United States Naval Academy

United States Naval Academy
Motto:	Ex Scientia Tridens
Motto in English:	From knowledge, seapower
Established:	October 10, 1845
Type:	Federal military academy
Superintendent:	VADM Jeffrey Fowler, USN
Undergraduates:	4,400
Location:	Annapolis, Maryland, USA
Campus:	Naval base, 338 acres (1.4 km²)
Athletics:	Varsity and intramural program
Colors:	Navy Blue █ and Gold █
Mascot:	Bill the Goat
Website:	www.usna.edu

The United States Naval Academy is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland, United States, that educates and commissions officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps. The Academy often is referred to simply as "Annapolis." It is also called "The Academy," "The Boat School," or "Canoe U." Sports media refer to the Academy as Navy; this usage is officially endorsed. The U.S. Naval Academy was established October 10, 1845.

The Academy's motto is ex scientia tridens, which is Latin for "from knowledge, seapower" (the trident, emblem of the Roman god Neptune, represents seapower).

Description

Bancroft Hall steps leading to Memorial Hall

The USNA's campus is in Annapolis, Maryland, on the banks of the Severn River and Chesapeake Bay.

Students at the Naval Academy are addressed by their military rank, Midshipman. Upon graduation, most Naval Academy Midshipmen are commissioned as Ensigns in the Navy or Second Lieutenants in the Marine Corps and serve a minimum of five years after their commissioning. Foreign midshipmen are commissioned into the armed forces of their native countries. Since 1959, midshipmen have been able to "cross-commission," or request a commission in the Air Force, Army, or Coast Guard, provided they meet that service's eligibility standards. Every year, a small number of graduates do this, usually in a one-for-one "trade" with a similarly inclined cadet at one of the other service academies.

Midshipmen who resign or are expelled from the academy in their first two years incur no military service obligation. Those who are separated — voluntarily or involuntarily — after that time are required to serve on active duty in an enlisted status, usually for two to four years. Alternatively, separated former Midshipmen can reimburse the government for their educational expenses, though the sum is often in excess of $200,000. The decision whether to serve enlisted time or reimburse the government is up to the Secretary of the Navy.

There is no graduate school directly associated with the Naval Academy. Instead, the Navy operates the Naval Postgraduate School and the Naval War College separately. The Naval Academy Preparatory School (NAPS) is the official prep school for the Naval and Coast Guard Academies. Additionally, the Naval Academy Foundation provides Post-Graduate high school education for a year of preparatory school before entering the Academy for a very limited number of applicants. There are several preparatory schools and junior colleges throughout the United States which have this program.^[1]

Mission

The mission of the U.S. Naval Academy is

History

U.S. Naval Academy in 1853

The institution was founded as the Naval School in 1845 by Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft. The campus was established at Annapolis on the grounds of the former U.S. Army post Fort Severn. The school opened on October 10 with 50 Midshipmen students and seven professors. The decision to establish an academy on land may have been in part a result of the Somers Affair while that vessel was being used for officer training. Commodore Matthew Perry had a considerable interest in naval education, supporting an apprentice system to train new seamen, and helped establish the curriculum for the United States Naval Academy. He was also a vocal proponent of modernization of the Navy.

Originally a course of study for five years was prescribed. Only the first and last were spent at the school with the other three being passed at sea. The present name was adopted when the school was reorganized in 1850 and placed under the supervision of the chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography. Under the immediate charge of the superintendent, the course of study was extended to seven years with the first two and the last two to be spent at the school and the intervening three years at sea. The four years of study were made consecutive in 1851 and practice cruises were substituted for the three consecutive years at sea. The first class of Naval Academy students graduated on June 10, 1854.

In 1860, the Tripoli Monument was moved to the academy grounds.

The Civil War years

At the outbreak of the American Civil War the three upper classes were detached and ordered to sea. The academy was transported to Fort Adams, Newport, Rhode Island by the USS Constitution in April 1861, opening there in May.^[3] It returned to Annapolis just after the war in the summer of 1865.

The first USNA Superintendent, Admiral Franklin Buchanan,CSN decided to aid in the defenses of the Southern United States and joined the Confederate States Navy, where he commanded the ironclad CSS Virginia. Later, after being promoted to the rank of Admiral, Buchanan fought with Rear Admiral David Glasgow Farragut's Union fleet on August 5, 1864 in the Battle of Mobile Bay.

Lieutenant William Harwar Parker,CSN, class of 1848, and instructor at USNA, also rendered his services to the south, first with the Virginia State Navy, and then to the Confederacy and Confederate States Naval Academy by serving as its Superintendent from October, 1863 on the school ship CSS Patrick Henry, located outside of Richmond, Virginia on the James River. In April 1865, as the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia was evacuated, he led the C.S. Naval Academy's midshipmen as a guard for their failing Government's archives and treasury.

Commander James Iredell Waddell, CSN, one of the first graduates of USNA and an instructor at the US Naval Academy also chose to serve the Confederacy in their strategey of guerre de course. He captained the famous CSS Shenandoah which destroyed or captured 38 ships and took over 1,000 prisoners, all without firing a single shot in anger or injuring any person.

The first superintendent of the United States Naval Observatory, Commander Matthew Fontaine Maury,USN, great naval reformer, advocate of the creation of the United States Naval Academy, after whom Maury Hall is named, similarly chose to serve the Confederate States Navy. There, serving as the Chief of SeaCoast, River and Harbor Defenses, he perfected an electric torpedo and sponsored other innovative Confederate contributions to naval warfare.

