 1848 to open Trinity College, a private Anglican seminary.^[16] University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. During the American Civil War, the threat from Union blockade on British North America prompted the creation of the University Rifle Corps, which saw battle in resisting the Fenian raids on the Niagara border in 1866.^[17]

Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, which has been nicknamed Skule since the earliest days of its predecessor.^[18] While the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine in 1887, although it continued to set examinations and award medical degrees during that time.^[19] The university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, and the Faculty of Dentistry was formed when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons, founded 1875, affiliated with the university in 1888. At the height of debate on the issue of coeducation, The Varsity published an article in 1880 voicing strongly in favor. In 1884, women were admitted to the university for the first time.^[20]

Soldiers' Tower stands as a memorial to university alumni who served in the World Wars.

A devastating fire in 1890 gutted the interior of University College and devoured thirty-three thousand volumes from the library.^[21] The board of trustees commissioned a swift restoration of the building, and within two years the library was replenished with forty thousand new volumes.^[21] The collegiate system began to take shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachan's Trinity College. In 1896, the Royal Conservatory of Music became an affiliated institution of the university. Founded in 1901, the University of Toronto Press was at first responsible for printing university documents and examination papers, and began publishing books in 1912. The University of Toronto Schools, an independent secondary school, was established in 1910 by the Faculty of Education to conduct its training. The Royal Ontario Museum, the country's largest and preeminent museum, was administered by the university from its creation in 1912 until 1968, when it retained the close ties as an independent body.

The outbreak of the First World War curtailed some university activities and brought a sombre tone to campus. Undergraduate and graduate men were eager to aid the war effort in Europe; some enlisted in active duty while others joined the Canadian Officers Training Corps, which occasionally held drills on campus.^[22] Intercollegiate athletic competitions were cancelled, although exhibition and interfaculty games were still held.^[23] A similar effect was felt during the Second World War. The Hart House Debates were suspended, as were a number of university dances.^[23]

The David Dunlap Observatory in Richmond Hill opened in 1935, in midst of the Great Depression. A new centre for advanced research, the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies, was established in 1949. The following year, the university opened the Institute of Business Administration, now the Rotman School of Management. The university opened branch campuses in Scarborough in 1964 and in Mississauga in 1967. First organized in 1959 as a subsidiary, York University became fully independent in 1965. Beginning in the 1980s, reductions in government funding prompted the university to intensify its fundraising efforts. The University of Toronto was the first Canadian university to amass a financial endowment greater than C$1 billion.

Grounds

The cloisters of Knox College surround one of many courtyards at the university.

The main campus is situated about a mile north of the financial district in Downtown Toronto and immediately south of the neighbourhoods Yorkville and The Annex. It encompasses 68 hectares (168 acres) bounded by Bay Street, Bloor Street, Spadina Avenue and College Street. An enclave surrounded by university grounds, Queen's Park is the site of the Ontario Legislature and several historic monuments. With its forested landscape and many interlocking courtyards, the university forms a distinct region of urban parkland in the city's downtown core. The namesake University Avenue is a ceremonial boulevard and arterial thoroughfare that runs through downtown between Queen's Park and Front Street. Located near the campus are the Spadina, St. George, Museum and Queen's Park stations of the Toronto subway.

The architecture is defined by a combination of Romanesque and Gothic Revival buildings spread across the eastern and central portions of campus, most of them dated between 1858 and 1929. The traditional heart of the university, known as Front Campus, lies near the centre in an oval lawn enclosed by King's College Circle. The centrepiece is the main building of University College, a National Historic Site, ^[24] designed by Frederick William Cumberland in an eclectic blend of Richardsonian Romanesque and Norman architectural elements. Convocation Hall, built in 1907 with a gift from the alumni association, is recognizable for its domed roof and Ionic pillared rotunda. Although its foremost function is to host the annual convocation ceremonies, the building serves as a venue for academic and social events throughout the year. The sandstone buildings of Knox College epitomizes the North American collegiate Gothic design, with the characteristic cloisters around a secluded courtyard.

