Ubuntu

Ubuntu
Ubuntu.png
Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
Company / developer Canonical Ltd. / Ubuntu Foundation
OS family Unix-like
Working state Current
Source model Free Software / Open source
Initial release October 20, 2004 (2004-10-20)
Latest stable release 8.10 / October 30 2008 (2008-10-30); 362 days ago[1]
Available language(s) Multilingual (more than 55)
Update method APT
Package manager APT, with several front-ends
Supported platforms x86, AMD64, PS3[c], HPPA[c], ARM, UltraSPARC[a], PowerPC[b], IA-64[d]
Kernel type Monolithic
Default user interface GNOME (variants differ)
License Various, primarily GPL and GFDL
Website www.ubuntu.com

Ubuntu (IPA: [uːˈbuːntuː] in English,[2] [ùɓúntú] in Zulu) is a free operating system based on Debian, a popular Linux distribution. Its name comes from the Zulu word "ubuntu", loosely translated as "humanity", describing the ubuntu philosophy: "I am who I am because of those around me," a positive aspect of community. Ubuntu's goals include providing an up-to-date, stable operating system for the average user, with a strong focus on usability and ease of installation. Ubuntu has been rated as the most popular Linux distribution for the desktop, claiming approximately 30% of desktop Linux installations in a survey by desktoplinux.com.[3]

Ubuntu is free and open source software, meaning it is free to download and use without monetary charge and is free to be modified and improved upon. Ubuntu is sponsored by the UK-based company Canonical Ltd, owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. Instead of selling Ubuntu for profit, Canonical creates revenue by selling technical support. By keeping Ubuntu free and open source, Canonical is able to take advantage of the talents of outside developers in projects such as Linux, Debian, GNU, X.org, etc., without developing the entire operating system themselves.

Canonical endorses and provides support for four additional Ubuntu-based distributions: Kubuntu and Xubuntu, which use KDE and Xfce, respectively, as a desktop environment, replacing the default GNOME system used by Ubuntu; Edubuntu, a subproject and add-on for Ubuntu, designed for school environments and home use;[4] and Ubuntu JeOS (pronounced "Juice"), a stripped-down version of Ubuntu, optimized for virtual appliances.[5]

Canonical releases new versions of Ubuntu every six months and supports Ubuntu for eighteen months by submitting security fixes, patches to critical bugs and including minor updates to programs. LTS (Long Term Support) releases, which occur every two years,[6] are supported for three years on the desktop and five years for servers.[7] The current version of Ubuntu, Intrepid Ibex, was released on October 30, 2008.

Contents

History and development process

Ubuntu was initially forked from the Debian project's code base.[8] The aim was to release a new version of Ubuntu every six months, resulting in a more frequently updated system. Ubuntu's first release was on 2004-10-20.[9]

Ubuntu releases always include the most recent GNOME release, and come out about a month after GNOME.[10] In contrast to previous general-purpose forks of Debian — such as MEPIS, Xandros, Linspire, Progeny and Libranet, many of which relied on proprietary and closed source add-ons as part of their business model — Ubuntu has stayed closer to Debian's philosophy and uses free (libre) software, making an exception only for some proprietary hardware drivers.[11]

The Ubuntu logo and typography has remained the same since that first release. The hand-drawn,[12] lowercase OpenType font used is called Ubuntu-Title and was created by Andy Fitzsimon.[13] The font is distributed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) and use with logos derived from the Ubuntu logo is encouraged.[13] The font is available as a package for Ubuntu.[13]

Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's unstable branch: both distributions use Debian's deb package format and package management tools, APT and Synaptic, although Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, and may need to be rebuilt from source.[14] Ubuntu cooperates with Debian — to some extent pushing changes back to Debian,[15] although there has been criticism concerning lack of occurrence.[16] Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. However, Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, criticized Ubuntu packages for incompatibilities with Debian, saying Ubuntu had diverged too far from Debian Sarge to remain compatible.[16]

Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On July 8, 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical Ltd announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation as an emergency fund in case Canonical's involvement ends.[17]

Before release, packages are imported from Debian Unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. A month before release, imports are frozen, and soon after a feature freeze is instated, which allows for packages to work on ensuring that the current software works well, rather than supporting the moving target that is Unstable.