United States Senator Stephen Mallory, an advocate of Navy reform in the 1850's, who unsuccessfully pushed for ironclad development with elderly and ineffective US Navy officers, also gave his services to the South, serving as the Secretary of the Navy of the Confederate States of America. There he was able to transform naval warfare through the introduction of the first ironclad in combat, the CSS Virginia, and went on to establish the Confederate States Naval Academy, patterned after the USNA that he had admired and supported greatly.

The graduating class of 1894

From the Civil War to World War I

The Spanish-American War greatly increased the academy's importance and the campus was almost wholly rebuilt and much enlarged during 1899-1906. During 1869, Charles Dwight Sigsbee (1845-1923) was assigned duty at Annapolis before serving as a hydrographer in the Bureau of Navigation (1893-1897). He later became Chief Intelligence Officer of the Office of Naval Intelligence (1900-1903). In 1914 the Midshipmen Drum and Bugle corps was formed and by 1922 it went defunct.^[4]

In 1879, Robert F. Lopez was the first Hispanic-American to graduate from the academy.

In the late 19th century, Congress required the academy to teach a formal course in hygiene, the only course required by Congress of any military academy. Tradition holds that a congressmen was particularly disgusted by the appearance of a midshipman returned from cruise.

World War I to World War II

The Navy rowing crew won the gold medal at 1920 Summer Olympics Games held in Antwerp, Belgium. In 1923 The Department of Physical Training was established. The Naval Academy football team played the University of Washington in the Rose Bowl tying 14–14. In 1925 the Second-class ring dance was started. In 1925 the Midshipmen Drum and Bugle Corps was formally reestablished.^[4] In 1926, "Navy Blue and Gold", composed by organist and choirmaster J. W. Crosley, was first sung in public. It became a tradition to sing this alma mater song at the end of every football game, and on Graduation Day. In 1926 Navy won the National Collegiate Football Championship title. In the fall of 1929 the United States Secretary of the Navy gave his approval for graduates to compete for Rhodes scholarships. Six graduates were selected for that honor that same year. The Association of American Universities. accredited the Naval Academy curriculum October 30, 1930.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law an act of Congress on May 25, 1933 providing for the Bachelor of Science degree for Naval, Military, and Coast Guard Academies. Four years later, Congress authorized the Superintendent to award a Bachelor of Science degree to all living graduates. Reserve officer training was re-established in anticipation of World War II in 1941. A total of 3,319 graduates were commissioned during World War II. In 1945 A Department of Aviation was established. That year a Vice Admiral, Aubrey W. Fitch, became superintendent. The Naval Academy celebrated its Centennial. During the century of its existence, roughly 18,563 midshipmen had graduated, including the class of 1946.^[5]

World War II to present

On June 3, 1949 Wesley A. Brown became the first African-American to graduate. The Navy eight-man rowing crew won the gold medal at 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. They were also named National Intercollegiate Champions.^[6] In 1955, the tradition of greasing Herndon Monument for plebes to climb to exchange their plebe "dixie cup" covers (hats) for a midshipman's cover started. The Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, funded by donations, was dedicated September 26, 1959.

Joe Bellino (class of 1961) was awarded the Heisman Trophy on June 22, 1960. In 1961 the Naval Academy Foreign Affairs Conference was started. The Department of the Interior designated the U. S. Naval Academy a National Historic Landmark on August 21, 1961. In 1963, Roger Staubach, class of 1965, was awarded the Heisman Trophy. He is still the only winner of the Thompson Trophy three years in a row.

In 1963, the Academy changed from a marking system based on 4.0 to a letter grade. Midshipmen began referring to the statue of Tecumseh as the "god of 2.0" instead of "the god of 2.5", the former failing mark.^[7]

Professor Samuel Massie became the first African-American faculty member in 1966. On June 4, 1969 the first designated engineering degrees were granted to qualified graduates of the class of 1969.^[8]

The 1970s brought change. In 1972 Lieutenant Commander Georgia Clark became the first woman officer instructor, and Dr. Rae Jean Goodman was appointed to the faculty as the first civilian woman. Later in 1972, a decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia terminated compulsory chapel attendance. In September 1973, the library facility complex was completed and named for Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz class of 1905.

Women on induction day 1976

On August 8, 1975, Congress authorized women to attend service academies. The class of 1980 was inducted with 81 women midshipmen. In 1980 the academy included "Hispanic/Latino" as a racial category for demographic purposes; four women identified themselves as Hispanic in the class of 1981, and these women become the first Hispanic females to graduate from the academy: Carmel Gilliland (who had the highest class rank), Lilia Ramirez (who retired with the rank of commander), Ina Marie Gomez, and Trinora Pinto.^[9] In 1979 "June Week" was renamed "Commissioning Week" because graduation had moved to May.^[10]

In May 1980, Elizabeth Anne Belzer (later Rowe) became the first woman graduate. On May 24, 1984, Kristine Holderied became the first woman to graduate at the head of the class. In addition, the class of 1984 included the first naturalized Korean-American graduates, all choosing commissions in the U.S. Navy. The four Korean-American ensigns were Walter Lee, Thomas Kymn, Andrew Kim, and Se-Hun Oh.

On July 30, 1987, the Computing Sciences Accreditation Board (CSAB) granted accreditation for the Computer Science program.^[11] In 1991, Midshipman Juliane Gallina, class of 1992, became the first woman brigade commander. On January 29, 1994, the first genderless service assignment was held. All billets were opened equally to men and women with the exception of special warfare and submarine duty.