Old Vic, the main building of Victoria College, typifies Romanesque Revival architecture.

A green lawn at the northeast is anchored by Hart House, a Late Gothic student complex. Among its assorted common rooms, the most architecturally significant is a Great Hall that features high timbered ceilings and stained glass windows. To its west, Soldiers' Tower stands 143 feet (44 m) tall as the most prominent structure in the vicinity, its stone arches inscribed with the names of university members lost to the battlefields of the world wars. The tower houses a 51-bell carillon that is played on special occasions such as Remembrance Day and convocation. The oldest surviving building on campus is the former Toronto Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory building, built in 1855 and now home to the students' union. The engineering faculty's Sandford Fleming Building exemplifies Edwardian Baroque architecture. Trinity College borders the Back Campus lawn to the north of University College, its main building displaying the Jacobethan Tudor style. Its chapel is designed in the Perpendicular Gothic style by English architect Giles Gilbert Scott, featuring exterior walls of limestone and interiors of marble quarried from Indiana, and constructed by Italian stonemasons using ancient building methods.^[25] Victoria College is located across from Queen's Park, with its intricate main building built from red sandstone and grey limestone.

Developed after the Second World War, the western section of the campus between St. George Street and Spadina Avenue consist mainly of modernist and internationalist structures. Notable post-war buildings include the Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Wetmore Hall and Wilson Hall of New College, and Sidney Smith Hall. The most significant example of Brutalist architecture is the Robarts Library complex, a large fourteen-storey concrete structure built in 1972. Newer buildings completed after 2001 include the Bahen Centre for Information Technology, the Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, and the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy Building designed by Norman Foster.

The north-central portion of the University of Toronto campus and its Downtown Toronto setting is seen from the Robarts Library building.

Governance and colleges

The University of Toronto has traditionally been a decentralized institution, with governing authority shared among its central administration, academic faculties and colleges. The Governing Council is the unicameral legislative organ of the central administration, overseeing general academic, business and institutional affairs. Before 1971, the university was governed under a bicameral system composed of the board of governors and the university senate. The chancellor, usually a former governor-general, lieutenant governor, premier or diplomat, is the ceremonial head of the university. The president is appointed by council as the chief executive.

The Chapel of Trinity College, by Giles Gilbert Scott, reflects the college's Anglican heritage.

Unlike most North American institutions, the University of Toronto is a collegiate university with a model that resembles those of the University of Cambridge, Durham University and the University of Oxford in Britain. The colleges hold substantial levels of responsibility and autonomy over financial and academic affairs, in addition to the housing and social duties of typical residential colleges. The system emerged in the 19th century, as ecclesiastical colleges considered various forms of union with the University of Toronto to ensure their long-term viability. The desire to preserve religious traditions in a secular institution resulted in the federative collegiate model that came to characterize the university.

University College was the founding nondenominational college, created in 1853 with the reorganization that took place after the university was secularized. Knox College, a Presbyterian institution, and Wycliffe College, a low church seminary, both encouraged their students to study for non-divinity degrees at University College. In 1885, they entered a formal affiliation with the University of Toronto, and decided to become federated schools in 1890. The idea of federation initially met strong opposition at Victoria University, a Methodist school in Cobourg, but a financial incentive in 1890 convinced it to join. Decades after the death of John Strachan, the Anglican seminary University of Trinity College was brought under the federation in 1904, followed in 1910 by the University of St. Michael's College, a Roman Catholic college founded by the Basilian Fathers. Among the institutions that had considered federation but ultimately remained independent were McMaster University, a Baptist school that later moved to Hamilton, and Queen's College, a Presbyterian school in Kingston that later became Queen's University.

