Tenedos
- For the ant spider genus, see Tenedos (genus). For the 19th century fort in Zululand, see Fort Tenedos
| Bozcaada Tenedos / Τένεδος |
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  Bozcaada
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| Coordinates: | |
| Country |  Turkey |
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| Region | Marmara |
| Province | Çanakkale |
| Government | |
| - Mayor | Mustafa Mutay (Motherland Party) |
| Area [1] | |
| - Total | 37.6 km² (14.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2000)[4] | |
| - Total | 2,427 |
| - Density | 65/km² (168.3/sq mi) |
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) |
| - Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) |
| Postal code | 17x xx |
| Area code(s) | 0286 |
| Licence plate | 17 |
| Website: [5] | |
Tenedos, officially referred to as Bozcaada in Turkey (Turkish: Bozcaada or Bozca ada, Greek: Τένεδος, Tenedhos) is a small island in the Aegean Sea, part of the Bozcaada district of Çanakkale province in Turkey. Bozcaada/Tenedos has a population of about 2,500. The main industries are fishing and tourism. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. The population is mostly Turkish but there are still about 30 ethnic Greeks on the island.
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Geography
Bozcaada is roughly triangular shaped. Its area is 39 km2 (15 sq mi).[2] It is surrounded by small islets. It is situated close to the entrance of Dardanelles.
History
Antiquity
Tenedos was already an established sanctuary of Apollo in the eighth century BC, as shown by the Homeric formula for the god: "Lord Supreme of Tenedos" (Iliad I).
According to Greek mythology, the name "Tenedos" is derived from the eponymous hero Tenes, who ruled the island at the time of the Trojan War and was killed by Achilles; Philoctetes was abandoned on Tenedos. In Virgil's Aeneid, Tenedos is described as the island in whose bay the Achaeans hid their fleet near the end of the Trojan War in order to trick the Trojans into believing the war was over and allowing the Trojans to take the Trojan Horse within their city walls.
In ancient Greek history, there was an Aeolian settlement on Tenedos; it was conquered by Persian Empire, there was a naval battle between C. Valerius Triarius and Mithridates' fleet off the island. In Pausanias' time, Tenedos was subject to Alexandria Troas.
Athenaeus remarks on the beauty of the women of Tenedos, and on its marjoram; Pindar also loved Theoxenus of Tenedos.[3]
Late middle ages
During the civil war between the Byzantine Emperors John V Palaeologus and his father-in-law John Cantacuzene, or John VI, John V took refuge on Tenedos during the winter of 1352-3, when Cantacuzene held most of the rest of the Empire, or what was left of it. John V won the war in 1354, and spent most of the rest of his long reign begging from the West.
In 1362, the Venetians offered to pay the Emperor's debts and lead an alliance against the Turks in exchange for Tenedos, but John V refused to cede the island which had been loyal to him. In 1370, however, he travelled to Italy to appeal to the Pope and Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy; he found himself broke in Venice, and agreed to cede Tenedos this time, in exchange for his debts, more money, and the Byzantine crown jewels, which had already been pledged; but his eldest son, Andronicus, regent in Constantinople during his absence, refused to give up the island. His second son, Manuel, paid off his creditors next year.
In 1376, this time from Constantinople, John V sold Tenedos to the Venetians again; in the meantime Andronicus had rebelled against his father and been defeated, imprisoned, and blinded in one eye. The Genoese freed Andronicus, and he deposed his father this time, becoming Andronicus IV; he then sold Tenedos to the Genoese. The garrison of Tenedos refused to go along with this, and sold Tenedos to the Venetians. This provoked the War of Chioggia between John V and Venetians, on one side, and Andronicus and the Genoese on the other.