The initial 150th anniversary celebration was held in Alumni Hall on January 13, 1995. "An Evening Under the Stars." It featured a Naval Academy Band/Glee Club concert, the premiere showing of a documentary film, U. S. Naval Academy; 150 Years in Annapolis, and introduction of astronauts who were academy graduates.

On March 12, 1995, Lieutenant Commander Wendy B. Lawrence, class of 1981, became a mission specialist in the space shuttle Endeavor. She is the first woman USNA graduate to fly in space. A postage stamp commemorating the Naval Academy's founding was issued on October 10, 1995. Freedom 7. America's first space capsule was placed on display at the visitor center as the centerpiece of the "Grads in Space" exhibit on September 23, 1998. The late Rear Admiral Alan Shepherd, class of 1945, had flown Freedom 7 116.5 miles (187.5 km) into space on May 5, 1961. His historic flight marked America's first step in the space race.^[12]

On September 11, 2001, the Academy lost 14 alumni in the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. The Academy was placed under unprecedented high security.^[13]

In August 2007, Superintendent Vice Admiral Jeffrey Fowler changed academy policy to limit liberty, required more squad interaction to emphasize that "we are a nation at war."^[14]

On November 3, 2007, the Navy Football team defeated long-time rival Notre Dame for the first time in 43 years — 46-44 in triple overtime. The two teams have met every year since 1926 and continue a rivalry that became amicable when Notre Dame volunteered to open its facilities for training of naval officers in World War II. ^[15] The Navy was credited with saving Notre Dame University after its enrollment fell during World War II to about 250 students. The Navy trained 12,000 men to become officers.^[16]

In November 2007, Memorial Hall was the venue for a 50-nation Annapolis Conference on a Palestinian-Israeli peace process.

Rank structure

Midshipmen are not classified as freshmen, sophomores, junior, and seniors. Instead they are classified fourth class, third class, second class, and first class.

Rank Structure

Fourth Class, the lowest rank of midshipmen structure are also known as "plebes," from the Latin "plebeian," the lowest class of Roman citizen. Because the first year at The Academy is one of transformation from a civilian into a future navy officer or Marine, they are forced to conform to a number of rules and regulations not placed on their seniors, the upper three classes of Midshipmen, and have additional tasks and responsibilities that will disappear upon their promotion to Midshipmen Third Class.

Third Class Midshipmen have been assimilated into the Brigade and are treated with more respect because they are upperclassmen. They are commonly called "Youngsters". Because of their new stature and rank, the youngsters are allowed such privileges as watching television, listening to music, watching movies, and also the privilege of being able to take a nap.

Second Class Midshipmen are charged with training plebes. They report directly to the first class, and issue orders as necessary to carry out their responsibilities. Second Class Midshipmen are allowed to drive their own cars (but may not park them on campus) and are allowed to enter or exit The Yard (campus) in civilian attire.

First Class Midshipmen have more freedoms and liberty in the Brigade, and the most challenging responsibilities. While they must maintain mandatory sports activities and academics, they are also charged with the leadership of the Brigade. They are commonly called "Firsties". Firsties are allowed to park their cars on campus, and have greater leave and liberties than any other class.^[17]

Campus ("The Yard")

Plebes (first year students) marching in front of Bancroft Hall

U.S. Naval Academy campus

Interior of the Naval Academy chapel

The campus (or "Yard") has grown from a 40,000 m² (10 acre) Army post named Fort Severn in 1845 to a 1.37 km² (338 acre) campus in the 21st century. By comparison, the United States Air Force Academy is 73 km² (18,000 acres) and United States Military Academy is 65 km² (16,000 acres).

Halls and principal buildings

• Bancroft Hall The largest building at the Naval Academy; it houses all midshipmen. Open to the public are Memorial Hall, a midshipmen-kept memorial to graduates who have died during military operations, and the Rotunda, the ceremonial entrance to Bancroft Hall. The Commander in Chief's Trophy resides in the Rotunda while Navy is in possession of it.
• Naval Academy Chapel The historic Chapel, at the center of the campus, across from Herndon Monument, has a high dome visible throughout Annapolis.^[18] The Chapel was featured on a postal service stamp in 1995.^[19] John Paul Jones lies at rest in a crypt beneath the Chapel.

• Commodore Uriah P. Levy Center and Jewish Chapel,^[20] primarily funded with private donations, was dedicated on September 23, 2005. The Chapel is named after Commodore Uriah P. Levy and houses a Jewish chapel, the honor board, ethics, character learning center, officer development spaces, a social director, and academic boards. Built featuring Jerusalem stone, the architecture of the exterior is consistent with nearby Bancroft Hall.