The post-war era saw the creation of New College in 1962, Innis College in 1964 and Woodsworth College in 1974, all of them nondenominational. Along with University College, they comprise the university's constituent colleges, which are established and funded by the central administration and are therefore financially dependent. Massey College was founded in 1863 by the Massey Foundation as an exclusive college for graduate students.

In contrast with the constituent colleges, the colleges of Knox, Massey, Regis, St. Michael's, Trinity, Victoria and Wycliffe continue to exist as legally distinct entities, each possessing a sizable financial endowment. Additionally, St. Michael's, Trinity and Victoria have separate memberships in the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, and thus nominally hold university status in their own rights. Some colleges have, or once had, collegiate structures of their own: Emmanuel College is a college of Victoria University, and St. Hilda's College is part of the University of Trinity College. St. Joseph’s College had existed as a college within the University of St. Michael's College, until it was dissolved into St. Michael's in 2006. Ewart College existed as an affiliated college until 1991, when it was merged into Knox College.

The colleges differ in character and history, and manage their own admissions, scholarships, accomodations and student affairs. While the colleges are not responsible for teaching duties as is the case at Oxbridge, many house unique academic programs, lectures and seminars. Trinity College is associated with programs in international studies, as are University College with peace and conflict studies, Victoria College with Renaissance and Reformation studies, Innis College with film studies, New College with gender studies, and St. Michael's with Medievalism and philosophy. The theological colleges of Emmanuel, Knox, Regis, St. Michael's, Trinity and Wycliffe form part of the Toronto School of Theology.

Academics

The Sandford Fleming Building contains offices of the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering.

Divisions and programs

Each of the university's faculties maintains a separate admission process and set of academic programs. The Faculty of Arts and Science is the main undergraduate faculty, where each student belongs to one of seven colleges in the collegiate system: Innis, New, St. Michael's, Trinity, University, Victoria and Woodsworth.^[26] The Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering is the only other faculty that allows direct-entry into bachelor's degree programs from secondary institutions; undergraduate programs in other faculties generally admit by second entry. The School of Graduate Studies administers master's and doctoral programs in arts and science.

The Faculty of Nursing, the Faculty of Pharmacy, the Faculty of Dentistry, the Faculty of Medicine and the School of Public Health together comprise the professional schools of health science. The university was among the first to introduce a Hippocratic Oath for Scientists, extending to scientific fields a code of ethics that has long existed in the medical profession. The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education is the teachers college of the university. It is home to the Institute of Child Study and is affiliated with the university's prestigious laboratory school, the University of Toronto Schools. Other faculties and professional schools that confer graduate degrees include the Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, the Faculty of Forestry, the Faculty of Information, the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of Social Work and the Rotman School of Management. Non-degree courses are provided separately through the School of Continuing Studies.

The University of Toronto is the birthplace of an influential school of thought on communication theory and literary criticism, known as the Toronto School of communications.^[27][28][29] The school is described as "the theory of the primacy of communication in the structuring of human cultures and the structuring of the human mind."^[29] Rooted in the works of Eric A. Havelock and Harold Innis, it grew to prominence with the contributions of Edmund Snow Carpenter, Northrop Frye and Marshall McLuhan, who coined the expressions "the medium is the message" and "global village". Since 1963, scholars in the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology have carried the mandate for teaching and advancing the Toronto School.^[30]

The Munk Centre for International Studies

The Munk Centre for International Studies provides undergraduate and graduate curricula with international focuses through its multidisciplinary collection of more than forty institutes and programs, including the Centre for International Studies, the International Relations Program, the Centre for the Study of the United States, the Centre for Russian and East European Studies and the Asian Institute. It is home to the G8 Research Group, a leading independent source of information and analysis on the Group of Eight and its annual summits. The Trudeau Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies teaches qualitative and quantitative methods for analyzing conflict, concerning the issues of revolution, interstate and civil war, terrorism, poverty and genocide.