Ubuntu 8.04, released on April 24, 2008, is the current Long Term Support (LTS) release. Canonical has released previous LTS versions every two years, and has committed to releasing the next LTS version in 2010, two years after 8.04.[18][19][20] Meanwhile, the current standard-support period release, Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex), was released on October 30, 2008.

Vendor support

A number of vendors offer computers with Ubuntu pre-installed. Dell and Tesco[21] have provided this option since 2007, while System 76 has done so since November 2005.[22] Dell and System76 customers are able to choose between 30-day, three-month, and yearly Ubuntu support plans through Canonical.[23] Dell offers Ubuntu-driven computers for sale in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, Spain, and Latin America.[24] In addition to the standard Ubuntu installation, select Dell machines running Ubuntu 7.10 and 8.04 come with proprietary, legal DVD playback capabilities using LinDVD.[25]. Dell computers running Ubuntu 8.04 include extra support for ATI Video Graphics, Dell Wireless, Fingerprint Readers, HDMI, Bluetooth and MP3/WMA/WMV. [26]

Features

A screenshot of Ubuntu 6.06 LTS, showing the Dawn of Ubuntu wallpaper

Ubuntu focuses on usability,[27] including the widespread use of the sudo tool for administrative tasks.[28] The Ubiquity installer allows installing Ubuntu to the hard disk from within the Live CD environment without the need for restarting the computer prior to installation. Ubuntu also emphasizes accessibility and internationalization, to reach as many people as possible. Beginning with 5.04, UTF-8 became the default character encoding,[29] which allows for support of a variety of non-Roman scripts. The default appearance of the user interface in the current version is called Human and is characterized by shades of brown and orange.

The most recent version of Ubuntu comes installed with a wide range of software including the OpenOffice.org productivity suite, the internet browser Firefox, the instant messenger Pidgin (formerly known as Gaim), the BitTorrent client Transmission, and the raster graphics editor GIMP. Several lightweight card, puzzle, and board games are pre-installed, such as Sudoku and chess. Ubuntu has all networking ports closed by default for added security; its firewall offers fine-grained control of incoming and outgoing connections. GNOME 2.22—the default desktop environment of Ubuntu 8.04—offers support for 46 languages.[30] There are numerous ways to install Ubuntu, outlined below.[31]

Live CD

Installation of Ubuntu is generally performed with the Live CD, which presents the system to the user as it would run off the drive (albeit with a performance hit from loading applications off the disk). This is particularly useful in testing for hardware compatibility and driver support. The CD also contains the Ubiquity installer,[32] which guides the user through the permanent installation process. CD images of all current and past versions are available for download at the Ubuntu web site. Installing from the CD requires a minimum of 256 MB RAM. Users can download a disk image of the CD which can then be written to a physical medium, or run from a hard drive via UNetbootin.

Canonical offers Ubuntu, Kubuntu and Edubuntu installation CDs at no cost, including paid postage for destinations in most countries around the world, via a service called ShipIt.[33] Xubuntu is not offered due to lack of demand.[34] After a request for CDs is made and approved, disks are sent via post. Delivery is estimated at six to ten weeks.[35]

A Microsoft Windows migration tool was introduced in April 2007, when Ubuntu 7.04 was released.[36] The new migration tool, called Migration Assistant, imports Windows users' bookmarks, desktop background (wallpaper), and various settings for immediate use in the Ubuntu installation.[37]

Ubuntu and Kubuntu can be booted and run from a USB Flash drive, with the option of saving settings to the flashdrive or running without saving settings. This allows a portable installation that can be run on any PC which is capable of booting from a USB drive.[38]

Wubi, which is included on the Live CD, allows the distribution to be installed on a virtual loop device. This requires no partitioning of a user's hard drive, allowing them to install Ubuntu to a file on their Windows drive. Wubi also makes use of the Migration Assistant to import users' settings. Wubi was initially developed as an independent project, and as such versions 7.04 and 7.10 were released separately from Ubuntu. Wubi was later merged with Ubuntu, and can be found in the Ubuntu Live CD as of the 8.04 release.[39] A related program, USB creator, makes it possible to install Ubuntu on a USB drive, but without the need of burning a disc.