• Nimitz Library (housing the departments of Language Studies, Economics and Political Science, plus the library collection itself). Named for Chester W. Nimitz.
• Rickover Hall (housing the departments of Mechanical Engineering, Naval Ocean Engineering, Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering). Named for Hyman G. Rickover.
• Maury Hall (housing the departments of Weapons and Systems Engineering plus Electrical Engineering). Named for Matthew Fontaine Maury. Designed by Ernest Flagg.
• Michelson Hall (housing the departments of Computer Science and Chemistry). Named for Albert Abraham Michelson.
• Chauvenet Hall (housing the departments of Mathematics, Physics and Oceanography). Named for William Chauvenet.
• Sampson Hall (housing the departments of English and History). Named for William T. Sampson. Designed by Ernest Flagg.
• Luce Hall (housing the departments of Professional Development and Leadership, Ethics, and Law). Named for Stephen Luce.
• Mahan Hall (containing a theater along with the old library in the Hart Room, which has now been converted into a lounge and meeting room). Named for Alfred Thayer Mahan. Designed by Ernest Flagg.
• The chapel (also, beneath it, is the crypt of John Paul Jones).
• King Hall, dining hall that seats the Brigade of Midshipmen together at one time. Named for Ernest King.
• Alumni Hall (capable of holding the entire Brigade of Midshipmen and hosting various sporting events, such as basketball).
• Bancroft Hall (the midshipmen's quarters and the world's largest dormitory).^[21][22] Named for George Bancroft.
• Dahlgren Hall (containing a large multipurpose room and a restaurant area). Named for John A. Dahlgren.
• Lejeune Hall (built in 1982 - home to an Olympic class swimming pool, a mat room for wrestling and hand-to-hand martial arts and the Athletic Hall of Fame). Named for John A. Lejeune.
• MacDonough Hall (holds a full-scale gymnastics area and two boxing rings as well as alternate swimming pools). Named for Thomas MacDonough.
• Halsey Field House, containing an indoor track and assorted athletic and workout facilities. The former home of Navy basketball and the site of midshipman assemblies before construction of Alumni Hall.
• The Officers' and Faculty Club and officers quarters spread around the Yard.
• Ricketts Hall (Football, Lacrosse, Basketball offices) houses the locker room for the Navy Varsity Football team. Winner of five straight Commander-in-Chief trophies. Also home to the Naval Academy's Varsity sport weight room, where Midshipman athletes train.
• Preble Hall houses the U.S. Naval Academy Museum.^[23]

Monuments and memorials

• Japanese Bell. A copy of the original bell which was brought back to the United States by Commodore Matthew Perry following his mission to Japan in 1851. The bell is placed in front of Bancroft Hall and rung in a semi-annual ceremony for each victory that Navy has registered over Army, to include one of the nation's oldest football rivalries, the Army-Navy Game. The current bell is an exact replica of the original, which the United States Navy returned to the Japanese people in the 1980s.

• Tecumseh Statue. This statue is a bronze replica of the figurehead of ship-of-the-line USS Delaware. It was presented to the Academy by the Class of 1891. This bust, one of the most famous relics on the campus, is commonly known as Tecumseh. However, when it adorned the American man-of-war, it commemorated not Tecumseh but Tamanend, the revered Delaware chief who welcomed William Penn to America. The original wooden figurehead is in the Naval Academy fieldhouse. In times past, the bronze replica was considered a good-luck "mascot" for the midshipmen, who threw pennies at it and offered left-handed salutes whenever they wanted a 'favor', such as a sports win over West Point, or spiritual help for examinations. Today it is used as a morale booster during football weeks and on special occasions when Tecumseh is painted in themes to include super heroes, action heroes, humorous figures, a leprechaun (before Saint Patrick's Day) and a naval officer (during Commissioning Week).

• Battle ensigns. Famous flags of the U.S. Navy and captured flags from enemy ships are displayed throughout the academy. The most famous, perhaps, is the "Don't Give Up the Ship" flag flown by Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry at the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10, 1813; it bears the dying words of Captain James Lawrence, captain of the USS Chesapeake. It was displayed in Memorial Hall, which is in the portion of Bancroft Hall open to the general public (It is currently undergoing restoration and a replica is in its place). The only British royal standard taken by capture was displayed in Mahan Hall. It was taken at Toronto (then York) in the war of 1812.

Fourth Class Midshipmen lock arms and use ropes made from uniform items as they brace themselves climbing the Herndon Monument

• Herndon Monument. Every year as part of the year end festivities, this monument is covered with lard and "Plebes" (freshmen or Fourth Class Midshipmen) attempt to climb the monument, remove a "dixie cup" (the headwear of a plebe) and put a hat ("cover") on top. This symbolizes the successful completion of their first year. Legend also has it that the midshipman who places the sailors cap upon the monument will be the first member of the class to reach the rank of Admiral. The Monument was commissioned by the Officers of the U.S. Navy as a tribute to Commander William Lewis Herndon (1813-1857) after his loss in the Pacific Mail Steamer Central America during a hurricane off the North Carolina coast on September 12, 1857. Herndon had followed the long time custom of the sea that a ship's captain is the last person to depart his ship in peril. It was erected in its current location on June 16, 1860 and has never been moved even though the Academy was completely rebuilt between 1899 and 1908. In 2008, both the dixie cup removed and the cover placed on Herndon to end the climb belonged to Midshipman Kristen Dickmann, Class of 2011, who died a few days before the Herndon Climb. Midshipman Dickmann's dixie cup and cover were the first women's caps used for the Herndon Climb.[^[24]]

Supervision of the Academy

In 1850 the academy was placed under the jurisdiction of the Navy's Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography but was transferred to the Bureau of Navigation when that organization was established in 1862. The academy was placed under the direct care of the Navy Department in 1867, but for many years the Bureau of Navigation provided administrative routine and financial management.

As of 2004, the Superintendent of the Naval Academy reports directly to the Chief of Naval Operations. The current Superintendent is Vice Admiral Jeffrey Fowler.^[25][26]

The current Commandant of Midshipmen is Captain Matthew L. Klunder (USNA Class of 1982), a career naval aviator and the Academy’s 83rd commandant.^[27]

Faculty

The faculty is roughly evenly divided between civilian professors and military instructors. The civilian professors nearly all have a Ph.D. and can be awarded tenure, usually upon promotion from Assistant Professor to Associate Professor. Very few of the military instructors have a Ph.D. but nearly all have a Master's degree. Most of them are assigned to the Academy for only two or three years.

