Twelve Olympians

The Twelve Olympians by Monsiau, circa late 18th century.

The Twelve Olympians, also known as the Dodekatheon (Greek: Δωδεκάθεον < δωδεκα, dodeka, "twelve" + θεον, theon, "of the gods"), in Greek mythology, were the principal gods of the Greek pantheon, residing atop Mount Olympus. The first ancient reference of religious ceremonies for the 12 Olympians is found in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes. The classical scheme of the Twelve Olympians (the Canonical Twelve of art and poetry) comprises the following gods: Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Hestia. The respective Roman scheme comprises the following gods: Jupiter, Juno, Neptune, Ceres, Mars, Mercury, Vulcan, Venus, Minerva, Apollo, Diana and Vesta.^[1]

There was, however, a great deal of fluidity when it came to who was counted among their number in antiquity.^[2] Around 400 BC Herodorus included in his Dodekatheon the following deities: Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Athena, Hermes, Apollo, Alpheus, Cronus, Rhea and the Charites.^[3] Wilamowitz agrees with Herodorus' version of the 12.^[4]

Herodotus includes Heracles as one of the Twelve.^[5] Lucian also includes Heracles, and also includes Asklepios, as members of the Twelve, without explaining which two had to give way for them. At Kos, Heracles and Dionysus are added to the Twelve, and Ares and Hephaestus are left behind.^[6] However, Pindar, Apollodorus,^[7] and Herodorus disagree with this. For them Heracles is not one of the Twelve Gods, but the one who established their cult.^[3]

Plato connected the Twelve Olympians with the twelve months, and proposed that the final month be devoted to rites in honor of Pluto and the spirits of the dead, implying that he considered Hades, one of the basic chthonic deities, to be one of the Twelve.^[8] Hades is phased out in later groupings due to his chthonic associations.^[9] In Phaedrus Plato aligns the Twelve with the Zodiac and would exclude Hestia from their rank.^[10]

Hestia is sometimes displaced by Dionysus.^[9] Hebe, Helios and Persephone are other important gods, goddesses, which are sometimes included in a group of twelve.

The Twelve Olympians gained their supremacy in the world of gods after Zeus led his siblings to victory in war with the Titans. Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Hestia, and Hades were siblings. Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, the Charites, Heracles, Dionysus, Hebe, and Persephone were children of Zeus. Although some versions of the myth state that Hephaestus was born of Hera alone.

Detail

Classical Olympians

Greek Name	Roman Name	Statue	God(dess) Of...	Generation
Zeus	Jupiter		King of the Gods and ruler of Mount Olympus; god of the sky, thunder, and justice.	First
Hera	Juno		Queen of the Gods and of the heavens; goddess of women, marriage, and motherhood.	First
Poseidon	Neptune		Lord of the Sea; god of the seas, earthquakes, created horses.	First
Demeter	Ceres		Goddess of fertility, agriculture, nature, and the seasons.	First
Hestia	Vesta		Goddess of the hearth and home (left so Dionysus could be in the twelve).	First
Aphrodite	Venus		Goddess of love, beauty, desire, and fertility.	Second
Apollo	Apollo		The Sun God; god of light, healing, music, poetry, prophecy, archery and truth.	Second
Ares	Mars		God of war, frenzy, hatred, and bloodshed.	Second
Artemis	Diana		Goddess of the hunt, of maidens, and the moon.	Second
Athena	Minerva		Goddess of wisdom, crafts, and strategic battle.	Second
Dionysus	Liber		God of wine, parties, and merriment (Became an Olympian when Hestia left).	Second
Hephaestus	Vulcan		Blacksmith to the Gods; god of fire and the forges.	Second
Hermes	Mercury		Messenger of the Gods; god of commerce, speed, thieves, and trade.	Second

Other definitions

These are not included in the classical list of the Twelve Olympians, but they are sometimes included in other lists of the Twelve Olympians, as noted above.

• Alpheus - A river-god.
• Asklepios - God of medicine and healing.
• the Charites - Goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity and fertility.
• Cronus - Titan; father of Zeus.
• Hades - Lord of the Dead; god of the Underworld and earthly (gems and precious metals) wealth.
• Hebe - Goddess of youth, and cupbearer.
• Helios - Titan; Personification of the Sun.
• Heracles - Greatest hero of the Greek myths.
• Persephone - Goddess of the spring and death, daughter of Demeter.
• Rhea - Titaness; mother of Zeus.

Close to the Olympians

• Bia - Personification of violence.
• Cratos - Personification of power.
• Dione - Mother of Aphrodite by Zeus.
• Eileithyia - Goddess of childbirth; daughter of Hera and Zeus.
• Eos - Personification of Dawn.
• Eris - Goddess of Discord.
• Eros - God of lust and desire.
• Ganymede - Cupbearer of the gods palace at Olympus.
• Horae - Wardens of Olympus.
• Iris - Personification of the Rainbow, also the messenger of Olympus along with Hermes.
• Leto - Titaness; the mother of Apollo and Artemis.
• Morpheus - God of Dreams.
• Muses - Nine ladies of science and arts.
• Nemesis - Greek goddess of retribution and revenge.
• Nike - Goddess of victory.
• Pan - God of the wild, shepherds, nature, and animals.
• Paean - Universal healer.
• Perseus - Zeus' son, one of the greatest heroes in all of Greek mythology.
• Selene - Titaness; Personification of the Moon.
• Zelus - Emulation.

See also

• Ancient Greek religion
• Family tree of the Greek gods
• Greek mythology
• List of Greek mythological characters
• Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes
• Dii Consentes (its equivalent on the pantheon of Ancient Rome)

References

External links

• List of 12 Olympians
• Summary of main gods of Pantheon
• Dodekatheon Information Page