Remastering

See also: List of remastering software

Canonical encourages remasters of the Ubuntu Live CD , which some refer to as a "Custom Spin".[40] Various programs exist to aid in this process, such as remastersys and Reconstructor.

Alternate installation

Default login screen for Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron)'s server edition

Canonical also supports an alternate, non-live installation method, the Alternate CD. The alternate install CD is an installation disk designed for specialist Ubuntu configurations by providing a text-based (rather than graphical) installation. It allows for the creation of pre-configured OEM systems, the upgrading of older installations without network access, and installation on systems with less than 320 MB of RAM. The CD also allows the setup of LVM and/or RAID partitions, as well as the encryption of partitions using dm-crypt. The alternate install CD is not a Live CD.

Ubuntu can also be installed over a network via the network install CD. The network install CD installs Ubuntu directly from an Ubuntu mirror. Installation from the network ensures that installed packages are up-to-date at the time of installation, as opposed to having to be updated afterwards. The network install CD contains only the kernel to start the text-based installation.[41]

The final alternate installation method is used to install Ubuntu Server. The server install CD contains all packages needed for installation without a network connection. The server installation does not install a graphical user interface for the OS.

Package classification and support

Ubuntu 8.04 CD

Ubuntu divides all software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available.[42] They are as follows:

free software non-free software
supported Main Restricted
unsupported Universe Multiverse

Free software here includes only software that meets the Ubuntu licensing requirements,[43] which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. There is one exception for the Main category, however — it contains firmware and fonts which are not allowed to be modified, but are included because their distribution is otherwise unencumbered.[44]

Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for very important non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, since the developers may not have access to the source code. It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a general-use Linux system. Alternative programs for the same tasks and programs for specialized applications are placed in the Universe and Multiverse categories.

In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive new features after an initial release, Ubuntu Backports is an officially recognized project to backport newer software from later versions of Ubuntu.[45] The repository is not comprehensive; it consists primarily of user-requested packages, which are approved if they meet quality guidelines. Backports receives no support at all from Canonical, and is entirely community-maintained.

Availability of third-party software

See also: Linux distribution#Proprietary software, Medibuntu, and Getdeb

Ubuntu has a certification system for third party software.[46] Some third-party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package ubuntu-restricted-extras additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for MP3 and DVD playback, Microsoft TrueType core fonts, Sun's Java runtime environment, Adobe's Flash Player plugin, many common audio/video codecs, and unrar, an unarchiver for files compressed in the RAR file format.

Although Ultamatix (based on the old Automatix) can also install many popular items of software that may be difficult to install in other ways, it shares the same basic flaws that may render the system unusable.[47][48]

Releases

Main article: List of Ubuntu releases

The Ubuntu project makes two releases per year, using the year and month of the release as a version number. The first Ubuntu release, for example, was Ubuntu 4.10 and was released on October 20, 2004.[49] Consequently, version numbers for future versions are provisional; if the release is delayed until a different month to that planned, the version number changes accordingly.

Ubuntu releases are also given code names, using an adjective and an animal with the same first letter e.g: "Dapper Drake" and "Intrepid Ibex". With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer. Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name.[50]

Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases, which are in turn about one month after releases of X.org. Consequently, every Ubuntu release comes with a newer version of both GNOME and X. Release 6.06—and recently 8.04—have been labeled as a Long Term Support (LTS), to indicate support with updates for three years on the desktop and five years on the server, with paid technical support available from Canonical Ltd.[51]

Variants

See also: List of Ubuntu-based distributions
Kubuntu 8.04 KDE4 desktop

Several official and unofficial Ubuntu variants exist. These Ubuntu variants simply install a set of packages different from the original Ubuntu, but, since they draw additional packages and updates from the same repositories as Ubuntu, all of the same software is available for each of them. Unofficial variants and derivatives are not controlled or guided by Canonical and are generally forks with different goals in mind. These different versions correspond to development efforts run by largely separate groups of people who try to bring different functionalities to the distribution, such as increased stability and/or usability for differing end-user needs implemented through various default program configurations and user interface customizations. The official sister distributions are:[52]

System requirements

The desktop version of Ubuntu currently supports the Intel x86 and the AMD64 architectures. Some server releases also support the SPARC architecture[57].[58] Unofficial support is available for the PowerPC,[59] IA-64 (Itanium) and PlayStation 3 architectures.