Permanent Military Professors (PMP)

A small number of military instructors are designated as Permanent Military Professors (PMP), all of whom have Ph.D.'s. The PMPs remain at the Academy until statutory retirement. Most of them are commanders in the Navy; a few are captains. Like civilian professors, they seek academic promotion to the rank of Associate Professor and Professor. However, they are not eligible for tenure. Additionally, there are Adjunct Professors, hired to fill temporary shortages in various disciplines. The Adjunct Professors are not eligible for tenure.

Student activities

Athletics

See also: Navy Midshipmen football and Navy Midshipmen men's basketball

The 1926 National Championship Football team

The U.S. Naval Academy's varsity sports teams have no official name but usually are referred to in media as "the Midshipmen" (since all athletes are, in fact, midshipmen), or more informally as "the Mids." The term "middies" is generally considered derogatory. The sports teams' mascot is a goat named "Bill."

The Midshipmen participate in the NCAA's Division I-A as an independent (i.e., not a member of any conference) in football and in the NCAA Division I-level Patriot League in many other sports. The college fields 28 varsity sports teams and 18 club sports teams.^[28]

The most important sporting event at the academy is the annual Army-Navy Game. The three major service academies (Navy, Air Force, and Army) compete for the Commander in Chief's Trophy, which is awarded to the academy that defeats the others in football that year (or retained by the previous winner in the event of a three-way tie).

Naval Academy sports teams have many accomplishments at the international and national levels. In 1926, Navy's football team won the U.S. national championship based on both the Boand and Houlgate mathematical poll systems.^[29] and the Navy men's lacrosse team won 21 USILL or USILA national championships and was the NCAA Division I runner-up in 1975 and 2004. The men's fencing team won NCAA Division I championships in 1950, 1959, and 1962 and was runner-up in 1948, 1953, 1960, and 1963,^[30] and NCAA Division I championships were also earned by the 1945 men's outdoor track and field team^[31] and the 1964 men's soccer team.^[32] In basketball, the Navy men's team has appeared in the NCAA tournament 11 times and tied for fifth place in 1954 and 1986.

The college's crew team won Olympic gold medals in men's eights in 1920 and 1952,^[33] and from 1907 to 1995 at Intercollegiate Rowing Association regatta the team earned 30 championships, was runner-up 29 times, and had 31 third-place finishes.^[34] In intercollegiate shooting, the Naval Academy has won nine National Rifle Association rifle team trophies, seven air pistol team championships, and five standard pistol team titles.^[35] In addition, the men's squash team was the national nine-man team champion in 1957, 1959, and 1967,^[36] and the women's lacrosse team was U.S. Lacrosse WDIA national runner-up in 2001 and 2007. In 2007 the men's rugby team placed in the final four for the ninth time; the men's team was the national runner-up in 1994.^[37]

Participation in athletics is, in general, mandatory at the Naval Academy and most Midshipmen not on an intercollegiate team must participate actively in intramural or club sports. There are exceptions for non-athletic Brigade Support Activities such as YP Squadron (a professional surface warfare training activity providing midshipmen the opportunity to earn the Craftmaster Badge) or the Drum and Bugle Corps.

Varsity letter winners wear a specially issued blue cardigan with a large gold "N" patch affixed. Teams that beat Army in a year are awarded a gold star to affix near the "N" for each such victory.

There is an unofficial (but previous National Champion) croquet team.^[38] Legend has it that in the early 1980s, a Mid and a Johnnie (slang for a student enrolled at St. John's College, Annapolis), were in a bar and the Mid challenged the Johnnie by stating that Midshipmen could beat St. John's at any sport. The St. John's student selected croquet. Since then, thousands attend the annual croquet match between St. John's and the 28th Company^[39] of the Brigade of Midshipmen (originally the 34th Company before the Brigade was reduced to 30 companies). As of 2006,^[40] the Midshipmen had a record of 5 wins and 19 losses to the St John's team.

Song

Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation, and athletic games is: “Anchors Aweigh”, the United States Naval Academy fight song. According to “College Fight Songs: An Annotated Anthology” published in 1998, “Anchors Aweigh” ranks as the fifth greatest fight song of all time.

Other extra-curricular activities

A bagpiper with the U.S. Naval Academy Pipes and Drums

Midshipmen have the opportunity to participate in a broad range of other extracurricular activities including musical performance groups (Drum & Bugle Corps, Men's Glee Club, Women's Glee Club, Gospel Choir, an annual musical, and a bagpipe band, the Pipes & Drums), religious organizations, academic honor societies, Campus Girl Scouts, the National Eagle Scout Association, a radio station, and Navy and Marine Corps professional activities (diving, flying, seamanship, and the Semper Fidelis Society for future Marines). The midshipmen theatrical company,The Masqueraders, put on one production annually in Mahan Hall.