The war ended in a draw, in 1381; John was to be Emperor, and Andronicus his heir. Pope Urban VI mediated between the two cities, and decided that Tenedos would belong to neither, but be laid waste;[4] 4000 Greek islanders from Tenedos were resettled in Crete and Euboea.[5] The Spanish traveller Clavijo visited the island in 1401, and wrote that it was deserted, but he found many vineyards, fruit trees, rabbits and the ruins of a great castle.[6] Another Spanish traveller, Pero Tafur, visited the island in 1437 and found it deserted, with many rabbits, the vineyards covering the island still uncultivated, but the port well-maintained. He mentions frequent Turkish attacks on shipping in the harbor, now that the Castle no longer existed.[7]
Ottoman rule
In the middle of 15th century, during the reign of Mehmet II, the Ottoman navy used the island as a supply base. The Venetians, realizing the strategic importance of island, deployed forces on it. In 1464, Ottoman Admiral Mahmud Pasha recaptured the island. During the Ottoman regime, the island was repopulated (by granting a tax exemption) and reengaged with its traditional economic activities. Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi wrote in the 16th century that the finest wines in the world were being produced in Bozcaada.[8] Ottomans rebuilt the castle as well. Bozcaada, the name of the island in Turkish, is attested from the 16th century map of Piri Reis.
The Venetians were able to control the island for a brief period once more. After the Battle of the Dardanelles in 1657, the Ottoman Empire took it back. In the 19th century Russians repeatedly captured Bozcaada during the Russo-Turkish Wars and they used it as their military base to achieve the victories at the Dardanelles and Athos; but they could not hold it.
The Ottomans adopted the Byzantine practice of using islands as places for the internal exile of state prisoners, such as Constantine Mourousis.
Between Turkey and Greece
The island is close to Anatolia (the Asian mainland), and it had been ethnically divided between Greeks and Turks since the 14th century. The division was more or less equal when counts were taken.
Because of their strategic position near the Dardanelles, the western powers, particularly Britain, insisted at the end of the Balkan Wars in 1913 that the islands of Tenedos and Imbros should be retained by the Ottoman Empire when the other Aegean islands were ceded to Greece.
In 1920, following the WWI, the Treaty of Sèvres with the defeated Ottoman Empire granted the island to Greece, who joined the war in Allies' side in May 1917. The Ottoman government, which signed but did not ratify the treaty, was overthrown by the new Turkish Government of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, based in Ankara, which was not party to the treaty. After the Turkish War of Independence ended in Greek defeat in Anatolia, and the fall of Lloyd George and his Middle Eastern policies, the western powers agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne with the new Turkish Republic, in 1923. This treaty made Tenedos and Imbros part of Turkey; and it guaranteed a special autonomous administrative status there to accommodate the Greeks, and excluded them from the population exchange that took place between Greece and Turkey, due to their presence there as a majority. The treaty also provided for the rights of Greeks remaining in Turkey, and declared such rights fundamental laws unalterable by Turkish law or administrative decree, an international matter, to be amended only with the consent of a majority of the Council of the League of Nations.
However shortly after the Civil Law legislation of 17 February 1926 (Medeni Kanun), the rights accorded to minorities in Turkey were revoked, in violation of the Lausanne Treaty.[9]
The Greek population
In all likelihood, the island was inhabited primarily by ethnic Greeks from ancient times through to around the middle of the twentieth century except for a hiatus of nearly half a century at the end of 14th - beginning of 15th century after Venetians evacuated it. Because precise census records are a recent phenomenon, the detailed historic ethnic makeup of the islands must remain a matter of conjecture; however, a census taken under Greek rule in 1922 showed a bare majority of Greek inhabitants on Tenedos. The Greek Orthodox Church had a strong presence on the island.
Article 14 of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) exempted Imbros and Tenedos from the large-scale population exchange that took place between Greece and Turkey, and required Turkey to accommodate the local Greek majority and their rights. Specifically:
The islands of Imbros and Tenedos, remaining under Turkish sovereignty, shall enjoy a special administrative organisation composed of local elements and furnishing every guarantee for the native non-Moslem population in so far as concerns local administration and the protection of persons and property. The maintenance of order will be assured therein by a police force recruited from amongst the local population by the local administration above provided for and placed under its orders.