The minimum system requirements for a desktop installation are a 300 MHz x86 processor, 64 MB of RAM, 4 GB of hard drive space,[60] and a video card which supports VGA at 640x480 resolution. The recommended system requirements for the desktop installation are a 700 MHz x86 processor, 384 MB of RAM, 8 GB of hard drive space,[60] and a video card which supports VGA at 1024×768 resolution. The server installation requires a 300 MHz x86 processor, 64 MB of RAM,[61] and a video card which supports VGA at 640×480. Computers that do not meet the minimum recommended system requirements are suggested to try Xubuntu, based on Xfce.[62]

Desktop & Laptop[63] Server[63]
Required Recommended
Processor 300 MHz(x86) 700 MHz(x86) 300 MHz (x86)
Memory 64 MB 384 MB* 64 MB[61]
Hard drive capacity 4 GB[60] 8 GB[60] 500 MB[61]
Video card VGA @ 640x480 VGA @ 1024x768 VGA @ 640x480

* - With compositing effects enabled

Response

In an August 2007 survey of 38,500 visitors on DesktopLinux.com, Ubuntu was the most popular distribution with 30.3% of respondents claiming to use it.[3]

Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London,[64] has been favorably reviewed in online and print publications,[65][66][67] and has won InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award for Best Open Source Client OS.[68]

Mark Shuttleworth indicated at least eight million people used Ubuntu by the end of 2006, resulting in a large up-spring of non-Canonical websites.[69]

Ubuntu has also received negative assessments. Ars Technica reviewed the initial release of Ubuntu 8.04 and concluded that while it was a clear improvement over Ubuntu 7.10, some flaws significantly detracted from the quality of the user experience.[70] Specifically, Ars Technica felt that Transmission (a BitTorrent client) was too simple for BitTorrent power users, that the default search system Tracker was inferior to Beagle and that the PulseAudio configuration that shipped was buggy[70] (a view shared by Pulseaudio creator Lennart Poettering, who states, "Ubuntu didn't exactly do a stellar job [adopting PulseAudio]. They didn't do their homework"[71]). PC World criticized the lack of an integrated desktop effects manager, although this did not prevent them from naming Ubuntu the "best all-around Linux distribution available today".[72] ChannelWeb criticized the Wubi installer in 8.04, noting that it hung after the installation was complete.[73] ChannelWeb also noted that while they were able to connect to Microsoft Active Directories, the process was not seamless.[73] In their preview of Ubuntu 8.04 InfoWorld stated that they felt Brasero's CD/DVD burning was lackluster as compared to similar pay-to-use programs available for Windows or Mac OS X.[74]

The Wikimedia Foundation's 350 servers now run Ubuntu 6.06 and 8.04 having previously run on Red Hat and Fedora.[75][76][77]

See also

Footnotes

  • a  The UltraSPARC and UltraSPARC T1 platforms are only supported by the Server Edition. Ubuntu 7.10 was that last Ubuntu release to support the UltraSPARC and UltraSPARC T1 platforms, From 8.04 onwards the SPARC release is only available from the Ubuntu ports archive.
  • b  Edgy Eft (6.10) was the last version to officially support the PowerPC architecture; newer PowerPC version is now community supported. Dapper Drake (6.06) is still officially supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server.
  • c  PowerPC, HPPA, PS3, and SPARC ports for Intrepid available here
  • d  PowerPC, HPPA, IA-64, and SPARC ports for Hardy available here.