In addition to subsidiary departments and centres that are governed and funded by its faculties, the University of Toronto is the host of several independent institutes. The Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council for studies in theoretical astronomy and related subjects. The Fields Institute is a centre for research and international collaboration in mathematical sciences. The university is also home to one of the worldwide locations of Newman Centres, which seeks to provide a spiritual life for Catholic students attending the secular university, and to foster dialogue between the Catholic Church and the modern world through the university. The Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies is the oldest humanities research institute in Canada, based in St. Michael's College for studies in the cultures of the Middle Ages.

Robarts Library houses the main collection for the humanities and social sciences.

Library

The University of Toronto Libraries is the third-largest academic library system in North America, following those of Harvard University and Yale University, measured by number of volumes held.^[31] The collections include more than 10 million printed volumes, 5.4 million microfilms, 70,000 serial titles and over a million maps, films, graphics, sound recordings and other audiovisual items.^[32] The system is third in North America by material expenditures, third by total expenditures and fourth by staff level.^[31]

The largest of the libraries, Robarts Library, holds about five million volumes in its fourteen-storey complex, forming the main collection for the humanities and social sciences. The Gerstein Science Information Centre contains the main research holdings for science and health sciences. Other holdings are dispersed at departmental and faculty libraries, in addition to about 1.3 million volumes that are held and maintained by the colleges.^[32] The Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library constitutes one of the largest repositories of publicly accessible rare books and manuscripts. Its extensive collections range from ancient Egyptian papyri to incunabula and libretti, and to drafts and notes of modern-era scientists and writers.^[33] The subjects of focus include British, European and Canadian literature, Aristotle, Darwin, the Spanish Civil War, the history of science and medicine, Canadiana and the history of the book.^[34] The university has collaborated with the Internet Archive since 2005 to digitalize much of its library collection.^[35] It is a founding member of the Open Content Alliance along with Yahoo! and the University of California, aiming to build a permanent, publicly accessible archive of digitized texts.

Reputation

In the Academic Ranking of World Universities of 2008, the University of Toronto is placed at 24th in the world;^[36] by academic subject, it ranks 21st in engineering and computer science, 27th in medicine, 34th in natural science and mathematics, 48th in life and agricultural sciences, and 51–76th in social science.^[37] The Times Higher Education ranking of 2008 places Toronto at 41st in the world, 9th in natural sciences, 10th in technology, 11th in arts and humanities, 13th in life sciences and biomedicine, and 16th in social sciences.^[38] Toronto is one of five universities in the ranking that places within the top 16 in every subject category. In the Newsweek global university ranking of 2006, Toronto ranked 18th in the world, 9th among public universities and 5th among universities outside the United States.^[39]

The University of Toronto ranked as the nation's top medical-doctoral university in Maclean's magazine for twelve consecutive years between 1994 and 2005.^[40] Since 2006, it has joined 22 other national institutions in witholding data from the magazine, citing continued concerns regarding methodology.^[41] The university places second, tied with Queen's University, in the Maclean's ranking of 2008.^[42] The Faculty of Law is named the top law school in Canada by Maclean's for the second consecutive year, placing first in elite firm hiring, faculty hiring and faculty citations, second in Supreme Court clerkships and fifth in national reach.^[43]

Student life

The university's main entrance - King's College Road.

The former Louis B. Stewart Observatory is the home of the University of Toronto Students' Union

Graduate House, designed by Pritzker Prize winner Thom Mayne, reflects the postmodern design of many newer structures.

There are 380 student clubs and organizations associated with the University of Toronto.^[44] Full-time undergraduate student government is headed by the University of Toronto Students' Union, formerly known as the Students' Administrative Council. Graduate students are represented by the Graduate Students' Union, the largest union of its kind in Canada, and part-time undergraduates are represented by the Association for Part-time Undergraduate Students. All three student associations are member locals of the Canadian Federation of Students and these student constituencies are represented on the Governing Council of the university.