The Brigade published a humor magazine called The Log, starting in 1913.^[41] This magazine was discontinued in 2001.^[42] Among The Log's usual features were "Salty Sam," an anonymous member of the senior class who served as a gossip columnist, and the "Company Cuties," photos of male midshipmen's girlfriends. (This last was deemed offensive to women, and despite attempts to incorporate the boyfriends of female midshipmen in some issues, the "Company Cuties" were dropped from The Log's format by 1991.)^[43] The Log was once featured in Playboy Magazine for its parody of the famous periodical,^[44], called "Playmid." "Playmid" was an issue of The Log in 1989. The "Playmid" issue was ordered destroyed by Rear Admiral Virgil I. Hill, the Academy Superintendent at the time, but a handful of copies did survive, including the one which Playboy later showed. Earlier Log attempts to parody Playboy were much more successful, with the April 18, 1969, version as the most famous; some sections of this issue can be seen online at an alumni website.^[45]

The Academy also hosts an annual Naval Academy Foreign Affairs Conference (NAFAC). During this event - the country's largest undergraduate foreign affairs conference - civilian and military delegates from across the nation and around the world gather in Annapolis to discuss pressing international issues, focusing on a new, specific topic each year. Past NAFAC speakers have included President George H. W. Bush, Secretaries of State Madeleine Albright and Dr. Condoleezza Rice, and General Wesley Clark. This gathering is organized and run by a Midshipman staff; many Midshipmen participate in the conference as moderators, presenters, and delegates as well.^[46]

Midshipmen run the Academy's radio station, WRNV.^[47]

Appointment process

By an Act of Congress passed in 1903, two appointments as Midshipmen were allowed for each senator, representative, and delegate in Congress, two for the District of Columbia, and five each year at large. Currently each member of Congress and the Vice President can have five appointees attending the Naval Academy at any time. When any appointee graduates or otherwise leaves the academy, a vacancy is created. Candidates are nominated by their senator, representative, or delegate in Congress, and those appointed at large are nominated by the Vice President. The process is not political and applicants do not have to know their Congressman to be nominated. Congressman generally nominate ten people per vacancy. They can nominate people in a competitive manner, or they can have a principal nomination. In a competitive nomination, all ten applicants are reviewed by the academy, to see who is the most qualified. If the congressman appoints a principal nominee, then as long as that candidate is physically, medically, and academically found qualified by the academy, he or she will be admitted, even if there are more qualified applicants. The degree of difficulty in obtaining a nomination varies greatly according to the number of applicants in a particular state. The process of obtaining a nomination typically consists of completing an application, completing one or more essays, and obtaining one or more letters of recommendation and often requires an interview either in person or over the phone. These requirements are set by the respective senator or congressman and are in addition to the USNA application.

The Secretary of the Navy may appoint 170 enlisted members of the Regular and Reserve Navy and Marine Corps to the Naval Academy each year. Additional sources of appointment are open to children of career military personnel (100 per year); and 65 appointments are available to children of military members who were killed in action, or were rendered 100% disabled due to injuries received in action, or are currently prisoners of war or missing in action. Typically five to ten candidates are nominated for each appointment, which are normally awarded competitively; candidates who do not receive the appointment they are competing for may still be admitted to the Academy as a qualified alternate. If a candidate is considered qualified but not picked up, they may receive an indirect admission to either a Naval Academy Foundation prep school or the Naval Academy Preparatory School in Newport; the following year, these candidates enlist in the Navy Reserve (or, in the case of prior enlisted members, remain in the Navy) and are eligible for Secretary of the Navy nominations, which are granted as a matter of course. To receive an appointment to the Naval Academy, students at the Naval Academy Preparatory School must first pass with a 2.0 QPA (A mix of GPA and Fitness Assessments), as well as receive a recommendation for appointment from the Commanding Officer.

Additionally, children of Medal of Honor recipients do not need a nomination but only need to qualify for admission.^[48]

Admissions requirements

To be admitted, candidates must be between seventeen and twenty-three years of age upon entrance, unmarried with no children, and of good moral character. The current process includes a college application, personality testing, standardized testing, and personal references. Candidates for admission must also undergo a physical aptitude test (the CFA or Candidate Fitness Assessment [formerly the Physical Readiness Examination]) as well as a complete physical exam including a separate visual acuity test to be eligible for appointment. A medical waiver will automatically be sought on behalf of candidates with less than 20/20 vision, as well as a range of other injuries or illnesses. The physical aptitude test is most often administered by a high school physical education teacher or sports team coach.^[48]

A small number of international students, usually from smaller allied or friendly countries, are admitted into each class. (International students from larger allies, such as Britain and France, typically come as shorter-term exchange students from their national naval colleges or academies.) For the class of 2009, 11 international students were admitted from 10 different countries—two from Guyana and one each from Honduras, Ireland, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand.^[49]

Curricula

The Naval Academy received accreditation as an approved "technological institution" in 1930. In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law an act of Congress providing for the Bachelor of Science Degree for the Naval, Military, and Coast Guard Academies. The Class of 1933 was the first to receive this degree and have it written in the diploma. In 1937, an act of Congress extended to the Superintendent of the Naval Academy the authority to award the Bachelor of Science degree to all living graduates. The Academy later replaced a fixed curriculum taken by all midshipmen with the present core curriculum plus 21 major fields of study, a wide variety of elective courses and advanced study and research opportunities. Currently, all 22 majors are:^[50]

• Aerospace Engineering
• Arabic
• Chemistry
• Chinese
• Computer Engineering
• Computer Science
• Economics
• Electrical Engineering
• English
• General Engineering
• General Science
• History
• Information Technology
• Mathematics
• Mechanical Engineering
• Naval Architecture
• Ocean Engineering
• Oceanography
• Physics
• Political Science
• Quantitative Economics
• Systems Engineering

Moral education

Moral and ethical development is fundamental to all aspects of the Naval Academy. From Plebe Summer through graduation, the Officer Development Program, a four-year integrated program, focuses on integrity, honor, and mutual respect based on the moral values of respect for human dignity, respect for honesty and respect for the property of others. One of the goals of the program is to develop midshipmen to possess a sense of their own moral beliefs and the ability to express them. Honor is emphasized through the Honor Concept of the Brigade of Midshipmen. Brigade Honor Committees composed of upper-class midshipmen are responsible for the education and training of the Honor Concept, midshipmen found in violation of the Honor Concept by their peers can be separated from the Naval Academy.^[51]

Small Satellite Program

Main article: Small Satellite Program (United States Naval Academy)

The United States Naval Academy (USNA) Small Satellite Program (SSP)^[52] was founded in 1999 to actively pursue flight opportunities for miniature satellites designed, constructed, tested, and commanded or controlled by Midshipmen.