References

  1. ↑ Intrepid Ibex released
  2. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". Ubuntu. Retrieved on 2008-05-13.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "2007 Desktop Linux Market survey" (2007-08-21). Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  4. ↑ "Edubuntu - Frequently asked questions". Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  5. ↑ Krishnamurti, Srinivas. "Get Juiced!". Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  6. ↑ Shuttleworth, Mark. "» Blog Archive » The Art of Release". Retrieved on 2008-05-13.
  7. ↑ "Ubuntu 8.04 LTS Desktop Edition Released". www.ubuntu.com. Retrieved on 2008-05-13.
  8. ↑ "ubuntu/history "The Ubuntu Story"". Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  9. ↑ "Time Based Releases". Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  10. ↑ "Releases". Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  11. ↑ "Our Philosophy". Canonical Ltd. Retrieved on 2008-08-19. "Currently, we make a specific exception for some "drivers" which are only available in binary form [..]"
  12. ↑ "Anyone know what font the Ubuntu Logo uses?". Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "UbuntuTitle". Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  14. ↑ "Mark Shuttleworth on binary compatibility". Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  15. ↑ "ubuntu/relationship "Website does not reference Debian visibly"". Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Ubuntu vs. Debian, reprise" (2005-04-20). Retrieved on 2007-10-21.
  17. ↑ Hill, Benjamin Mako (2005-07-08). "Announcing Launch of ($10 m) Ubuntu Foundation". Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  18. ↑ Manchester, Phil (2008-05-13). "Next Ubuntu LTS in 2010, unless Linuxes synchronize". The Register. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. "He [Shuttleworth] also pledged to deliver the next Long Term Support (LTS) release of Ubuntu, version 10.4, in April 2010[...]."
  19. ↑ Voicu, Daniel (2008-05-19). "Mark Shuttleworth Wants Synchronicity between Linux Distributions - Collaboration between major distros would bring a lot of benefits". Softpedia. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. "Shuttleworth wrote that the next LTS release, Ubuntu 10.4 LTS, would be launched in April 2010[...]."
  20. ↑ Shuttleworth, Mark (2008-05-12). "The Art of Release". here be dragons. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. "As a result, we can commit that the next LTS release of Ubuntu will be 10.04 LTS, in April 2010."
  21. ↑ "Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys ePC". Tesco. Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  22. ↑ "Ubuntu Customers". Dell, Inc. Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  23. ↑ "System76 announces servers with Ubuntu 7.10 and Canonical support services". Canonical Ltd.. Retrieved on 2008-03-05.
  24. ↑ "Ubuntu on Dell". Canonical Ltd.. Retrieved on 2008-02-24.
  25. ↑ "Dell announces Ubuntu 7.10 PCs with DVD playback (UPDATED)". DesktopLinux. Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  26. ↑ "Your Blog » Blog Archive » Dell Upgrades Consumer Linux PCs to Ubuntu 8.04". Dell.com. Retrieved on 2008-09-13.
  27. ↑ "About Ubuntu". Canonical Ltd.. Retrieved on 2006-04-25.
  28. ↑ "RootSudo". Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  29. ↑ "5.04 Release Notes". Canonical Ltd. (2005-04-08). Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  30. ↑ "GNOME 2.22 Release Notes - Internationalization". GNOME Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  31. ↑ "Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron)". Canonical Ltd.. Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  32. ↑ "Installing Ubuntu from the Live CD". Integrity Enterprises. Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  33. ↑ "Shipit - free shipment of Ubuntu CDs". Canonical Ltd.. Retrieved on 2006-04-26.
  34. ↑ "No shipit for xubuntu". Launchpad.net. Retrieved on 2008-06-10.
  35. ↑ "ShipIt Questions". Canonical Ltd.. Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  36. ↑ "Ubuntu 7.04 Adds a Migration Tool". Integrity Enterprises. Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  37. ↑ "Migration Assistant in Launchpad". Launchpad.net. Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  38. ↑ "Ubuntu 8.10 Persistent Flash Drive Installation". Pendrivelinux.com.