The university is represented in Canadian Interuniversity Sport by the Toronto Varsity Blues. There are six main sports funded by the university: hockey, football, basketball, track and field, soccer, and swimming. The numerous other sports are funded through donations and fees paid by those participating.

The school has two main newspapers, The Varsity and The Newspaper. Each college, faculty, and many other groups also publish newspapers. CIUT is the campus' radio station.

The Hart House Review (HHR) is a Canadian literary magazine / literary journal which publishes a number of the university's bright and eclectic voices in poetry, fiction and art.

Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation, and athletic games are: 'The Blue and White,' with words by Rev Claris E. Silcox and music by Clayton E. Bush; 'Honour Old Varsity,' with words by E.C. Acheson and music of Norwegian national anthem; 'Hurrah! for the Blue and White,' with the words by G.W. Ross and music by Elmer H. Smith; 'Varsity,' with words and music by A.E. Wickens.^[45]

Student activism

The University has borne witness to much activism over the years. In 1895, University College students, allegedly led by William Lyon Mackenzie King, boycotted classes for a week after the editor of the Varsity student newspaper was suspended for anti-administration articles. Although King is traditionally given credit for leadership of the strike, recent scholarship has suggested that his involvement has been overstated.^[46]

The 1960s saw the creation of Rochdale College, a large high-rise residence where many students and staff lived. It was not officially connected to the university. Rochdale was established as an alternative to what had been seen as the traditional, authoritarian, and paternalistic structures within universities.^[47] The college eventually became a haven for local drug culture, partially because the student organisers contracted a biker gang to provide security. Due to violent clashes with police, political pressure forced the college to close in 1975.

In the fall of 1969, after Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau decriminalized homosexuality, the University of Toronto Homophile Association, the first gay and lesbian group in Toronto or on any Canadian university campus, was formed. Jearld Moldenhauer, a research assistant at the Faculty of Medicine, placed an advertisement in The Varsity, asking others to join in setting up an organization. While the first meeting drew a meager 16 people — 15 men and one woman — the group quickly established a significant profile within the community and the city at large. Two decades later, David Rayside, a professor of political science, would organize the Committee on Homophobia. Ten years after that, he would help introduce a sexual diversity studies program at University College, to much success.^[48] 35 years after the start of LGBT activism at U of T, the student queer community is represented by the Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Trans People of the University of Toronto (LGBTOUT).

On February 7, 2007, a number of students from all three campuses, joined by many students from across Ontario, staged one of the largest student protests in Canadian history. The student mass, which numbered in the thousands, demanded the provincial government to lower tuition fees. One month later, on March 8, a smaller number of students held another protest on the same issue. This protest, known as the ‘Student Day of Anger’ consisted of a group of students making loud noises outside the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities to mark the one year anniversary of the lift on the tuition fee freeze. University of Toronto has subsequently suspended these students and brought criminal charges against them.

Student groups

U of T has numerous prominent students groups. One of the most notable is the Hart House Debating Club, home to one of the top-ranked debating teams in the world, and champions at the 1981 and 2006 World Universities Debating Championships.^[49]

The United Nations Society has also gained tremendous achievements in the past year with best delegate awards at prestigious Model UN conferences in North America including McGill Model UN (McMUN), the Harvard National Model United Nations, the North American Model UN (NAMUN) and the Canadian International Model United Nations (CANIMUM) in the year 2007-2008.

The University of Toronto chess teams have captured the championship title six times at the Pan American Intercollegiate Team Chess Championships. The event is open to any post-secondary school in the Western Hemisphere.

The University of Toronto Formula SAE Racing Team has also received accolades recently, taking the Formula Student European Championships in 2003, 2005 and 2006 making them one of only five teams to have won three or more championships in this 300 team 26 year old series.^[50]

The University of Toronto is also home to many Greek student organizations,^[51] such as the FSC (Fraternity Sorority Council), although none are officially sponsored by the school.

