Scrophulariaceae
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 Scrophularia nodosa
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Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family, is a family of flowering plants. The plants are annual or perennial herbs with zygomorphic (rarely actinomorphic) flowers. Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L..
In the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae but also several new families [1][2]. Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from Scrophulariacae sensu lato.
The family includes some medicinal plants, among them:
- Leptandra, black root, Culver's root
- Rehmannia, Chinese foxglove, used in Traditional Chinese medicine
- Scrophularia, figworts
- Verbascum, mulleins
Contents |
Included genera
- Alectra Thunb.
- Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav.
- Aureolaria Raf. -- Yellow False foxglove
- Brachystigma Pennell -- Desert foxglove
- Buchnera L. -- Bluehearts
- Buddleja -- Butterfly-bush
- Capraria L.
- Chaenorrhinum -- Dwarf Snapdragon
- Dasistoma Raf.
- Diascia
- Diplacus Nutt. -- Bush monkeyflower
- Hemianthus Nutt.
- Ilysanthes
- Lendneria Minod
- Leptandra -- Black root, Culver's root, Leptandra)
- Leucophyllum[3]
- Leucospora Nutt.
- Limosella -> Plantaginaceae -> Scrophulariaceae (according to Oxelman et al. 2005)[4]
- Macranthera Nutt.
- Mimetanthe Greene
- Nemesia
- Phygelius E.Mey. ex Benth. -- Cape fuchsia
- Rehmannia Libosch.
- Schwalbea L. -- Schwalbea
- Scrophularia L. -- Figwort
- Seymeria Pursh -- Black senna
- Sutera "Bacopa"
- Tomanthera
- Verbascum L. -- Mullein
Excluded genera
The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:
- Agalinis -> Orobanchaceae
- Amphianthus -> Plantaginaceae
- Angelonia -> Plantaginaceae
- Antirrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
- Bacopa -> Plantaginaceae
- Bartsia -> Orobanchaceae
- Bellardia -> Orobanchaceae
- Besseya -> Plantaginaceae[5]
- Calceolaria -> Calceolariaceae
- Castilleja -> Orobanchaceae
- Chaenorrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
- Chelone -> Plantaginaceae
- Chionophila -> Plantaginaceae
- Collinsia -> Plantaginaceae
- Cordylanthus -> Orobanchaceae
- Cymbalaria -> Plantaginaceae
- Digitalis -> Plantaginaceae
- Dopatrium -> Plantaginaceae
- Epixiphium -> Plantaginaceae
- Euphrasia -> Orobanchaceae
- Galvezia -> Plantaginaceae
- Gambelia -> Plantaginaceae
- Glossostigma -> Phrymaceae
- Gratiola -> Plantaginaceae
- Hebe -> Plantaginaceae
- Holmgrenanthe -> Plantaginaceae
- Howelliella -> Plantaginaceae
- Keckiella -> Plantaginaceae
- Kickxia -> Plantaginaceae
- Lagotis -> Plantaginaceae
- Limnophila -> Plantaginaceae
- Linaria -> Plantaginaceae
- Lindernia -> Plantaginaceae, also placed within its own family Linderniaceae according to Haston et al 2007 (also known as LAPG II).[6]
- Lophospermum -> Plantaginaceae
- Mabrya -> Plantaginaceae
- Maurandella -> Plantaginaceae
- Maurandya -> Plantaginaceae
- Mazus -> Phrymaceae
- Mecardonia -> Plantaginaceae
- Melampyrum -> Orobanchaceae
- Micranthemum -> Plantaginaceae
- Mimulus -> Phrymaceae
- Misopates -> Plantaginaceae
- Mohavea -> Plantaginaceae
- Nemesia -> Plantaginaceae
- Neogaerrhinum -> Plantaginaceae
- Nothochelone -> Plantaginaceae
- Nuttallanthus -> Plantaginaceae
- Odontites -> Orobanchaceae
- Orobanche -> Orobanchaceae
- Orthocarpus -> Orobanchaceae
- Parentucellia -> Orobanchaceae
- Paulownia -> Paulowniaceae
- Pedicularis -> Orobanchaceae
- Penstemon -> Plantaginaceae
- Pseudorontium -> Plantaginaceae
- Rhinanthus -> Orobanchaceae
- Russelia -> Plantaginaceae
- Sairocarpus -> Plantaginaceae
- Schistophragma -> Plantaginaceae
- Scoparia -> Plantaginaceae
- Stemodia -> Plantaginaceae
- Striga -> Orobanchaceae[7][8]
- Synthyris -> Plantaginaceae
- Tonella -> Plantaginaceae
- Torenia L. -> Linderniaceae
- Triphysaria -> Orobanchaceae
- Veronica -> Plantaginaceae
- Veronicastrum -> Plantaginaceae
References
- ↑ Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany 88: 348–361. doi:. PMID 11222255. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348.
- ↑ Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?". Fremontia 30: 13–22. - on line here
- ↑ Olmstead, 2001
- ↑ Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". Taxon 54: 411–425.
- ↑ Besseya at GRIN Taxonomy for Plants
- ↑ Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon 56 (1): 7–12.
- ↑ Nelson D. Young, Kim E. Steiner, Claude W. dePamphilis (Autumn, 1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 (4): 876. doi:.
- ↑ Olmstead, 2001
External links
- Kew list of Scrophulariaceae
- Family Scrophulariaceae Flowers in Israel