Currently under-development are the first generation MidSTAR I (USNA) and second generation MidSTAR II (USNA) satellites which stemmed from the USNA MidSTAR Program. Midstar I was launched March 8th, 2007.^[53]

Women at the Naval Academy

Astronaut Wendy B. Lawrence, Class of 1981

The Naval Academy first accepted women as Midshipmen in 1976, when Congress authorized the admission of women to all of the service academies. Women comprise about 22 percent of entering plebes.^[54] They pursue the same academic and professional training as do their male classmates, except that certain physical aptitude standards for women are lower than for men, mirroring the standards of the Navy itself. Women have most recently composed about 17 percent of each graduating class, however this number continues to rise.

Margaret D. Klein became the first female Commandant of Midshipmen in December 2006.

Following the 2003 U.S. Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal and due to concern with sexual assault in the U.S. military the Department of Defense was required to establish a task force to investigate sexual harassment and assault at the United States military academies in the law funding the military for fiscal 2004. The report, issued August 25, 2005 showed that during 2004 50% of the women at Annapolis reported instances of sexual harassment while 99 incidents of sexual assault were reported.^[55] There had been an earlier incident in 1990 which involved male midshipmen chaining a female midshipman to a urinal after she threw a snowball at him and then taking pictures of her ^[56].

Academy Superintendent Vice Admiral Rodney Rempt issued a statement: "With the benefit of the Defense Task Force's assessment and recommendations, we will continue to strive to establish a climate which encourages reporting of these incidents, so we can support the victim and deal with allegations fairly and appropriately. The very idea that any member of the Naval Academy family could be part of an environment that fosters sexual harassment, misconduct, or even assault is of great concern to me, and it is contrary to all we are trying to do and achieve. Preventing and deterring this unacceptable behavior is a leadership issue that I and all the Academy leaders take to heart. The public trusts that the Service Academies will adhere to the highest standards and that we will serve as beacons that exemplify character, dignity and respect. We will increase our efforts to meet that trust." Superintendent Rempt has recently been criticized for not allowing former Navy quarterback Lamar Owens to graduate, despite his acquittal on a rape charge. Some alumni have attributed this to an overeagerness on Rempt's part to placate critics urging a crackdown on sexual assault and harassment.^[57]

In 1979, James H. Webb published a provocative essay opposing the integration of women at the Naval Academy titled "Women Can't Fight." Webb was an instructor at the Naval Academy in 1979 when he wrote the article for Washingtonian magazine that was critical of women in combat and of them attending the service academies. The article, in which he referred to the dorm at the Naval Academy that housed 4,000 men and 300 women as "a horny woman's dream," was written three years after the Academy admitted women. Webb said he did not write the headline.^[58]

On November 7, 2006, Webb was elected to the U.S. Senate from Virginia. His election opponent, then senator George Allen, raised the 1979 article as a campaign issue, depicting Webb as being opposed to women in military service. Webb's response read in part, "I am completely comfortable with the roles of women in today's military.... To the extent that my writings subjected women at the Academy or the active armed forces to undue hardship, I remain profoundly sorry."^[59] In a political advertisement for Allen five female graduates of the United States Naval Academy said the article helped foster an air of hostility and harassment towards females within the academy.

Naval Academy Traditions

Some traditions have been around for a century or more. Some traditions of the Naval Academy are handed down from class to class. Some have been recorded over the years in academy publications.

• "Beat Army" is a common phrase, most often said after the singing of the Academy's Alma Mater, "Blue and Gold." The phrase is commonly said by plebes while squaring corners. Furthermore, if one is said to have a Beat Army, it means the person drank a stomach-turning concoction of any number of condiments and food at that particular meal. Most often done by plebes to impress upperclass, they scream "BEAT ARMY!" when they are done drinking the beverage, usually to applause.

• "Blue and Gold" is the name of Naval Academy's Alma Mater.^[60] The song is sung at the conclusion of every sporting event, at the end of pep rallies, and at alumni gatherings. The traditional (not current) lyrics are:

The second verse is sung at each graduation and commissioning ceremony and is often performed by the Glee Clubs.

• Cover Toss - Midshipmen who graduate to become Ensigns in the Navy or Second Lieutenants in the Marine Corps toss their Midshipmen covers (hats) at graduation in a farewell bid to the three classes below them. Various traditions have been used regarding something to put into the cover, such as putting a small sum of money inside the cover so children attending can collect the covers and money, or putting your name and address inside to receive a letter and cake. Today, the most common tradition is simply leaving a small sum of money for the recipient of the cover. The Cover Toss tradition started in 1912.

• Goat Court^[61] refers to two completely enclosed square sections inside the third and fourth wings of Bancroft, composed of five stories of room windows. The bottom of the courts are composed of the roof of the basement level. The rooms are commonly assigned to Plebes or short-straw drawing Youngsters, since they lack the otherwise lovely view that many other rooms have. The bottom of the courts are composed of the roof of the basement level. The air is stagnant, and the large HVAC units on the basement roof enhance the ambiance. The function of goat court is to hold routine goat court sessions on the Second classmen^[62].