  39. ↑ "Wubi - Ubuntu Installer for Windows". Sourceforge. Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
  40. ↑ "Infrastructure/CustomSpins".
  41. ↑ Edwards, Christer. "How To Install Ubuntu Locally Over The Network". Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  42. ↑ "ubuntu/components". Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  43. ↑ "ubuntu/licensing". Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  44. ↑ "ubuntu/components". Canonical Ltd.. Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  45. ↑ "UbuntuBackports". UbuntuForums. Retrieved on 2006-03-16.
  46. ↑ "partners/certification/software". Canonical Ltd.. Retrieved on 2006-03-16.
  47. ↑ "mjg59: Ultamatix". mjg59.livejournal.com.
  48. ↑ "mjg59: Anyway, back to pure Linux stuff. A whil". mjg59.livejournal.com.
  49. ↑ Shuttleworth, Mark (2004-10-20). "Ubuntu 4.10 announcement". ubuntu-announce mailing list. Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  50. ↑ "DevelopmentCodeNames - Ubuntu Wiki". Wiki.ubuntu.com. Retrieved on 2008-10-19.
  51. ↑ Zimmerman, Matt. "Announcing Beta release of Ubuntu 6.06 LTS". Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  52. ↑ "Other Ubuntus". Integrity Enterprises. Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  53. ↑ "Ubuntu JeOS 7.10 released". Retrieved on 2008-06-10.
  54. ↑ "Ubuntu Mobile". Retrieved on 2008-06-10.
  55. ↑ "Ubuntu to announce its mobile Linux in June". Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  56. ↑ "Ubuntu Netbook Remix". Retrieved on 2008-06-10.
  57. ↑ "Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon)". Retrieved on 2008-06-13.
  58. ↑ "Ubuntu to Support Sun 'Niagara' Platform".
  59. ↑ "Technical Board Decision - February 2007". Retrieved on 2008-06-13.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 "Ubuntu Desktop Edition". Retrieved on 2008-06-13.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 "Preparing to Install". Retrieved on 2008-06-13.
  62. ↑ "Get Xubuntu". Retrieved on 2008-06-13.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "Ubuntu System Requirements". Retrieved on 2008-06-13.
  64. ↑ "LinuxWorld Expo UK 2005" (PDF). Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  65. ↑ "Ubuntu - A New Approach to Desktop Linux". Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  66. ↑ "Linux in Government: Linux Desktop Reviews, Part 6 - Ubuntu". Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  67. ↑ McAllister, Neil (January 2008), "Gutsy Gibbon: Desktop Linux OS Made Easy", PC World 26 (1): 84, http://www.pcworld.com/article/138884/first_look_ubuntu_710_desktop_linux.html, retrieved on 2008-08-19 
  68. ↑ "Best of open source in platforms and middleware". Retrieved on 2008-06-13.
  69. ↑ "Linux: Ubuntu Founder On Desktop Innovation". Retrieved on 2008-06-13.
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Paul, Ryan (2008-05-07). "The heron has landed: a review of Ubuntu 8.04". Ars Technica. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved on 2008-06-08.
  71. ↑ Lennart Poettering. "PulseAudio FUD".
  72. ↑ Strohmeyer, Robert (2008-06-02). "Desktop Linux Face-Off: Ubuntu 8.04 vs. Fedora 9". PC World. International Data Group. Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Rashid, Fahmida Y. (2008-04-24). "Review: Why Ubuntu 'Hardy Heron' Wins Laurels". ChannelWeb. United Business Media LLC. Retrieved on 2008-06-12.
  74. ↑ McAllister, Neil (2008-03-24). "Ubuntu 8.04 beta: an agile upgrade: The latest build of everyone's favorite open source desktop OS features better performance, Active Directory integration, and seamless installation from Windows". InfoWorld. International Data Group. Retrieved on 2008-06-12.
  75. ↑ "Wikipedia dumps Red Hat for Ubuntu". Timothy Prickett Morgan. The Register (2008-10-13). Retrieved on 2008-10-14.
  76. ↑ Todd R. Weiss (October 9, 2008 (Computerworld)). "Wikipedia simplifies IT infrastructure by moving to one Linux vendor". Computerworld.com. Retrieved on 2008-10-19.
  77. ↑ "Wikipedia adopts Ubuntu for its server infrastructure". Arstechnica.com. Retrieved on 2008-10-19.

Further reading

External links

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