Student Unions

U of T is home to many undergraduate level student unions that are run by the students for both administrative and helpful purposes. Such unions as the Computer Science Students Union (CSSU) which regularly host events to bring undergraduate students together and give students a chance to meet professors and other like minded people. These unions also serve as a communication device for students to raise comments/concerns that they have with courses and or faculty members.

Student housing

Student residence is available at the following places at the St. George Campus:^[52]

• 89 Chestnut Residence (located off campus)
• New College
• Innis College
• St. Michael's College
• Trinity College
• University College
• Victoria University
• Woodsworth College
• Annesley Hall, built between 1902 to 1903, is on the Registry of Historic Places of Canada ^[53]

Acessibility Services

Accessibility Services provide the skills and accommodations for students with physical, mental, and learning disabilities. Its office and computer lab are located in Robarts Library and as of September 2008, its test and examination site is located in a renovated factory on McCaul Street near College Street.^[54]

Alumni and faculty

Main article: List of University of Toronto people

See also

• Canadian government scientific research organizations
• Canadian industrial research and development organizations
• Canadian Ivy League
• Canadian university scientific research organizations
• CUPE 3902
• Group of Thirteen (Canadian universities)
• List of oldest universities in continuous operation
• List of Ontario Universities
• List of universities with industrial engineering faculty
• Middle House
• Old Four
• Ontario Student Assistance Program
• University of Toronto Campus Police
• University of Toronto Students' Union

References

Further reading

• Claude T. Bissell, Halfway up Parnassus: A Personal Account of the University of Toronto, 1932-1971. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974.
• Claude T. Bissell "A Proposal for University Government at the University of Toronto." CAUT Bulletin 15, no. 2 (Dec. 1966).
• Alan Bowker "Truly Useful Men: Maurice Hutton, George Wrong, James Mavor, and the University of Toronto, 1880-1927." Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1975.
• Sara Z. Burke 'Seeking the Highest Good: Social Service & Gender at the University of Toronto, 1888-1937' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press)
• Ann Rochon Ford. A Path Not Strewn with Roses: One Hundred Years of Women at the University of Toronto, 1884-1984. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985.
• Martin L. Friedland 'The University of Toronto: A History' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press © 2002)
• Robin Harris 'A History of University of Toronto' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press © 1970)
• Rick Helmes-Hayes 'Forty Years, 1963-2003: A History of the Department of Sociology, University of Toronto.' (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2003, 215 pp.)
• Professor Brian McKillop, 'Matters of Mind: The University in Ontario, 1791-1951' (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press ©1951)
• Marian Packham '100 Years of Biochemistry at the University of Toronto: An Illustrated History' 1908-2008, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press © 2008)
• Murray G. Ross "The Dilution of Academic Power in Canada: The University of Toronto Act." Minerva 10, no. 2 (Apr. 1972).
• Neil Semple 'Faithful Intellect: Samuel S. Nelles And Victoria University' (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, September 1, 2004)
• W. Stewart Wallace 'A History of the University of Toronto, 1827-1927.' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1927.

External links

• Official website
• Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada profile
• U of T Alumni website
• U of Toronto Library
• U of Toronto Library (catalogue-web)

University of Toronto Chancellor David Peterson • President David Naylor St. George campus colleges Arts and Sciences Innis • New • Ontario Institute for Studies in Education • St. Michael’s • Trinity • University • Victoria • Woodsworth Theology Emmanuel • Knox • Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies • Regis • Wycliffe Independent affiliate Massey Other Other campuses Scarborough • Mississauga Off-campus research centres David Dunlap Observatory • Institute for Aerospace Studies • Institute of Child Study • Koffler Scientific Reserve • University of Toronto Press • Fields Institute • IBBME Affiliated high schools University of Toronto Schools Former affiliates York University (1959-1965) Categories University • Alumni • Chancellors • Faculty • Presidents • Buildings • Libraries