• Herndon Monument Climb. See above - the official end of plebe year at the Naval Academy when the plebes raise a classmate to replace a dixie cup sailor cover with the combination cover traditional to Midshipmen.^{[63][64][65][66]}

• The Jimmy Legs^[67] were the civilian patrolmen or masters-at-arms which provided security for the Naval Academy grounds, and were referred to by that name as far back as an entry in the 1923 Lucky Bag. The name stems from old 19th century Navy use of calling the shipboard master-at-arms by that name, since they often yelled out "shake a leg" or "clear the deck" to maintain discipline and prevent unwanted gatherings on board the ship. Not to be confused with the Jimmy Legs, the U.S. Marines have had brief periods of duty guarding the Yard.

The Laws of the Navy by Rear Admiral Ronald A. Hopwood, Royal Navy

• The Laws of the Navy–are a poem of wise advice in the form of twenty-seven laws, often memorized and less often applied, composed by Rear Admiral Ronald Hopwood, Royal Navy, and originally appearing in the Army and Navy Gazette, July 23, 1896. By the mid-1920's the poem began appearing in the USNA's Reef Points.^[68]

• Red Beach^[69][70] - the red tiled plaza behind Memorial Hall on top of the wardroom and in between 5th and 6th wings of Bancroft Hall, used as a place of formation for part of the Brigade. It also serves as a place for Plebes to march tours.

• Ring Dance - held in May, this event is when the Second Class Midshipmen receive their class rings at a formal dance complete with fireworks. In years past, the event was held in Dahlgren Hall, it is now normally held on Hospital Point. Traditionally, the Midshipman's date wears the ring around her/his neck, and the couple dips the ring in water from all seven seas.^{[63][64][65][66][63][64]}

^{[65] [66]}

• Salty Sam - is the personification of the reformation movement in the United States Navy through her Naval Academy graduates^[71]. Spiritually the first Salty Sam was perhaps the "natural leader of the navy's Young Turks"^[72] William Sims (Class of 1880), who became the leading reformer of the Navy, retiring as a full admiral.

Many of his letters today are relished not because of the reforms there advocated but because of the hilarious way he presented them... he was addicted to poetry as a means of expression; he put forth his ideas in rhyme whenever possible, sometimes to the despair of his more serious fellows - but others were occasionally enticed to respond in kind. The war on paper could well be waged in poetry, he felt, for it at least kept the mind higher. The older and more senior he became, the more would he try to lighten the mood of his cohorts by humor in prose and poetry, though the latter, many said, became increasingly atrocious the more elevated its author's naval rank. Still it served its purpose admirably. As a junior officer it was a way to cloak his ideas in a patina of genteel wardroom horseplay, with the barb of criticism perfunctorily covered.

– Capt. Edward L. Beach, USN^[73]

In later years Salty Sam led the enlightenment of Sims through The Log at USNA. Salty Sam reflects the spirit of Sims by questioning today's paradigms to ready the Navy for the future. The secret and anonymous tradition of Salty Sam is to teach Midshipman to bridle criticism in the ways of Sims humor, but to seek to inspire change and reform through the argument of the obvious.

• The Steam Tunnels, also later known as the Ho Chi Minh trail^[65] were a network of underground brick-encased tunnels carrying steam pipes from the old Isherwood Hall, named after Benjamin F. Isherwood who served as the Engineer-in-Chief of the Navy during the American Civil War. The pipes carried steam to Bancroft Hall and Mahan Hall, primarily for heating the buildings. Adjuncts to the tunnels led underground to the basement levels of Michelson Hall, Chauvenet Hall, and Rickover Hall. The tunnels served as a natural infiltration route for Midshipmen pranks, especially during "Beat Army" week. The original Isherwood Hall was located partially under the current Alumni hall and behind Mahan Hall toward the Nimitz Library. The Steam Plant was located under the front left of Rickover Hall and plaza, in the middle of the current 300 feet (91 m) tow-tank. The Steam Tunnels were left in place after Isherwood Hall was demolished.

Alumni

Main article: List of United States Naval Academy alumni

See also

• List of Superintendents of the United States Naval Academy
• William W. Jeffries Memorial Archives
• United States Naval Academy Soccer Team
• Naval Academy Bridge
• Philadelphia Naval Asylum, precursor of the USNA

References

Bibliography

• Beach, Capt. Edward L., The United States Navy, Henry Holt and Company, 1986. ISBN 0-03-044711-9
• Forney, Todd A. The Midshipman Culture and Educational Reform: The U.S. Naval Academy, 1946-76. Associated U. Press, 2004. 409 pp.
• H. Michael Gelfand. Sea Change at Annapolis: The United States Naval Academy, 1949-2000 U of North Carolina Press, 2006
• Karsten, Peter. The Naval Aristocracy: The Golden Age of Annapolis and the Emergence of Modern American Navalism. Free Press, 1972. 462 pp.
• Ross MacKenzie. Brief Points: An Almanac for Parents and Friends of U.S. Naval Academy Midshipmen (2004)
• Todorich, Charles. The Spirited Years: A History of the Antebellum Naval Academy. Naval Institute Press, 1982. 215 pp.
• 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.

External links

• The United States Naval Academy's official Web site
• United States Naval Academy Alumni Association Website
• United States Naval Academy Sports
• Regulations of the US Naval Academy 1875
• Sceintific American photos from 5/6/1899

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