Subsequently, the islands were to be largely autonomous and self-governing, with their own police force. Turkish policy consistently undermined both the spirit and letter of this commitment: Schools were required to teach exclusively in Turkish, and the local Greek population was marginalized in multiple ways.
Large numbers of mainland Turks were settled on the two islands, and Greek property was expropriated by the Turkish government, which asserted security concerns. The adequacy of the compensation is disputed. Guarantees that were made to all the Greek inhabitants of Turkey in the Treaty of Lausanne were ignored, and the Turkish government implemented a policy of intimidation.
While the Cyprus dispute between Greece and Turkey escalated in the 1960s, the situation of the Greeks of the two islands continually deteriorated. These events have led to the Greeks emigrating from both islands. There remains only a very small Greek community on Tenedos today, comprising several dozen mostly elderly people. Most of the former Greeks of Imbros and Tenedos are in diaspora in Greece, the United States, and Australia.[10]
Economy
Traditional economical activities are fishing and wine production. Most of the cultivated lands are covered with vineyards. Grape harvest festivities are held on 26-27 July.
Tourism was an important activity since 1970's but it developed rapidly from 1990's onwards. Long and fine beaches and the historical town of the island attract Turkish and foreign tourists. Residents hire parts of their houses as pensions. There also are small hotels.
Red poppies of the island are used to produce small quantities of sharbat and jam.
In year 2000, a wind farm of 17 turbines was erected at the western cape. It produces 10.2 MW energy, much more than the need of island. Excess power is transferred to mainland Anatolia.
Miscellaneous
- Bozcaada is the only rural district (ilçe) of Turkey without any villages. It has only one major settlement, Bozcaada town center.
- One well known islander born in the modern times is 19th century Ottoman Naval Minister Bozcaadalı Hasan Hüsnü Pasha, who founded the Naval Museum of Istanbul, built a library and a mosque and a hammam for women in that city.[11]
Notes
- ↑ including the 17 islets of various sizes surrounding it
- ↑ Bozcaada - Encyclopedia.com
- ↑ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 13, 609-10; 1, 28. LCL Vol VI, 285-7; I, 123. Marjoram is Prof. Gulick's version of origanon. Theoxenus, and the lyric of Pindar, are at 13, 601 (VI, 239-241)
- ↑ The preceding part of this section is all from Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford, 1997, pp. 776-781
- ↑ For the islanders, see here
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ History of the Byzantine empire: text - IntraText CT
- ↑ Tenedos - Bozcaada - Grape & Wine
- ↑ Treaty of Lausanne §37, 44; For the revocation, see Struggle for Justice.
- ↑ Struggle for Justice, passim.
- ↑ [2], [3]
References
- Oxford Classical Dictionary s. "Tenedos"
- Loeb Classical Library Athenaeus.
- The struggle for justice : 1923-1993 : 70 years of Turkish provocation and violations of the Treaty of Lausanne : a chronicle of human rights violations; Citizen’s Association of Constantinople-Imvros-Tenedos-Eastern Thrace of Thrace. Komotini (1993)
- Website on the misfortunes of the Greeks. While tendentious, the section (in the middle of the page) about the islands is not strident, and asserts several matters of fact.
- Text of the Treaty of Lausanne.
- Les îles d'Imbros et de Tenedos (French) Source for population.
- Homer - The Iliad - Book XIII - Reference is made to a cavern located between the rocky isles of Imbros and Tenedos supposedly the home of the God Poseidon
- Travels of Spanish Ambassador Clavijo
- The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World by Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh.
- Account of Spanish traveller Pero Tafur in 1437
- Norwegian source on the island being abandoned in 15th century.
- Bozcaada map by Piri Reis. It has to be flipped for correct orientation.
- Account of Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi about the wines of Bozcaada
- Bores windfarm
See also
- Treaty of Lausanne
- Greco-Turkish relations
- Treaty of Sèvres
- Imbros
- List of Greek countries and regions
External links
- Wikitravel article on Bozcaada
- Bozcaada government site
- Local History Research Center
- Government web site about the island
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